1、論?紅字?中的孤獨因素abstratnathanialhathrneisanextreelyrennedaerianriterffitin.hentnlyhasreatedquietafelassinvels,butalshasrittenquantitiesfthught-prvkingshrtstries.untiln,hathrneandhisrkshavebeenthefusfdisussinfrthehineseandfreignshlars.thetheefthesarletletterisharaterizedbyultipliityandvariusnlusinsaredrai

2、nthefiledfthetheatistudies.itseesthatshlarshaveshnajrnernithsuhdiathesisastheriginalsin,theralnsiusnessfhathrne,religiusbelief,individualandsiety,thughtsffealedtrineandthenflitbeteentheheadandtheheart.hever,veryfeshlarshaveeverdneathrughresearhintthelnelinessdiathesisfthenvel.thesedetailedanalysesfu

3、rharaterslnelinessandexpresstheaspetsflnelinessinthesarletletter.keyrdsthesarletletter;lneliness;sybl摘要納撒尼爾霍桑是美國非常著名的小說家。他不僅創(chuàng)造了假設(shè)干部經(jīng)典的長篇小說,而且還書寫了數(shù)量可觀且耐人尋味的短篇小說.至今為止，霍桑和他的作品一直是中外學者討論的對象。?紅字?是霍桑的代表作品，它的主題具有多樣性的特點，因此在主題研究領(lǐng)域存在各種不同的結(jié)論。大局部學者側(cè)重于討論小說中的原罪意識、霍桑的道德觀念、宗教信仰和女性主義思想、個人與社會的關(guān)系以及大腦和心靈之間的沖突等因素,而對小說中孤獨

4、因素的深化研究并不多見。本文分析小說中的四位主人公各自的孤獨感，表達霍桑在小說?紅字?中表達的孤獨因素。關(guān)鍵詞?紅字?；孤獨；象征intrdutinthesarletletterasdelaredalassialstiediatelyafteritspubliatinin1850,andithasstayedinprintandinfavreversine,ithasbeenhailedbthasthefirstsyblinvelandasthefirstpsyhlgialnvel.buthatreallyseurestheplaefthesarletletterintheliteraryhi

5、stryisitstreatentfhuannature,sin,guilt,andpride-alltieless,universalthees-frauniquelyaerianpintfvie.thereareanydifferententsandritiisandntheritersfailybakgrund,thenvelultipletheesandritingstyles,thenvelssialandhistrialbakdrpstgetheriththenvelssignifianeinsietyandliterature.thisartilehasdneathrughres

6、earhinttheaspetsflnelinessinthenvel.thethesisistelabratefurharaterslneliness:hester,hillingrth,diesdaleandlittlepearl.theyarehavingdifferentlneliness.hesterisalnelypursuerfrlve;hilingrthisalnelyrevenge-seeker;diesdaleisalnelybeggarfrgdsgrae;pearlisalnelyhildaskingfrregnitin.thereareanysyblirepresent

7、atinsinthesarletletter.suhasnaes,appearanesftheharaters,sespeialeventsandatins,theseansyblizelneliness.i.abriefinfratinabuthathrneandthesarletletter.a.abriefintrdutinabuthathrnehathrneasbrnnthefurthfjuly,1804insale,assahusetts.sefhisanestrserebigshtsinseventeenth-enturyneengland,hihasunderthentrlfpu

8、ritanis.neftheasalnialagistrate;ntriusfrhispartiipatinintheperseutinfquakers,andantherasajudgeatthesaleithrafttrailin1692.gradually,thefailyfrtunedelined.hathrnesfatherasaseaaptain,hdiedinanaidentandlefthistherandhibehindtstruggletlivefrtheselves.nathanielhathrneisanextreelyrennedaerianriterffitin.h

9、eranelvilleevenhailshiasthe“aerianshakespeare.heisthefirstaerianritertdefinehisrksasrane;hisrantiritingisalandarkftherantiperidinaerianliterature.besides,hathrneisnefthefrefathersfsybls.hathrnesrksainlyinludefurranes:thesarletletter,thehusefthesevengables,theblithedalerane,andthearblefaun,threehrtst

