1、Speaker:Wu Liping M84501110246.否定的翻譯英語里表示否定意義的詞匯、語法手段等和漢語不盡相同。有時(shí)英語中的否定形式，在漢語中變成肯定形式；而有時(shí)英語中肯定形式，譯成漢語時(shí)又往往變成否定形式。我們必須掌握英漢兩種語言表達(dá)習(xí)慣上的不同，否則會(huì)造成漢語譯文不通順、不忠實(shí)于原文、甚至出現(xiàn)與原文內(nèi)容相反的情況。6.1全部否定 英語常用某些否定詞表達(dá)全部否定，例如no, none, never, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither等。此類句子直譯為漢語的否定句，不過詞序略有變動(dòng)。例一：No distinct left ventricular a

2、pex beat could detected.(no修飾beat,但可譯為否定謂語detect)未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的左室心尖搏動(dòng)。例二：Nobody knew the composition of this substance before now.(nobody=no one譯為“沒有人”、“誰也不”)以前沒有人知道這種藥的成分。6.2 部分否定 英語中all, both, every, many, much, always, often等詞與not搭配使用時(shí)，表示部分否定。通常譯作“不都是”、“不全是”、“不多”、“不?！钡?。例一：Not all the drugs are absorbed i

3、n the stomach.并非全部藥物都在胃中被吸收。例二：All X-ray machines in this hospital are not produced in our country.這個(gè)醫(yī)院的X線機(jī)并非都是國產(chǎn)的。例三：Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.這兩種物質(zhì)并不都溶于水。例一：Prolonged absence of the antagonists leads to chronic spasticity of the uninvolved muscles.（absence轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞，譯為“不起作用”）拮抗肌長期

4、不起作用導(dǎo)致腱側(cè)肌肉的慢性退化。例二：In many cases ,a simple cause may be responsible for failure of the ulcer to heal.在很多病例中，某個(gè)簡單的原因就可能使?jié)儾荒苡稀?.3 準(zhǔn)否定(1)表示準(zhǔn)否定的名詞有：absence(缺乏、沒有)，freedom (沒有), failure(未能), lack(缺少、沒有), inability(不能、無力)等。例一：The patient, not entirely free from symptoms, is regarded as a chronic carrier

5、.雖然病人并非完全沒有癥狀，他依然是一個(gè)慢性攜帶者。例二：Etiological factors responsible for this cancer are far from being clear.這種癌癥的病因遠(yuǎn)未了解清楚。（3）表示準(zhǔn)否定的形容詞和形容詞組有：absent(無、沒有)，few, little(很少)，free from(無、免于)，far from(遠(yuǎn)非)，short of (缺乏、不足)等。例一：Dyspnea and tachypnea is seldom relieved in patients with heart failure.心衰患者的呼吸困難或呼吸急促

6、得到緩解是少見的。例二：The disease is usually for short duration and is rarely serious.通常此病病程短而且不嚴(yán)重。（4）表示準(zhǔn)否定的副詞有：hardly, scarcely, barely (幾乎不、幾乎沒有)，rarely, seldom（很少、不常），little(很少、一點(diǎn)不)等。例一：The old patient with pneumonia has been out of danger.那年老的肺炎患者已脫離危險(xiǎn)。例二：Antibiotics are administered in all except mild, r

7、apidly subsiding cases.除了輕癥和正在訊速好轉(zhuǎn)的病例外，全部都用抗生素。6）表示準(zhǔn)否定的介詞有:without(沒有、不)，except (除以外),out of （缺少、脫離），apart from(除外，與無關(guān))，instead of(而不是)，but for(要是沒有)等。例一：Great care must be taken to prevent the evaluation of a biopsy from being in error, since a misdiagnosis can have extremely serious consequences.活

8、組織檢查的判斷務(wù)必十分仔細(xì)以免錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)檎`診后可能極其嚴(yán)重。例二：His illness is anything but mild.他患的決非輕癥（7）表示準(zhǔn)否定意義的其他詞組有：keep/save/protect /preventfrom（使不受，阻止），anything but (決不是)，in the absence of(在沒有的情況下)，no more (一樣不)等。6.4 雙重否定 雙重否定由否定詞not, no, never, nobody, nothing等與帶有否定意義的詞或詞組搭配而成，具有使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)或加強(qiáng)的肯定意義。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在譯成漢語時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)原文的語氣和漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，或

9、照譯為雙重否定，或轉(zhuǎn)譯為肯定句。6.5 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 在英語中，當(dāng)句子的謂語被否定時(shí)，整個(gè)句子的意思即被完全否定。這種現(xiàn)象被稱為一般否定或謂語否定。而特指否定所否定的不是句子的謂語，而是句子的其他成分。英語句子中形式上的一般否定往往在意思上為特指否定。這種現(xiàn)象稱為否定轉(zhuǎn)移。特別當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞think, consider, believe, feel, hope, suppose, expect, suggest, imagine等被否定時(shí)，在意義上所否定的往往是其后的賓語從句或賓語補(bǔ)足語。例一：We dont believe that both hepatic and splenetic f

10、lexures need necessarily be removed as a routine in the treatment of all cancers of the transverse colon.（意義上否定賓語從句）我們認(rèn)為，將結(jié)腸肝曲和脾曲都予切除并非治療一切橫結(jié)腸癌所必須的常規(guī)手術(shù)。例二：I dont think it worthwhile giving the patient another transfusion.（意義上否定賓語補(bǔ)足語。）我認(rèn)為不必再給病人輸血。7.1 譯成漢語主動(dòng)句（1）若原文中有介詞by引出行為的主體（亦稱主動(dòng)者或動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者），可將其譯為主語。例一

