1、Veins 靜脈Veins 靜脈Venous valveGeneral featureHave a thinner wall and a larger diameter than their corresponding arteriesThe small branches are called tributaryHave venous valves靜脈瓣 which prevent reflux of bloodTwo setsSuperficial veinslie in the superficial fascia, immediately under the skin, and form

2、s venous rete靜脈網(wǎng)Deep veinsrun with arteries, large veins are usually single, medium-sized peripheral limb veins are often double, forms venous plexus靜脈叢 around the visceravenous rete靜脈網(wǎng)venous plexus靜脈叢Veins 靜脈Special structures Sinuses of dura mater 硬腦膜竇Diploic veins 板障靜脈Sinuses of dura materDiploic

3、 veins肺循環(huán)的靜脈The pulmonary veins Tributaries 左上、下肺靜脈 Left superior and inferior pulmonary veins 右上、下肺靜脈Right superior and inferior pulmonary veins Run into left atrium體循環(huán)的靜脈The systemic veins The systemic veins 體靜脈Superior vena cava system 上腔靜脈系Inferior vena cava system 下腔靜脈系 (includes hepatic portal

4、 system 肝門靜脈系) Cardiac vein system 心靜脈系頭頸部的靜脈Veins of head and neck 頸內(nèi)靜脈Internal jugular v.Emerges from jugular foramen and descends in carotid sheath with common carotid artery and vagus nerve. Terminates behind sternoclavicular joint where it join subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic veinfacial

5、 vein 面靜脈lingual v. 舌靜脈pharyngeal v. 咽靜脈superior thyroid v. 甲狀腺上靜脈middle thyroid v. 甲狀腺中靜脈retromandibular v.下頜后靜脈顳淺靜脈superficial temporal v.上頜靜脈maxillary v.翼靜脈叢下頜后靜脈上頜靜脈頸外靜脈頸內(nèi)靜脈 內(nèi)眥靜脈面靜脈翼靜脈叢鎖骨下靜脈 顳淺靜脈頸外靜脈 external jugular v.Formed behind the angle of mandible by union of posterior auricular, occipita

6、l vein and posterior branch of retromandibularCrossing over the sternocleidomastoid to enter subclavian vein頸前靜脈Anterior jugular veinThe veins of the two sides are united by a transverse trunk called the jugular venous arch 頸靜脈弓頸外靜脈鎖骨下靜脈 頸靜脈弓頸前靜脈耳后靜脈下頜后靜脈Veins of head and neckConnections with cavern

7、ous sinus 海綿竇 through ophthalmic vein 眼靜脈,through pterygoid veous plexus 翼靜脈叢 via the deep facial vein 面深靜脈 “Danger triangle of the face” 面部危險(xiǎn)三角Lies between root of nose and two angles of mouth In this area the facial vein has no valvesVeins of head and neckVeins of head and neckRetromandibular v. 下

8、頜后靜脈Formed by union of superficial temporal and maxillary veinsDivides into an anterior branch that unites with facial vein and a posterior branch that joins posterior auricular vein to become external jugular vein上頜靜脈頸外靜脈翼靜脈叢顳淺靜脈下頜后靜脈veins of the upper limbDeep veinAccompany the deep corresponding

9、arteries 尺靜脈ulnar vein橈靜脈radial vein肱靜脈brachial vein 腋靜脈 axillary vein鎖骨下靜脈Subclavian veinSuperficial veins of the upper limb頭靜脈Cephalic vein貴要靜脈Basilic vein肘正中靜脈Median cubital vein 前臂正中靜脈median antebrachial veinSuperficial veins of the upper limb Cephalic vein 頭靜脈 Arises from the lateral side of th

10、e dorsal venous rete on the back of hand Winds around the lateral border of the forearm; it then ascends into the cubital fossa and up the front of the arm on the lateral side of the biceps It continues up in the deltopectoral groove and then pierces deep fascia to drain into axillary vein or subcla

11、vian vein 頭靜脈貴要靜脈肘正中靜脈前臂正中靜脈頭靜脈Superficial veins of the upper limbBasilic vein 貴要靜脈Arises from the medial side of the dorsal venous rete of hand Winds around the medial border of the forearmThen ascends into the cubital fossa and up the front of the arm on the medial side of the biceps to middle of

12、the arm where it pierces the deep fascia and joins the brachial vein or axillary vein頭靜脈貴要靜脈肘正中靜脈前臂正中靜脈頭靜脈Superficial veins of the upper limbMedian cubital vein 肘正中靜脈 Links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossaIt is a frequent site for venipuncture to remove a sample of blood or add fl

13、uid to the blood頭靜脈貴要靜脈肘正中靜脈前臂正中靜脈頭靜脈Variations in the venous pattern of the upper limbSuperficial veins are variable and are of significance clinically胸部的靜脈Veins of thorax深靜脈Deep veins 上腔靜脈 superior vena cava 頭臂靜脈 brachiocephalic veins 奇靜脈 azygos vein 半奇靜脈 hemiazygos v. 副半奇靜脈 accessory hemiazygos v

