高中英語選擇性必修三 課文及翻譯_第1頁
高中英語選擇性必修三 課文及翻譯_第2頁
高中英語選擇性必修三 課文及翻譯_第3頁
高中英語選擇性必修三 課文及翻譯_第4頁
高中英語選擇性必修三 課文及翻譯_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩18頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

新人教版高中英語選擇性必修三課文及翻譯Unit1ReadingandThinkingASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTING西方繪畫藝術(shù)簡(jiǎn)史WhatisWesternart?Itishardtogiveaprecisedefinition.AstherehavebeensomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itisimpossibletodescribethemallinashorttext.PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandWesternartistolookatthedevelopmentofWesternpaintingoverthecenturies.什么是西方藝術(shù)?很難給出一個(gè)精確的定義。由于西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多種多樣,在短短的一篇課文里不可能進(jìn)行全面的描述。也許了解西方藝術(shù)的最好方法就是看看幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來西方繪畫的發(fā)展。TheMiddleAges(fromthe5thtothe15thcentury)中世紀(jì)(5世紀(jì)到15世紀(jì))DuringtheMiddleAges,thepurposeofWesternartwastoteachpeopleaboutChristianity.Thus,artistswerenotinterestedinpaintingrealisticscenes.Theirworkswereoftenprimitiveandtwo-dimensional,andthemaincharacterswereoftenmademuchlargerthaneveryoneelsetoshowtheirimportance.Thisbegantochangeinthe13thcenturywithGiottodiBondone(1267-1337).Whilehispaintingsstillhadreligiousthemes,theyshowedrealpeopleinarealenvironment.Inparticular,hispaintingsaresetapartfromotherpaintingsbytheirrealistichumanfacesanddeepemotionalimpact.在中世紀(jì),西方藝術(shù)的目的是向人們傳授基督教因此,藝術(shù)家對(duì)寫實(shí)場(chǎng)景不感興趣。他們的作品通常較為粗糙且二維化,主體人物通常比其他人物大得多,以顯示他們的重要性。這種情況在13世紀(jì)時(shí)因喬托·迪·邦多納(1267-1337)而開始改變。盡管他的畫仍然帶有宗教主題,但它們展示的是真實(shí)的環(huán)境中的真實(shí)人物。尤其是他的畫作,因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感沖擊而從其他畫作中脫穎而出。TheRenaissance(fromthe14thtothe17thcentury)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期(14世紀(jì)到17世紀(jì))NewideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedoldonesfromtheMiddleAges.Asaresult,paintersconcentratedlessonreligiousthemes.Theybegantoadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AnimportantbreakthroughduringthisperiodwastheuseofperspectivebyMasaccio(1401-1428).InfluentialpainterssuchasLeonardodaVinci(1452-1519,Michelangelo(1475-1564),andRaphael(1483-1520)builtuponGiottoandMasaccio'sinnovationstoproducesomeofthegreatestartthatEuropehadeverseen.新的思想和價(jià)值觀逐漸取代了中世紀(jì)的思想和價(jià)值觀。因此,畫家較少關(guān)注宗教主題。他們開始采取一種更人性化的生活態(tài)度。這一時(shí)期的一個(gè)重要突破是馬薩喬(1401-1428)對(duì)透視法的運(yùn)用。一些頗具影響力的畫家,例如萊昂納多達(dá)芬·奇、米開朗琪羅和拉斐爾,在喬托和馬薩喬的創(chuàng)新基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)發(fā)展,創(chuàng)造出歐洲前所未見的一些最偉大的藝術(shù)作品Anotherinnovationwastheuseofoilpaints.Withtheirdeepcoloursandrealism,someofthebestoilpaintingslooklikephotographs.WhilepaintersasearlyasDaVincihadusedoil,thistechniquereacheditsheightwithRembrandt(1606-1669),whogainedareputationasamasterofshadowandlight.