10、rieslletins:tie-tldtales,ssfranldanse,andthesn-iageandthertie-tldtales,andtythlletin:ander-bkfrgirlsandbysandtangledtalesfrgirlsandbys.b.abriefntentsabutthesarletletterthestryfthesarletletterisatriangularlveaffairsetintheseventeenth-enturybstn,thenapuritansettleent.anagingenglishshlarsendshisbeautif

11、ulyungife,hesterprynnebynae,taketheirneheinneengland.butfrunknnreasns,thehusbandhasntjinedherinthelny.thensensusisthathehasbeenlstatsea.hileaitingfrherhusband,hesterlveditharthurdiesdale,herpuritaninister,andhasgivenbirthtahild,pearl.thelveaffairbeteenhesteranddiesdaleresultsinadultery.hesternfesses

12、butrefusestrevealthenaefthehildsfather.asapunishent,sheissentenedtthreehursnthesaffldandalifetiefearingasarletletter“anherhest,thearkfhershae.hentheelderlyhusbandesvertyearslater,heisbeilderedtseehisifeinpillry,earingthesarletletter“anherbreast,hldingherilliithildinherars.therngedhusband,hsepridehas

13、beendeeplyunded,isdeterinedtseekuttheadultererandvsrevengentheanhhasukldedhi.theldshlarthedisguiseshiselfasaphysiianandhangeshisnaetrgerhillingrth.gradually,hedisversthatthevillainisntherthantheuh-adiredbrilliantyunglergyan,arthurdiesdale.thugheigheddnbytheseretknledgefhisandhyprisy,diesdaleisfearfu

14、lfthensequenesfnfessin,hihuldbereseverefrtheinister.hedealsithhisguiltbytrentinghiselfphysiallyandpsyhlgially,heeanhile,hisnsieneisruthlesslypreyedupnbyhillingrth.diesdaleutshiselffffrunityithersspirituallyasellasphysially.nthetherhand,hestersrespnsetthesarlet

15、letter“aandhersinisapsitivene.thughlivingnthefringeftheunityandsufferingsialstrais,sheneverthelessbearsherpunishenturageusly,expiateshersinbyperfringgddeedssthattheunitygraduallyhangesitsattitudeandsefherpeersevenshtheirtrustandadiratinfrherhnestyandskillfulness.atnetiehesterplanstleaveaeriaandfleet

16、eurpe,herethetruelversanliveithpearlasafaily.thedaybefretheshipistsail,diesdalepreaheshisstelquentsernfrthetnspeple.afterardsheipulsivelyuntsthesaffldithhislveranddaughterandnfesseshissinandhyprisyatpubligathering.hefallsdead,aspearlkisseshi.frustratedinhisrevenge,hillingrthdiedayearlater.butintheve

17、ryitheringheakeshislastillandtestaentandbequeathsaverynsiderableauntfprpertytlittlepearl,thedaughterfhesterprynnebydiesdale.asheiressthisfrtune,pearlgrsuptbearriedintanblefailyfeurpe.ausestheaspetsflnelinessinthesarletlettera.hathrneslnelinessinhispersnallifehathrnesfather,hisaellknnshipaptaindiedat

18、seaandlefthisife.thenhisifeattheageftenty-eight,ithhildrenaged6and4andaninfantfafenth.sheithdreentirelyfrsiety,andperittedthehabitfslitudetgruptsuhadegreethatsheatuallyreittedastritheritttheendflnglife.hathrnehiselfthughthatsuhanunhealthyandseparatedfailyatsphereprvidedarbidnsiusnessthatparalyzedhis

19、pers.henhathrneafterleavingthebdnllege,hereturnedthisunlesldhuseinsale.hedevtedhiselftreadingandritingithlessntatiththefailyebersasellasutsiderld.nefhislsefriendsjnathanilleyrte:ilvehathrne.iadirehi,butidntknhi.helivesinaysteriusrldfthughandiaginatinhileheneverperitsetenter(rubinstein,1988:82).frhis

