現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成:由助動(dòng)詞have(has)+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。has用于第三人稱單數(shù),have用于其他各種人稱.

二.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法:其用法主要有三種

I.“已完成”用法

:表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生并結(jié)束的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。這一類情況可以細(xì)致分為下述兩種情況。

1）表示開始于過去的動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束。常和just，now，already，yet，not…yet等不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用。

LiMinghasjustturnedoffthelight.

李明剛剛把燈關(guān)上。（說明現(xiàn)在燈關(guān)上了）

I'vefinishedmyhomeworknow.

現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了。（說明可以交作業(yè)或做別的了）

2）表示過去動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在仍殘留著。一般不用時(shí)間狀語。

Ihavelostmypen.

我把筆丟了。

（說明過去某時(shí)丟的，現(xiàn)在我還沒找到這支筆）Shehasbecomeateacher.

她已經(jīng)當(dāng)了老師。（說明她現(xiàn)在仍是老師）

II.“未完成”用法。表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能繼續(xù)下去，也可能剛剛結(jié)束。常和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如today，thisweek（month），lately，recently，thesedays，inthepastfewdays，duringthelasttwoweeks，since，sinceyesterday，since2daysago，since1991，foralongtime，foramonth，sofar，uptonow，till（until）now等。

Hehaslivedherefor30years.

他住在這兒三十年了。（現(xiàn)在還住在這兒）

They'veknowneachothersincechildhood.

他們從小彼此相識(shí)。（現(xiàn)在還在往來）

HowlonghaveyoustudiedEnglish？

你學(xué)英語多久了？（現(xiàn)在仍在學(xué)）

III.經(jīng)驗(yàn)性用法:表示從過去開始到目前為止這段時(shí)間中反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)。常與頻度副詞如often,always,everyweek,twice等連用。IhavebeentotheSummerPalacetwice.

我曾經(jīng)去過頤和園兩次。

Hehasalwayssaidso.他總是這么說.三.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語

I現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：yesterday,lastSunday,in1990,threeyearsago等。但是，在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用。a.用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑問句中。如：Wehavealreadyfinishedourhomework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。

Theyhaven'tfinishedtheirhomeworkyet.他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。b.用ever和never.多用于否定或疑問句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未“等。如：

-HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall?你曾經(jīng)去過長城嗎?-IhaveneverbeentotheGreatWall.我從未去過長城。

c.用表示到說話為止的過去時(shí)間狀語，如just,before,uptonow,thepastfewyears等。如：Ihaveseenherbefore,butIcannotrememberwhere.

我以前見過她，但記不起在哪里見過。

Hehasbeentherethreetimesthelastfewdays.

近幾天他去過那里三次了。

d.用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語，如now,today,thismorning(month,year,term)等。如：-Haveyoumethimtoday?-No,Ihaven't.

今天你見過他嗎？我沒有。

Howmanytimeshaveyoubeentherethisyear?

今年你去過那里多少次？

II短暫性動(dòng)詞不能和表一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：come,go,arrive,reach,hear,close,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,getup等。但如果要保留表一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語，必須將動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。現(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換如：fallasleep(ill)→beasleep(ill)

gettoknow→knowbegin,(start)→beon

open→beopenbuy→have

getup→beupdie→bedead

goout→beout

come→bein

close→beclosedarrive→behere

join→bein,bea+名詞

finish(end)→beover

leave,move→beaway,gotoschool→beastudent

borrow→keep

catch(acold)→have(acold)

begintostudy→study

comeback→beback

puton→wear或beon

如：Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears.他參軍三年了。

Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父親去世二年了。

Thefilmhasbeenonfor5minutes.電影已開始五分鐘了。

WehavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.我們（開始）學(xué)英語已三年了。

四.幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)

I.havebeen(to)與havegone(to)的區(qū)別：havebeen(to)表示“去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了）”，可用于各人稱；havegone(to)表示“去某地了（說話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once,never,severaltimes等連用，后者則不能。如：

TheyhavebeentoBeijingtwice.他們?nèi)ミ^北京兩次。

HehasgonetoBeijing.他去北京了。

II.不可延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：

Ihaven'tleftheresince1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒。

（錯(cuò)）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.

（對(duì)）Ihaven'treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.