另一個(gè)創(chuàng)新是油畫顏料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義風(fēng)格,一些最好的油畫看上去就像是照片。盡管早在達(dá)芬奇時(shí)代一些畫家就使用油彩繪畫,但倫勃朗使得這種技藝達(dá)到頂峰,他擁有“光影大師”的雅稱。Insubjectmatter,theemphasisincreasinglyshiftedfromreligiousthemestopeopleandtheworldaroundus.Kings,nobles,andpeopleofhighrankwantedtopurchaseaccuratepicturesofthemselvesandthepeopletheyloved.Otherswantedpaintingsshowingimportanthistoricaleventsorstoriesfrommythology.Finally,mostclientswantedpaintingsthatwerebeautifulandinterestingtolookat.在題材上,重點(diǎn)逐漸從宗教主題轉(zhuǎn)移到人和我們周圍的世界。國王、貴族和上流社會(huì)人士都想購買自己和所愛之人的準(zhǔn)確照片。其他人則想要展示重要?dú)v史事件或神話故事的畫作。最后,大多數(shù)客戶都想要看起來美麗有趣的畫作。Impressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)印象派時(shí)期(19世紀(jì)后期到20世紀(jì)初期)ThedevelopmentofWesternartsloweduntiltheinventionofphotographyinthemid-19thcentury.Afterthat,paintingswerenolongerneededtopreservewhatpeopleandtheworldlookedlikeHence,paintershadtofindanewwayoflookingattheirart.Fromthis,ImpressionisemergedinFrance.ThenameofthisnewmovementcamefromthepaintingbyClaudeMonet(1840-1926)calledImpression,Sunrise.Inthiswork,Monet'saimwastoconveythelightandmovementinthescenethesubjectiveimpressionthescenegavehim-butnotadetailedrecordofthesceneitself.直到19世紀(jì)中葉攝影術(shù)發(fā)明之前,西方藝術(shù)的發(fā)展緩慢。在那之后,不再需要繪畫來保存人和世界的面貌了。因此,畫家們不得不尋找一種新的方式來看待他們的藝術(shù)。由此,印象派在法國應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。這個(gè)新運(yùn)動(dòng)的名字來源于克勞德·莫奈(1840-196)的一幅名為《印象日出》的畫作。在這幅作品中,莫奈想傳達(dá)場(chǎng)景中的光線和運(yùn)動(dòng)一場(chǎng)景給他的主觀印象一一而不是場(chǎng)景本身的詳細(xì)記錄。WhilemanyImpressionistspaintedscenesofnatureordailylife,others,suchasRenoir(1841-1919),focusedonpeople.Unlikethecold,black-and-whitephotographsofthattimeperiod,Renoir'spaintingsarefulloflight,shadow,colour,andlife.Hesoughttoshownotjusttheouterimageofhissubjects,buttheirinnerwarmthandhumanityaswell.雖然許多印象派畫家描繪了自然或日常生活場(chǎng)景,但其他畫家,如雷諾阿(1841-1919年)則以人物為關(guān)注對(duì)象。雷諾阿的畫作與那個(gè)時(shí)代冷淡的黑白照片不同,充滿了光、影、色彩和生命。他不僅試圖展示他筆下人物的外在形象,而且還展示他們內(nèi)心的溫暖和人性。ModernArt(fromthe20thcenturytotoday)現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)(20世紀(jì)至今)AfterImpressionism,subsequentartistsbegantoask,"Whatdowedonext?"PainterssuchasPicasso(1881-1973triedtoanalysetheshapeswhichexistedinthenaturalworldbutinanewway,withCubism.Othersgavetheirpaintingsarealisticbutdream-likequalityStillothersturnedtoabstractart.Whattheyattemptedtodowasnolongershowreality,butinsteadtoaskthequestion,"Whatisart?