20、failyandhisfriendsprvidedluesthathrneslifeerefeelingsfglandalienatin.b.sialandulturalbakdrpsfthenvelthestryinthesarletletterashappenedinbstninthe1600s.atthattie,thepuritansereprseutedinenglandbeausetheyrefusedtabidebytherulesfthehurhfengland,andthentheylefttheirheandaetaerianasperanentsettlers.theye

21、refredtsettleinanelandfarfrheland.thepilgrifatherssufferedterriblehardshipsduringthefirstinterandhalffthedied.inrdertsurvive,theyhadtfightagainstthenaturaldisastersandendurelnelinessinthenerld.furharaterslnelinessinthesarletlettera.hesterprynneslnelypursuerfrlvehesterprynneistheainharaterinthenvel;s

22、heasanhnestyandgddessan.hesterspentherhappyhildhdtiesithherparents,later;shegreuptbeabeautifulyungladyithanextreelypassinatenature.shearriedithahandiappedsientisthillingrth.hillingrthregardedhiselfasaanfthught,thebkrfgreatlibraries-aanalreadyindeay,havethebestyearstfeedthehungerdreafknledge(nathanie

23、l,hathrne.1996:29).inntrast,hesterasinherbuddingyuth,andhadafigurefperfeteleganenalargesale.shehaddarkandabundanthairandafaehih,besidesbeingbeautifulfrregularityffeatureandrihnessfplexin,hadtheipressivenessbelngingtaarkedbranddeepblakeyes(nathaniel,hathrne.1996:56).shehadanipulsiveandpassinatenature

24、,hereasthehusbanddevtedhiselfhllytseekingthes-alledtruthinbks.hillingrthdidnthaveaneyefrhestersyuthandbeauty.frtheyungandbeautifulife,passinandtruelveshuldbethebasiprinipleandpurpsefahlyarriage.theldandlnelyhusbandasphysiallydefred.taketheatterrse,thehusbandindulgedhiselfinalheyandinedialresearh,tta

25、llynegletinghisifesinnerindsfruhfthetie.theunhappyarriageindiatedthatthereasnutualunderstandinganduniatinbeteenherandhusband.theparentsdidntknhathesterexpetedfherr.right.herarriagelifeasunranti.theattitudefherhusbandadeherlnelinesstuh.sheneedlvefrherhusband,sheaslnely.henshesettledalneinbstn,aplaefa

26、rfrherparentalhe,thesenesfhetnerefreignther.thennetinbeteenhesterandherrelativeinenglandseeedthavebrkenff.sheftenerizedthatherfathersfae,ithitsbaldbrandreverendhitebeardhertherst,iththelkfheedfulandanxiuslve(nathaniel,hathrne.1996:27).hildrenillnaturallyrelletparentsaffetinandhappyentsspenttgetherit

27、hrelativesrfriends,butthen,shehadnt.sheasalnelyhilddesertedbyherparents.hesterisaaninneedfnslatinfrherlver-diesdale.hensheaetbstnalne,frasinglean,shefelllnely.thensheettheinister-diesdale.theyerefallinlveeahther,butthisatinasntalledbythepuritan.theyinareratedhesterandsheustearthesarletletter“anherbs

28、,thesarletletter“asyblieaningis“adultery.hesterlivedintheselusinntheutskirtsfthetn,inallherinterurseithsiety,thereasnthingthatadeshefeelasifshebelngedtit.everygesture,everyrd,andeventhesilenefthseithhsheaeinntat,iplied,andftenexpressed,thatsheasbanishedandasuhalneasifsheinhabitedanthersphere,runiate

29、diththennaturebytherrgansandsensesthantherestfhuankind.hestersetiesburstintpassinatetears,sineshehasheart-sittenatthebeilderingandnfusingspellthatsftenaebeteenhesterandherbelveddaughter.littlepearlasallherrld,butthereexistedentaldistanebeteenthetherandherdaughter.seties,neinanydays,rperhaneinanynths

