1、商務(wù)英語閱讀上冊unit 3商務(wù)英語閱讀上冊unit 3Teaching Objectives了解全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的趨勢了解經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化對國際貿(mào)易的影響掌握區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的概念Teaching Objectives了解全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的趨Teaching Emphases globalization global communitycross-border tradetendency of globalization free-market economic systemsTeaching Emphases globalizatioContent Text Fast Reading IFast Re

2、ading II Content Text TEXT Globalization and its Impact on the BusinessPre-reading questions:1What does globalization mean in practice? 2Does globalization intensify or relieve competition? UPPREV.NEXTTEXT Globalization and its Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the peop

3、le, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in

4、societies around the world. Economic globalization is a product of the current world economic, scientific and technological development. It has brought all the countries in the world development opportunities, severe challenges and risks, as well as a subject of how to establish a just and reasonabl

5、e new international economic order. Globalization is a proc It is not new, though. For thousands of years, peopleand, later, corporationshave been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europ

6、e during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The tendency of globaliza

7、tion in the past few decades have spurred increases in cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Since 1950, for example, the volume of world trade has increased by 20 times, and fro

8、m just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign investment nearly doubled, from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current wave of globalization from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today globalization is “farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.” It is not new, though Globalizat

9、ion is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited mult

10、inational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas

11、 that constitute the current wave of globalization. Globalization is dee This current wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades, the whole world re

12、ached its geographic limit with the extension of capitalist market, and traditional trade patterns were disrupted. Many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating many new opportunities for international trade and investment.

13、Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and established producti

14、on and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business structure. This current wave o In the twentieth century, the move toward international cooperation among trading nations was manifested in the ne

15、gotiation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).International trade had ground to a halt following World War I when nations followed the example set by the U.S. and then, other countries erected high tariff walls and international trade was stalled, along with most economics. GATT the

16、refore, provided a forum for member countries to negotiate a reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade, and the forum proved successful in reaching those objectives. With the ratification of the Uruguay Round Agreements, the GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its 117

17、members moved into a new era of free trade. In the twentieth cent There are five major kinds of drivers, all based on change, that are leading international firms to the globalization of their operations: political, technology, market, cost and competition. Political Factor. There is a trend toward

18、the unification and socialization of the global community. Preferential trading arrangements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the European Union, that group several nations into a single market have presented firms with significant marketin

19、g opportunities. Many have moved swiftly to enter either through exporting or by producing in the area. There are five majo Technology. Advances in computers and communications technology are permitting an increased flow of ideas and information across borders, enabling customer to learn about forei

20、gn goods. Cable TV systems in Europe and Asian, for example, allow an advertiser to reach numerous countries simultaneously, thus creating a regional and sometimes global demand. Global communications networks enable manufacturing personnel to coordinate production and design functions worldwide so

21、that plants in many parts of the world may be working on the same product. The Internet and network computing enable small companies to compete globally because they make possible the rapid flow of information regardless of the physical location of the buyer and seller. The ease of obtaining informa

22、tion and making transactions on the Internet has started to have a profound effect on many firms and especially on business-to-business commerce. Where businesses formerly used faxes, telephone, or mail to complete their transactions, they now use the cheaper and faster Internet. Technology. Advance

23、 Market. As companies globalize, they also become global customers. For years, advertising agencies established offices in foreign markets when their major clients entered those markets to avoid having a competitor steal the account. Finding the home market saturated also send companies into foreign

24、 markets, especially where the marketer realizes there is a convergence of customer tastes and lifestyles brought about by increasing tourist travel, satellite TV, and global branding. Cost. Economies of scale to reduce unit costs are always a management goal. One means of achieving them is to globa

25、lize product lines to reduce development, production, and inventory costs. The company can also locate production in countries where the costs of the factors of production are lower. Market. As compani Competition. Competition continues to increase in intensity. New firms, many from newly industrial

26、ized and developing countries, have entered world markets in automobiles and electronics, for example. Another competitive driving force for globalization is the fact that companies are defending their home markets from competitors by entering the competitors home markets to distract them. The resul