11、：Not only bacteria but practically any foreign material is attacked by the phagocytes.吞噬細(xì)胞不僅攻擊細(xì)菌，而且也攻擊幾乎任何異物。例二：The patient is being operated on by the doctor. 醫(yī)生正在為病人動(dòng)手術(shù)。(2)不改動(dòng)原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，直接轉(zhuǎn)換成主動(dòng)語態(tài)。這類句子的主語經(jīng)常是無生命的事物，而行為者又不十分明確。例一：Solution to the problem was ultimately found.這個(gè)問題的解決方法終于找到了/ 終于找到這個(gè)問題的解決方法

12、。例二：Specific immunity may be inherited to a certain degree.特異性免疫在一定程度上是可以遺傳的。(3)英語原句的主語轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語，另外增譯適當(dāng)?shù)闹髡Z。例：Great efforts are being made to find easily administered and reliable drugs.（添加泛指人稱代詞“人們”作主語。）人們正在尋找易于施用的可靠藥物。7.2 譯成漢語無主語句 若英語原句中未提及主動(dòng)者，而譯文也無須提及主動(dòng)者時(shí)，就采用這種譯法。例一：The response of the premature to ce

13、rtain drugs should be thoroughly understood.應(yīng)當(dāng)充分了解早產(chǎn)兒對(duì)某些藥物的反應(yīng)。例二：Once the clinical diagnosis has been made and the site of infection is determined, a tentative working etiologic diagnosis can often be made before there has been time for the bacteriologist to report cultures.一旦作出了臨床診斷，確定了感染部位，那么在獲得細(xì)菌

14、學(xué)者的培養(yǎng)報(bào)告之前，往往就可以作出初步的病因診斷。7.3 譯成漢語被動(dòng)句 漢語中也有些詞可用于表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，例如“被”、“由”、“為”、“受到”、“予以”等等。因此，只要譯文符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣，英語的被動(dòng)句亦可譯成漢語的被動(dòng)句。例一：The disease is caused by a virus.此病由一種病毒引起。（此句若譯為“一種病毒引起此病”反而比較別扭。）例二：The swelling is often mistaken for a bone prominence.這類腫脹常被誤認(rèn)為是一種骨隆凸。例三：Man may be injected by the human or bovine

15、 type of the bacillus.人類可為人型或牛型（結(jié)核）桿菌所感染。7.4 被動(dòng)語態(tài)慣用法的譯法常見動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的習(xí)慣譯法列舉如下：be known as被稱為，叫做；be referred to as被指為，被叫做；be regarded as被看作，被當(dāng)做；be considered to be被認(rèn)為是，被看作；be described as被描述成；be defined as被定義為，定義是；It is said that據(jù)說；It is believed that據(jù)認(rèn)為；It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道；It is assumed that假設(shè)，假定； It

16、is pointed out that有人指出； It is preferred that最好；It must be admitted that必須承認(rèn)； It must be stressed that必須著重指出； It has been proved that已經(jīng)證明；It has been illustrated that 已經(jīng)舉例說明。8.定語從句的翻譯 定語從句在醫(yī)學(xué)英語中應(yīng)用極廣。一般由that, which, who, as, but等關(guān)系代詞或when, where, how, why等關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，用來修飾主句中的某個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也能修飾主句的一部分或整個(gè)主句。主句中被

17、定語從句所修飾的部分稱為先行詞。定語從句分為限制性和非限制性兩種，其翻譯方法也略有不同。例三：Aspirin is considered a safe drug for general use, however, it may cause severe asthma or other illness in people who are allergic to it. 阿司匹林被認(rèn)為是應(yīng)用廣泛的安全藥物，然而，對(duì)其過敏者服用后會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的哮喘或其他疾病。例四：Such use as we are able to make of helpful bacteria and such control

18、as we have of harmful ones depend upon our knowledge of their habits. （由as引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)定語從句分別修飾use和control）對(duì)有益細(xì)菌的利用和對(duì)有害細(xì)菌的控制取決于對(duì)細(xì)菌習(xí)性的了解。 （2）轉(zhuǎn)譯為并列分句 若定語從句較長，對(duì)主句中先行詞的限制關(guān)系較弱，為了符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯為并列分句。例一：Several different clinical classifications exist which vary only in detail.(which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾classifications,可靈活地譯

19、為“而”)有幾種不同的臨床分類法，而這些方法只是細(xì)節(jié)上有所差異。例二：Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.(引導(dǎo)詞that可重復(fù)先行詞的內(nèi)容“分子”)物質(zhì)是由分子組成，而分子又由原子組成。8.2 非限制性定語從句的翻譯 非限制性定語從句一般只能由which, when和where引導(dǎo)。用which時(shí)，通常以逗號(hào)與主句隔開；用when或where時(shí)，不一定用逗號(hào)隔開，而主要根據(jù)含義來辨別。這種定語從句主要用來對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用，因而都可順譯在主句之后?？筛鶕?jù)不同情況分別采用下列譯法。（1）轉(zhuǎn)譯為并列分句。后一分

20、句的主語可譯為“該”、“這”等詞，重復(fù)先行詞或用代詞。例一：The heart is an essential organ of circulation, the function of which is to pump blood to all parts of the body.(引導(dǎo)詞which指the heart，譯為“其”)心臟是重要的循環(huán)器官，其功能是把血液搏往全身。例二：There is less embarrassment of physiologic functions, which benefits the patients recovery.(which代表整個(gè)句子，譯為“這”)生理功能受到妨礙較少，這有助于病人康復(fù)。（2）轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語從句例一：The blood flow may be increased by more rapid and vigorous heart action, which accelerates the movement of heart to the skin.(which引導(dǎo)的定語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為結(jié)果狀語從句)血流可因更快和更有力的心臟活動(dòng)而增加，這就使熱量加速移到皮膚。例二：The disease, which may occur at