30、,shefeltaneye-ahuaneye-upntheigniniusbrandthatseeedtgiveaentaryrelief,asifhalffheragnyereshared(nathaniel,hathrne.1996:32).thedaydreaingindiatedthathesterhadhpedthatherlveruldtfrtherandtherefresheuldberelievedfrthestateflnelinessfrthetiebeing.b.hillingrthslnelyrevenge-seekerrgerhillingrthasanabandne

31、dhusbandbyhisife.heasanldandlnelyshlarinenglanddehuanizedbyalifeabstrusestudying.hististed,stped,defredshuldersirrrhisdistrtedsul.heignredhisifefrstfthetie.headeaistakefarryingayungandbeautifulife,hhadanipulsiveandpassinatenature.frhester,arriageasntasaraentaluniniftheuplesdidntlveeahther.shensidere

32、dherarriageithhillingrthasinvalid,frshereindedhi,ifeltnlve(fryu),nrfeignedany.husbanddidntdeservetruelvefrhisifeandheasdestineditlivethrughalnelyarriedlife.inviefthestrikingdifferentbeteenhillingrthandhester,theiruninanberegardedasunnaturalrelatinshipsfageandyuth,defrityandyuth,andastudiusindandapas

33、sinatenature.henhesteraetbstnalneandshefellinlveitharthurdiesdale,hihresultedinadultery.frthenn,rgerhillingrthasttallyabandnedbyhisyungandpassinateife.rgerhillingrthasanunapprahablestrangertlittlepear.pearl,thedaughterfhesteranddiesdale,isftendefinedbyanyritisasthesinhild,theunhlyresultfhestersandar

34、thurdiesdalefallfrgrae.pearlsexistenebrughthuiliatinupnhertherslegalhusbandhillingrth.itasnaturalfrthetkeepadistanephysiallyandentallyhenevertheyaearsseahther.henhillingrthknethefats，hebeaealnelyrevenge-seeker.heappearedasal,gentle,passinless.thereasyet,efear,aquietdepthfalie,hithertlatent,butativen

35、,inhisunfrtunateldan,hihledhitiagineareintiaterevengethananyrtalhadeverreekedupnaneney.takehiselfthenetrustedfriend,thshuldbenfidedallthefear,thererse,theagny,theineffetualrepentane,thebakardrushfsinfulthughts,expelledinvain!allthatguiltysrr,hiddenfrtherld,hsegreatheartuldhavepitiedandfrgiven,tberev

36、ealedthi,thepitiless,thi,theunfrgiving!allthatdarktreasuretbelavishedntheveryan,thnthingelseuldsadequatelypaythedebtfvengeane.tbearevenge-seeker,frlrnreaturethatheas,andrerethedthanhisviti.rgerhillingrthilllnelyinhishlelife.diesdaleslnelybeggarfrgdsgraediesdaleasahypritialinisterislatinghiselffrtheu

37、nityandhislver.hefellinlveithhester,heastheadulterer,buthedidntadithenhesterhadbeeninquested.diesdaleasguiltyftsins.neastheissinfadulteryithhester,andthetherashisardlyandhypritialfailuretnfess.unlikehesterhpenlyexpsedhersin,diesdalelivedithaburiedsinfhisn,hihasthesurefhisendlessagny.inprivate,arthur

38、diesdaletriedtavidatrulyintiaterelatinshipithhisflksthattheunityuldntenterhisrld.heseeedtbeatalssinthepathayfhuanexistene,anduldbenlyateaseinseselusinfhisn.healkedalne,fteninshadybypaths.heasafatherithindifferenethisdaughter-pearl.diesdaleasayunglergyanandheshuldbehllydevtedtgdandflledallthestritpur

39、itanrules.inaentfeakness,diesdaleandhesterbeaelvers,andababypearlresultedfrtheiruninastheprdutfthesinfadultery.hesterhadadehersinpublilyknn,hereasdiesdaleatteptedthidetheshaefultruthabuthi.thusdiesdaleasfurtherguiltyfthesinfdishnestyandhyprisybesidesthesinfadultery.inrdertnealhissinsandkeephissialps