練習(xí)一.用since和for填空1.______twoyears2.______twoyearsago3.______lastmonth4.______19995._______yesterday6._______4o’clock7.______4hours8._____anhourago9.______wewerechildren10._____lunchtime12.HehaslivedinNanjing_____theyearbeforelast.13.I’veknownhim_____wewerechildren.14.OurteacherhasstudiedJapanese______threeyears.15.Shehasbeenawayfromthecity______abouttenyears.16.It’sabouttenyears__________sheleftthecity.二.單項(xiàng)選擇。1、Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey______what'shappenedtohim.A.knewB.haveknownC.mustknowD.willknow2、Hehas_______beentoShanghai,hashe?A.alreadyB.neverC.everD.still3、HaveyoumetMrLi______？A.justB.agoC.beforeD.amomentago4、Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyear.A.iswritingB.waswritingC.wroteD.haswritten5、—Ourcountry______alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.A.haschanged;wellB.changed;goodC.haschanged;betterD.changed;better6、ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.A.was;studyingB.will;studyC.has;studiedD.are;studying7、We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knowB.hadknownC.haveknownD.knew8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I______ittwice.A.willseeB.haveseenC.sawD.see9、—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—Really?When_____there?A.willtheygoB.didtheygoC.dotheygoD.havetheygone10、—______you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I_____itamomentago.A.Did;do;finishedB.Have;done;finishedC.Have;done;havefinishedD.will;do;finish11、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin12、—Doyouknowhimwell?—Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemade13、—Howlonghaveyou____here?—Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.goneC.comeD.arrived14、Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.began15、It_____tenyearssinceheleftthearmy.A.isB.hasC.willD.was16、MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.A.hasgoneB.wentC.willgoD.hasbeen17、Myparents______Shandongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen18.Thestudentshavecleanedtheclassroom,?A.sotheyB.don’ttheyC.havetheyD.haven’tthey19、hasMrWhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehetoChina?A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,gotC.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived20.Whenhearrivedatthebusstop,thebus_____for20minutes.A.hasleftB.hadleftC.hasbeenawayD.hadbeenaway21.Thefactory____sincetheFebruaryof1988.A.hasbeenopenB.hasopenedC.wasopenD.opened22.MaryandRose____friendssincetheymetin2000.A.havemadeB.havebeenC.madeD.havebecome23.Youmustn't_____untilhecomesback.A.beawayB.leaveC.beleft24.Themeeting_____foraweeknow.A.hasfinishedB.hasendedC.hasbeenover25.MissGao______thisschoolfornearly5years.A.hasbeeninB.hascometoC.hastaught26.Ben______ateacherfor4years.A.hasbeenB.hasbecomeC.wasD.became27.I______homeforaweek.A.havereturnedB.havebeenbackC.returned三.用never,ever,already,just,yet,for,since填空1.Ihave_______seenhimbefore,soIhavenoideaabouthim.2.Jackhas_________finishedhishomework.3.Mr.Wanghastaughtinthisschool________tenyears.4.“Haveyou________seenthefilm?”“No,Ihave________seenit.”5.“Hasthebusleft_______?”“Yes,ithas_________left.”四.用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)填空：1.She’s_____________(live)hereeversinceshewasten.2.Bothofthem________________(be)inHongkongfortendays.3.Bothofthem____________(come)toHongkongtendaysago.4.Halfanhour__________(pass)sincethetrain__________(leave).5.Mary________(lose)herpen.________you_______(see)ithereandthere?6._________you_____(find)yourwatchyet?7.---Areyouthirsty?---NoI_________just_________(have)someorange.8.Wealready_________(return)thebook.9.________they_______(build)anewschoolinthevillage?10.I_____________(notfinish)myhomework.Canyouhelpme?11.Myfather_____(read)thenoveltwice.12.I_________(buy)abookjustnow.13.I_________(lost)mywatchyesterday.14.Myfather___________(read)thisbooksinceyesterday.五、劃線提問1)Ihavebeentherefortwodays._____________________________you____________________?2)Myfatherhaslivedheresince2000.____________________________yourfather___________________?3)Helefthereyesterday._________________he___________________?4)Theyboughtabooktwohoursago._____________________they__________abook六.翻譯下列句子：1.你曾經(jīng)吃過魚和薯?xiàng)l嗎？2.我剛剛丟了我的化學(xué)書。3.我以前從來沒去過那個(gè)農(nóng)場。4.他已經(jīng)吃過午飯.5.你已經(jīng)看過這部電影了嗎？6.我哥哥還沒回來。7.這本字典我已買了三年了。8.他離開中國三年了。9.我認(rèn)識(shí)他們五年了?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1定義:現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成:現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has+been+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成3現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本句型肯定式I/Wehavebeenworking.疑問式Haveyoubeenworking？簡略回答Yes，I/wehave.No，I/wehaven't.肯定式He/She/Ithasbeenworking.疑問式Hashe/she/itbeenworking？簡略回答Yes，he/she/ithas.No，he/she/ithasn't.4現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法在強(qiáng)調(diào)指出動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束，還要繼續(xù)下去。如：I'vebeenreadingthisbookfortwohours，butIhaven'tfinishedit.這本書我已讀了兩個(gè)小時(shí)了，但我還沒讀完。I'vereadthisbook.我已讀完這本書了。2）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長久或帶感情色彩。Shehasalwaysbeenworkinglikethat.她一貫是這樣工作的。3）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時(shí)間反復(fù)發(fā)生的事情。We'vebeenseeingquitealotofeachotherrecently.最近我們經(jīng)常見面。5現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性,它是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。試比較：We'vebeenlivingherefortenyears.We'velivedherefortenyears.我們?cè)谶@兒已經(jīng)住了十年了。2）在不用時(shí)間狀語的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作在過去已結(jié)束。如：Thestudentshavebeenpreparingfortheexam.（還在進(jìn)行）學(xué)生們一直在準(zhǔn)備考試。Thestudentshavepreparedfortheexam