在印象派之后,后來的藝術(shù)家開始問不一步我們?cè)撟鍪裁?”像畢加索(1881-1973)這樣的畫家試圖用一種新的方法立體主義來分析自然界中存在的形狀。其他人則賦予他們的畫中一種寫實(shí)但又像夢(mèng)一樣的品質(zhì)特征。還有一些人轉(zhuǎn)向抽象藝術(shù)。他們?cè)噲D做的不再是展示現(xiàn)實(shí),而是提出一個(gè)問題“什么是藝術(shù)?”Unit1usinglanguageANCIENTCHINESEARTONSHOW中國古代藝術(shù)展覽TheRichfieldMuseumofFineArtisproudtopresentournewexhibition,"fromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges."Joinusasweexploremorethan3,000yearsofwonderfulartfromtheMiddleKingdom.Frombronzebowlstoceramicvases,andjadesculpturestoinkwashpaintings,ourgoalistodisplaytheChineseartisticgeniusfromancienttimes.里奇菲爾德美術(shù)博物館很榮幸為您介紹我們的新展覽——“從商朝到清朝:歷代中國藝術(shù)”。加入我們一起來探索來自中央王國(即中國,譯者注)具有3,000多年歷史的美妙藝術(shù)。從青銅碗到陶瓷花瓶,從玉雕到水墨畫,我們的目標(biāo)是展示中國古代的藝術(shù)天分。ThehighlightofthisexhibitionisthepaintingClearingAfterSnowonaMountainPass,oneofthegreatworksofTangYin(1470-1524).BornduringtheMingDynasty,Tangsoughtandfailedtogainentryintothecivilservice,soheturnedtopaintinginstead.Intime,hegainedrecognitionasoneofthegreatestartistsChinahaseverknown.Thispainting,showinghighmountains,trees,andhousescoveredinsnow,wasmadewithextraordinaryskill.Thoughitisover500yearsold,itlooksasfreshandfulloflifeasthedayitwascreated.本次展覽的亮點(diǎn)是唐寅(1470—1524)的杰作之一—《函關(guān)雪霽圖》。唐寅出生在明朝,他曾試圖考取文官,但失敗了,所以他轉(zhuǎn)而從事繪畫。最終,他被公認(rèn)為中國有史以來最偉大的藝術(shù)家之一。這幅畫運(yùn)用了非凡的技巧,展現(xiàn)了高山、樹木和被雪覆蓋的房屋。雖然它已經(jīng)有500多年的歷史了,但看起來清新且充滿生機(jī),就像剛被創(chuàng)作出來一樣。Alsoofprimarynoteisacollectionofnearly100bronzeobjectsfromtheShangDynasty(1600-1046BCE).Whiletheartistswhomadethesegreatworksarenotknown,theyshowedgreatskillincreatingthesebeautifulpieces.SomeoftheitemsondisplayarethoughttohavecomefromthecollectionofEmperorQianlong(1711-1799),agreatadmirerofShangDynastybronze.同樣十分重要的(看點(diǎn))是來自商代(公元前1600一公元前1046)的近百件青銅器藏品。雖然不清楚創(chuàng)作這些偉大作品的藝術(shù)家是誰,但他們?cè)趧?chuàng)作這些美麗的作品時(shí)表現(xiàn)出了高超的技藝。其中一些展品袚認(rèn)為是乾隆皇帝(1711一1799)的收藏品,乾隆皇帝十分贊賞商朝的青銅器。Finally,wehavemanyfineexamplesofTangDynasty(618-907)sculptures.MostoftheseareofBuddhistorigin.EventhoughBuddhismenteredChinamuchearlier,itdidnotreallybegintoshowexpansionuntiltheseventhcentury.Duringthissameperiod,tradealongtheSilkRoadalsoboomed.ChinesesculpturethusfounditselfhighlyinfluencedbyBuddhistartbroughtfromIndiaandCentralAsiathroughtheSilkRoad.TheseworkswereintendedtospreadBuddhismandtheyareofexceptionalbeautyandquality.Lookingatthefacesofthefiguresinthesesculptures,oneseesthefacesofthepast.Historyisbroughttolife.最后,我們還有許多唐代(618—907)的雕塑精品。這些雕塑中大多數(shù)與佛教有關(guān)。雖然很早之前佛教便傳入了中國,但直到公元7世紀(jì)它才真正開始傳播開來。與此同時(shí),絲綢之路沿線的貿(mào)易也蓬勃發(fā)展。因此,中國雕塑深受由印度和中亞經(jīng)絲綢之路傳來的佛教藝術(shù)的影響。這些作品是為了傳播佛教,而且它們外觀精美、品質(zhì)上乘??