14、. 胸廓內(nèi)靜脈 internal thoracic v.淺靜脈Superficial veins胸腹壁靜脈 thoracoepigastric v.Veins of thoraxSuperior vena cava 上腔靜脈Formed by union of right and left brachiocephalic veins behind the right sternocostal synchorndrosis of first ribRuns vertically down on right of ascending aorta Joined by azygos vein at l

15、evel of sternal angleEnters right atrium at lever of lower border of third right sternocostal jointCollects blood from veins of upper half of body Veins of thoraxAzygos vein 奇靜脈Begins as continuation of right ascending lumbar veinAscending along the right side of vertebral columnJoins superior vena

16、cava by aching above right lung root at level of T4 to T5Receives right posterior intercostals and subcostal veins plus some of bronchial, esophageal and pericardial veins, and hemiazygos veinHemiazygos v. 半奇靜脈 Accessory hemiazygos v. 副半奇靜脈Veins of thoraxVeins of vertebral column External vertebral

17、venous plexus椎外靜脈叢 Internal vertebral venous plexus 椎內(nèi)靜脈叢 Inferior vena cava system 下腔靜脈系Inferior vena cava 下腔靜脈Formed by Inferior vena cava and its tributariesDrains into the right atriumConveys blood from the whole body below the diaphragm to the right atriumVeins of lower limbDeep veins accompany

18、 corresponding arteries and have more valves than the superficial veins脛前靜脈anterior tibial vein脛后靜脈posterior tibial vein腘靜脈popliteal vein股靜脈femoral vein髂外靜脈 external iliac veinSuperficial veins小隱靜脈Small saphenous v. 大隱靜脈Great saphenous v.Superficial veins of lower limb Great saphenous v. 大隱靜脈Begins

19、the medial end of dorsal venous arch of footPasses anterior to the medial malleolus and ascends on the medial side of the leg, then passes behind the knee and curves forward around the medial side of the thigh, then inclines anteriorly through the thigh enter the femoral vein through the saphenous h

20、iatus which lies about 34 cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercleTributaries: 大隱靜脈股內(nèi)側(cè)淺靜脈股外側(cè)淺靜脈陰部外靜脈腹壁淺靜脈旋髂淺靜脈股靜脈Superficial epigastric v.External pudendal v.Superficial circumflex iliac v.Great saphenous v.Superficial medial femoral v.Superficial lateral femoral v.femoral v.Veins of lower limbSma

21、ll saphenous v. 小隱靜脈Arises from the lateral part of the dorsal venous arch of footAscends behind lateral malleolus and then runs up the midline of the back of the leg Pierces the deep fascia and enters the popliteal v.Drains the lateral side of the foot and ankle and the back of the leg.Varicose vei

22、ns Veins of pelvisInternal iliac vein 髂內(nèi)靜脈Parietal tributaries: accompany with arteriesVisceral tributaries:External iliac vein 髂外靜脈 Accompany the arteryCommon iliac vein 髂總靜脈 Formed by union of internal and external iliac veins in front of sacroiliac jointEnd upon L4-L5 by uniting each other to for

23、m inferior vena cavaVeins of pelvisRectal venous plexus 直腸靜脈叢 superior rectal veininferior mesenteric v.inferior rectal veininternal iliac vanal veininternal pudendal v. Vesical venous plexus 膀胱靜脈叢vesical v.Uterine venous plexus 子宮靜脈叢uterine v. Veins of abdomenInferior vena cava 下腔靜脈Formed by union

24、of two common iliac veins anterior and just to the right of L4-L5Ascends on the right side of aorta, pierces vena cava foramen of diaphragm at the level of T8, and drains into the right atriumConveys blood from the whole body below the diaphragm to the right atrium Veins of abdomen Chief tributaries

25、Parietalinferior phrenic v. 膈下靜脈(1pair)lumbar v. 腰靜脈 (4 pairs)VisceralRight and left renal V. 左、右腎靜脈Right suprarenal vein 右腎上腺靜脈 (the left drains into left renal vein）Right testicular/ovarian v. 右睪丸（卵巢）靜脈 (the left drains into left renal vein)Hepatic veins 肝靜脈: right, left and intermediate hepatic v

26、.Hepatic portal vein 肝門靜脈 General featuresFormed behind the neck of pancreas by the union of superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein Ascends upwards and to the right, posterior to the first part of duodenum and then enters the lesser omentum Enter the liver through porta hepatis, where it divides

27、into right and left branches There are no functioning valves in hepatic portal system Drains blood from gastrointestinal tract from the lower end of esophagus to the upper end of anal canal, pancreas, gall bladder, bile ducts and spleenVariation and anomalies of hepatic portal veinHepatic portal vei

28、n 肝門靜脈 Tributaries of hepatic portal v. 1. Superior mesenteric v. 腸系膜上靜脈2. Inferior mesenteric v. 腸系膜下靜脈3. Splenic v. 脾靜脈4. Left gastric v. 胃左靜脈5. Right gastric v. 胃右靜脈6. Cystic v. 膽囊靜脈7. Paraumbilical v. 附臍靜脈Hepatic portal vein 肝門靜脈Portosystemic anastomoses 1. At esophageal venous plexus (lower third of the oesophagus )Hepatic portal vein left gastric vein esophageal venous plexus esophageal vein azygos vein superior vena cava2. At rectal venous plexus Hepatic portal vein splenic vein inferior mesenteric vein su