40、itinasapiuspriest,diesdaleadestrenuuseffrtstkeepalffrhislverandhisdaughter.tbeapiuspuritans,diesdalesufferingunderbdydisease,asgnaedandtrturedbyseblaktrublefthesul.inhisseretlset,underlkandkey,thereasabldysurge.ftenties,thisprtestantandpuritandivinehadplieditnhisnshulder;laughingbitterlyathiselftheh

41、ile,andsitingsuhtherepitilesslybeausefthatbitterlaugh.itashisust,t,asithasbeenthatfanytherpiuspuritans,tfast,-nt,hever,likethe,inrdertpurifythebdyandrenderitthefitterediufelestialilluinatin,-butrigrusly,anduntilhiskneestrebledbeneathhi,asanatfpenane.hekeptvigils,likeise,nightafternight,setiesinutter

42、darkness;setiesithaglieringlap;andseties,vieinghisnfaeinalking-glass,bythestperfullighthihheuldthrupnit.hethustypifiedthenstantintrspetinhereithhetrtured,butuldntpurify,hiself.theinisterellkne-subtle,butrerselesshypritethatheas!-thelightinhihhisvaguenfessinuldbevieed.hehadstriventputaheatupnhiselfby

43、akingtheavalfaguiltynsiene,buthadgainednlynethersin,andaself-aknledgedshae,ithuttheentaryrelieffbeingself-deeived.hehadspkentheverytruth,andtransfreditintthevariesfalsehd.andyet,bythenstitutinfhisnature,helvedthetruth,andlathedthelie,asfeeneverdid.therefre,abveallthingselse,helathedhisiserableself!t

44、hebiblebeginsithastryfadaandeve,hihereexpelledfrthegardenfedenfreatingfruitsfrthetreefknledge,andtheyerefredttilnearth.theexperienefhesteranddiesdalereindsreadersfthestryfadaandevebeause,inbthases,heasefdiesdale,heittedthesinfadulteryandnsequentlyhesufferedalttgain

45、ralregeneratinandthegraefulpardnfrgd,butinvain.hisfailybeaeanunpardnablesinnerbeausefhishiddensin.attheendfthenvel,heheriallythreffthehyprisy,pride,andthefearsthathadadehislifeanngingdeeptinanduntedthestepsfthesaffldinbraddaylight.ithhislastbreathdiesdaleasabletbringaertainpeaethisnsulanddrppedtheun

46、helightfhisreligiusbeliefs,diesdalegainedralsalvatinandheuldgtheaventenjygdsgrae.ardingtseularis,hever,thelssflifeisthegreatestpunishentfrasinneranddiesdaleisntatallfrgivenbygd.d.pearlslnelyaskingfrregnitinpearl,isthedaughterfhesteranddiesdale.hesternaedtheinfant“pearl,asbeing

47、fgreatprie-purhasedithallshehad-herthersnlytreasure!hstrange,indeed!intherhand,beausefhershafather-diesdale,shehadnfatherslveinhergringpath.shelivedithherther;herld,shejusthadtherslve.diesdalefrhispubliity,heantaditpearl.heabandnedherfrever.beausepearlasaseriussinfrthesi

48、ety,hensheasahild,shehadnfriends.pearlarrivesatagethatasapablefsialinterurse,beyndthethersever-readysileandnnsense-rds!andthenhatahappinessuldithavebeen,uldhesterhaveheardherlear,birdlikevieinglingiththeuprarftherhildishvie,andhavedistinguishedandunraveledherndarlingstnes,aidalltheentangledutryfagru

49、pfsprtivehildren!butthisuldneverbe.pearlasabrnutastftheinfantilerld.anipfevil,ebleandprdutfsin,shehadnrightanghristenedinfants.nthingasrerearkablethantheinstint,asitseeed,ithhihthehildprehendedherlneliness;thedestinythathaddrananinvilableirlerundabuther.sheantstattentinfrthesiety.syblirepresentatins

50、flnelinesssybliistheritingtehniquefusingsybls.asyblissethingthatnveystkindsfeaning;itissiplyitself,herrds,asyblisaayftellingastryandaayfnveningeaning.hathrneasaasterfsyblis.frexaple,thesarletletter“anhestersbsangiveussyblieanings,suhas“adultery,“able,“adirable,a