27、t of this rush to globalization has been an explosive growth in international business. As the changes described in this article really gather weight, they are creating something that has never existed before, a global cosmopolitan society. We are the first generation to live in this society, whose

28、situations we can as yet only dimly see. It is shaking up our existing ways of life, no matter where we happen to be. This is not-at least at the moment-a global order driven by collective human will. Instead, it is emerging in an anarchic, haphazard fashion, carried along by a mixture of economic,

29、technological and cultural imperatives. Competition. Compe Language points Globalization 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化 是指隨著社會生產(chǎn)力的不斷發(fā)展，世界各國、各地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)，包括生產(chǎn)、流通和消費等領(lǐng)域相互聯(lián)系、相互依賴、相互滲透，以前那些由于民族、國家、地域等因素所造成的阻礙日益減少，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)越來越成為一個不可分割的有機(jī)整體。其內(nèi)容主要包括以下方面： 生產(chǎn)全球化。舉例而言，美國波音公司生產(chǎn)的波音客機(jī)，所需的450萬個零部件，來自6個國家的1500家大企業(yè)和1.5萬家中小企業(yè)。波音公司所完成的不過是科技的設(shè)計、關(guān)鍵零部件的生產(chǎn)和

30、產(chǎn)品的最終組裝而已。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，目前全世界有40的產(chǎn)品是由跨國公司生產(chǎn)的。 貿(mào)易全球化。世界市場的形成使各國市場逐漸融為一體，并極大地促進(jìn)了全球貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。國際貿(mào)易的范圍不斷擴(kuò)展，世界市場容量越來越大，各國對世界市場的依賴程度也日益增大。 Language points Globalizati 金融全球化。各國金融命脈更加緊密地與國際市場聯(lián)系在一起。迅速擴(kuò)展的跨國銀行，遍布全球的電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)，使全世界巨額資本和龐大的金融衍生品在全球范圍內(nèi)流動。投資全球化。國際投資中資本流動規(guī)模持續(xù)擴(kuò)大。1995年發(fā)達(dá)國家對外投資總額達(dá)到了2.66萬億美元，是1945年的130多倍。資本流向從單向發(fā)展為雙向，過去只有發(fā)

31、達(dá)國家輸出資本，現(xiàn)在發(fā)展中國家也對外輸出資本，包括向發(fā)達(dá)國家輸出。 區(qū)域性經(jīng)濟(jì)合作日益加強(qiáng)。區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)組織遍及全世界，如歐洲聯(lián)盟、北美自 由貿(mào)易區(qū)等。許多區(qū)域集團(tuán)內(nèi)部，都實現(xiàn)了商品、資本、人員和勞務(wù)的自由流通，使得區(qū)域內(nèi)能夠合理配置資源，優(yōu)化資源組合，實現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。UPNEXTPREV. 金融全球化。各國金融命脈更加緊密地與國際市場聯(lián)系在一起 Language points The North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定, 是美國、加拿大和墨西哥之間的三邊協(xié)定，簽署于1992年8月12日，1994年1月1日正式生效。協(xié)定自生效之日起

32、，15年內(nèi)逐步消除三國間的貿(mào)易壁壘，實施商品、勞務(wù)的自由流通，從而形成一個擁有3.6億人口，年國民生產(chǎn)總值超過6萬億美元的世界最大的自由貿(mào)易集團(tuán)。北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)大大便利了美、加、墨三國間的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易和相互投資，推動了北美地區(qū)的貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。1994年12月，三國與智利就加入問題展開談判。1996年8月，洪都拉斯、危地馬拉和薩爾瓦多也開始通過墨西哥進(jìn)行加入北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的談判。UPPREV.NEXT Language points The North A Language points Association of Southeast Asian Nations 東南亞國家聯(lián)盟（簡稱東盟）的

33、前身是馬來亞（現(xiàn)馬來西亞）、菲律賓和泰國于1961年7月31日在曼谷成立的東南亞聯(lián)盟。1967年8月78日，印尼、泰國、新加坡、菲律賓四國外長和馬來西亞副總理在曼谷舉行會議，發(fā)表了曼谷宣言，正式宣告東南亞國家聯(lián)盟成立。同月2829日，馬、泰、菲三國在吉隆坡舉行部長級會議，決定由東南亞國家聯(lián)盟取代東南亞聯(lián)盟。UPPREV.NEXT Language points Association Language points European Union 歐洲聯(lián)盟（簡稱歐盟，European Union - EU）是由歐洲共同體 (European communities) 發(fā)展而來的，是一個集政治實體