51、nd“angel(liuiting,1998:224-225).inadditinttheildlyqutedexaplenerningthesybliayfritingtrepresentthelnelinessandalienatinfthefurharaters.first,hefirstsaffldsene,hesterasstandingnthesaffldalftandfaraayfrtherdandthephysialdistanehereanifestedaninternalalienatin.l

52、aterhesterresidedinasallttagehihasabandnedbyanearliersettler.thettageaslatedntheutskirtsfthetn,andthereerentherhabitatinsarund.thedetaileddesriptinsabutthelittleandlnesedellingsuggestedthathesterasislatedfrtheunity.heneverhesterappeared,thereasidespaeseparatingherfrtheritizens.asasusuallytheaseherev

53、erhesterstd,asallvaantarea-asrtfagi-hadfreditselfabuther,inthihthughthepepleereelbingneantheratalittledistane,neventured,ffeltdispsedtintrude(nathaniel,hathrne.1996:198).thefatthathesterstdinairleandtherskeptapartasatypialsyblfhestersslitude.sunshinealayssyblizeslveandarthhereasdarknessisaneblefalie

54、hegvernrshall,theshadftheurtainfellnhesterprynne,andpartiallynealedher(nathaniel,hathrne.1996:66).inthefrest,pearlapaniedhertherandjupedinthesunshine.uriusly,thesunshineseeedtshunhester.hensheatteptedtgapsefthesunshines,itvanished.herethestrikingntrastsbeteenpearlhh

55、appilyrpedinthesunshineandhesterupnhtheshadfellalsipliedhesterslneliness.send,thenaesfthefurharatersalsexpressedextraeanings.“hesteans“tandand“pryeans“tinquiretautiusly.thenae“hesterprynnepreditsthathesteruldliveithendlessinquiriesfrthepubliabutherseretsin,andtherefresheuldbeanunreliableutsiderinste

56、adfatrustrthyeberftheunity.thereisantherexplanatinandhastierreferstthekithengddessinthegreekythlgy.“prynnesundslike“purifying(tinajunu,1999:100).sthenae“hesterprynneanbeunderstdasagddessithapurifiedind,hdesntbelngtthehuanrld.bthexplanatinsfthenae“hesterprynneareaeptableandtheytellinadvanethathesteru

57、ldsufferislatinandalienatin.therngedhusbandtkafalsenaergerhillingrthandaskedhisifetkeeptheseretabuthisidentity.“rgerisphnetiallylset“rgueeaningsundrelandrasal.“hilleans“theunpleasantfellingfldnessand“hillingeans“frightening.“rthistheapprxiatehphnef“rse(tianjunu,1999:102).therefrethenae“rgerhillingrt

58、hayrefertafrighteningdevil.ashisnaesuggested,hillingrthasaandefiientinhuanarth.thelssfidentityandthelakfhuanaffetinsyblizedhisislatinfrthetnspeple.theinisterasalledarthurdiesdale.“dieans“ntbrightand“daleeans“valley,sthenae“diesdalehintsthattheinistersinnerindislikeadeepandhiddenvalley,inaessibletthe

59、unity(tianjunu,1999:101).theinistersnaeagainissyblifhisestrangeentfrhisngregatin.hesternaedherdaughter“thenaefgreatprieinthenetestaent,purhasedithallshehad,-herthersnlytreasure(nathaniel,hathrne.1996:44-45).atuallypearlisakindfpreiusjeelryandthenaeindiatesthatlittlepearlisanextrardinaryhildandthestr

60、ikingdiffereneillresultinherislatinfrherpeers.inadditintsettingandharatersappearanes,sespeialeventsandatinsanebdylneliness,t.diesdalespeakingabuthissinfulnessasinterpretedashuilityandpietyinreligin.hedidnttrustanyneinhisngregatin.heftenhidinhisseretlsedandtrturedhiselfithutpity.suhfatsprvedthatthepr