34、和經(jīng)濟(jì)實體于一身、在世界上具有重要影響的區(qū)域一體化組織。1991年12月，歐洲共同體馬斯特里赫特首腦會議通過歐洲聯(lián)盟條約，通稱馬斯特里赫特條約（簡稱馬約）。1993年11月1日，馬約正式生效，歐盟正式誕生?？偛吭O(shè)在比利時首都布魯塞爾。2007年月，羅馬尼亞和保加利亞兩國加入歐盟，歐盟經(jīng)歷了次擴(kuò)大，成為一個涵蓋27個國家總?cè)丝诔^4.8億、國民生產(chǎn)總值高達(dá)12萬億美元 的當(dāng)今世界上經(jīng)濟(jì)實力最強(qiáng)、一體化程度最高的國家聯(lián)合體。UPPREV.NEXT Language points European Un Language points spur- n. encourage C 刺激,激勵,驅(qū)策to,

35、 for e.g. need the spur 需加鞭策,需加激勵 put set spurs to a person 給予某人刺激,激勵某人UPPREV.NEXT Language points spur- n Language points controversial- adj. causing much argument or disagreement. 引起爭論的，有爭議的 e.g. a controversial decision statement 引起爭論的決定 聲明UPPREV.NEXT Language points controversi Language points m

36、anifest- v. To show sth. plainly 顯示 e.g. 1. Her actions manifested a complete disregard for personal safety. 她的行為表明了完全忽視人身安全。 2. The disease typically manifests itself in a high fever and chest pains. 這種疾病的典型癥狀是發(fā)燒和胸痛。UPPREV.NEXT Language points manifest- Language points global community/ zone 經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化組

37、織UPPREV.NEXT Language points global commLanguage points proponent - n. a person who supports or argues in favour of something 支持者,擁護(hù)者 e.g. one of its keenest proponents 它的熱情支持者之一UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points proponent UP Language points preferential -adj. of giving, receiving, or showing preference 優(yōu)惠的

38、 the preferential tariff duties 優(yōu)惠關(guān)稅 a controversial new law that gives preferntial treatment to certain minority groups 對某些少數(shù)民族優(yōu)待的一項有爭議的新法律。UPPREV.NEXT Language points preferent Language points migration - n. the acting of traveling from one part of the word to another.遷移，遷居 e.g. 1. Scientists have

39、 studied the migration of fish over long distances. 科學(xué)家們研究了魚類的遠(yuǎn)距離洄游現(xiàn)象。 2. Wars always cause great migrations of people. 戰(zhàn)爭總是導(dǎo)致人們大量遷徙。UPPREV.NEXT Language points migration Language points business-to-business commerce 企業(yè)間的電子商務(wù)。是利用現(xiàn)代信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)與計算機(jī)技術(shù)進(jìn)行的商務(wù)活動，是電子商務(wù)的一種主流形式，它對電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展起著十分重要的作用。UPPREV.NEXT Languag

40、e points business-tI. Answer the following questions based on the text.1. What is economic globalization? Economic globalization is a product of the current world economic, scientific and technological development. It has brought all the countries in the world development opportunities, severe chall

41、enges and risks, as well as a subject of how to establish a just and reasonable new international economic order.ReferenceI. Answer the following questiI. Answer the following questions based on the text.2. Why were traditional trade patterns disrupted? This current wave of globalization has been dr

42、iven by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades, the whole world reached its geographic limit with the extension of capitalist market, and traditional trade patterns were disrupted.Refer

43、enceI. Answer the following questiI. Answer the following questions based on the text.3. What are the pros and cons of globalization? Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise t

44、heir standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefor

45、e taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization. ReferenceI. Answer the following questiI. Answer the following questions based on the text.4. How does t

46、he technology influence the economic development? Advances in computers and communications technology are permitting an increased flow of ideas and information across borders, enabling customer to learn about foreign goods. The ease of obtaining information and making transactions on the Internet ha

47、s started to have a profound effect on many firms and especially on business-to-business commerce.ReferenceI. Answer the following questiI. Answer the following questions based on the text.5. Try to state some global communities. The North American Free Trade Agreement Association of Southeast Asian

48、 Nations The European UnionReferenceI. Answer the following questiII. Read the following terms and match each with its proper definition.1. spur a. to have a strong or powerful influence or effect on something 2. proponentb. uncontrolled by conventions3. Impact c. to build or establish4. ratificatio

49、nd. a person who supports or argues in favour of something 5. haphazard e. group several nations into a single market have presented firms with significant marketing opportunities6. globalization f. approval of a written agreement and making it official by signing it 7. global community g. to stimul

50、ate or incite8. erect h. containing or having experience of people and things from many different parts of the world9. anarchic i . happening in an unplanned disorderly manner10. cosmopolitan j. The increasing worldwide integration of markets for goods, services and capital that attracted special at

51、tention in the late 1990s. II. Read the following terms a 1g 2. d 3. a 4. f 5. i 6. j 7. e 8. c 9. b 10. h 1g 2. d 3. a 4. f III. Translate the following passage into Chinese There is a trend toward the unification and socialization of the global community. Preferential trading arrangements, such as

52、 the North American Free Trade Agreement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the European Union, that group several nations into a single market have presented firms with significant marketing opportunities. Many have moved swiftly to enter either through exporting or by producing in the are

53、a.III. Translate the following p 現(xiàn)在有一種趨勢就是全球一體化，區(qū)域化。諸如北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定, 東南亞國家聯(lián)盟和歐盟這樣的優(yōu)惠貿(mào)易協(xié)議使若干國家形成統(tǒng)一的市場，從而為這些國家的企業(yè)提供了很好的商機(jī)。很多國家迅速的通過貿(mào)易或生產(chǎn)加入到這些市場中去。Reference 現(xiàn)在有一種趨勢就是全球一體化，區(qū)域化。諸如北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)IVPut the following sentences into English:1. 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化必然包含著或者本身就是某種意義上的文化全球化。 In a certain sense, economic globalization itsel

54、f is or means cultural globalization。IVPut the following sentencesIVPut the following sentences into English:2. 全球化進(jìn)程給人們生活的各個方面都帶來了巨大的變動。The process of globalization has changed our life greatly from every aspect. IVPut the following sentencesIVPut the following sentences into English:3. 全球化連通了相距遙遠(yuǎn)的

55、國家之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交流。Globalization is bridging the economies of distant countries.IVPut the following sentencesIVPut the following sentences into English:4. 隨著貿(mào)易、資金和資訊的流通日趨全球化，各國和各個地區(qū)之間的競爭將會更為激烈。With the ever increasing globalization in trade flow, funds flow and information flow, competition across countries

56、and regions will intensify.IVPut the following sentencesIVPut the following sentences into English:5. 在當(dāng)今知識經(jīng)濟(jì)和全球化的新時代，商貿(mào)物流已成為人們的熱門話題之一。In the new era of knowledge-based economy and globalization, commerce & trade logistics (CTL) has become one of the hot topics.IVPut the following sentencesFast Read

57、ing I Population and GlobalizationUPPREV.NEXTFast Reading I UPPREV.NEXT Population is very closely linked to the economic development of a society. The quantity, quality, structure, distribution, and movement of a population can help or hinder the rate of economic development. A developed country wi

58、th low population density and a low percentage of employable people needs an increase in population in order to keep up with economic development. On the other hand, for an underdeveloped country with high population density and a high percentage of employable people, any increase in population will

59、 be detrimental to its economy. Man is a producer as well as a consumer, and in order to balance the rate of production and the rate of consumption, a certain population level must be maintained. Population is ve Population policy must be developed according to the following guidelines: 1) it must b

60、e based on the societys economic development; 2) since economy and population are closely related, they must both be worked on at the same time; and 3) both the quantity and quality of life of the population must also be worked on at the same time. Dealing with the relationship between population an