粗@些雕塑中人物的臉,你會(huì)看到過去的面孔。歷史被賦予了生命。Thisisjustasmalltasteofwhatisinstoreforyouinthisexhibition.Weguaranteethat"FromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges"willtransportyoutoanothertimewithitsamazingcollectionofworks.這只是本次展覽供您參觀的展品中的一小部分。我們保證“從商朝到清朝:歷代中國藝術(shù)”展將憑借其令人驚嘆的藏品讓你穿越至另一個(gè)時(shí)代。"FromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges"willrununtilNovember25.“從商朝到清朝:歷代中國藝術(shù)”展將持續(xù)到11月25日。Openinghoursarefrom9:00a.m.to5:00p.m.,fromTuesdaytoSunday(themuseumisclosedonMondays).Noonewillbeadmittedintotheexhibitionafter4:30p.m..開放時(shí)間為星期二到星期日的上午9點(diǎn)到下午5點(diǎn)(博物館星期一閉館)。下午四點(diǎn)半以后不準(zhǔn)任何人進(jìn)入展館。Admission:$10foradults;S8forstudents$5forchildrenunder12;freeforchildrenunder5.門票:成人10美元;學(xué)生8美元;12歲以下兒童5美元;5歲以下兒童免費(fèi)。Nophotosorfoodanddrinkareallowedinthemuseum博物館內(nèi)禁止拍照和飲食。Unit2ReadingandThinkingHABITSFORAHEALTHYLIFESTYLE健康的生活習(xí)慣Asteenagersgrowup,theybecomemoreindependentandstartmakingtheirowndecisions.However,duringthisperiod,itcanbeeasyforsomeofthemtoformbadhabits.Thesebadhabits,ifleftunchecked,couldleadtomoreseriousoneswhentheybecomeadults.Forexamplesomeofthemmaybecomeinvolvedintobaccooralcoholabuse,whichcanleadtophysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Topreventharmfulhabitslikethesefromdominatingateenager'slifeisessential.Theymustlearntorecognisebadhabitsearlyandmakeappropriatechanges.隨著青少年的成長(zhǎng),他們變得更加獨(dú)立開始自己做決定。然而,在這個(gè)時(shí)期,有些青少年很容易養(yǎng)成不良習(xí)慣。如果不加以控制,這些不良習(xí)慣長(zhǎng)大后可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更嚴(yán)重的問題。例如,有些青少年會(huì)沉溺于煙酒不能自拔,造成生理和心理健康問題。防止這些不良習(xí)慣支配青少年的生活是至關(guān)重要的。他們必須學(xué)會(huì)及早發(fā)現(xiàn)不良習(xí)慣并做出適當(dāng)?shù)母淖?。Tochangebadhabitsisnevereasy,evenwithmanyattempts.ThereisafamoussayingbasedonthephilosophyofAristotle:"Wearewhatwerepeatedlydo."Inmanyways,ourlifestyleisthesumofchoiceswehavemade.Wemakeachoicetodosomething,andthenwerepeatitoverandoveragain.Soonthatchoicebecomesautomaticandformsahabitthatismuchhardertochange.Thegoodnewsisthatwecanchange,ifweunderstandhowhabitswork.改變不良習(xí)慣絕非易事,即使多次嘗試也是如此。有一條基于亞里士多德哲學(xué)思想的著名諺語說道:“重復(fù)的行為造就了我們”。在許多方面,我們的生活方式是我們所做選擇的總和。我們選擇做某事,然后一遍又一遍地重復(fù)。很快,這種選擇就變成自動(dòng)形成了一個(gè)更難改變的習(xí)慣。好消息是,如果我們了解習(xí)慣如何形成的,我們就可以改變。Accordingtomodernpsychology,wemustfirstlearnaboutthe"habitcycle",whichworkslikethis:根據(jù)現(xiàn)代心理學(xué),我們必須首先了解“習(xí)慣周期”,其工作原理如下:Firstly,thereis"cue",anaction,event,orsituationthatactsasasignaltodosomething.首先,有一個(gè)“提示”,即可以作為做某事信號(hào)的動(dòng)作、事件或情況。Secondly,thereisa"routine",theregularactionyoutakeinresponsetothecue.其次,有一個(gè)“慣例”,即你對(duì)“暗示”做出的常規(guī)反應(yīng)。Thirdly,thereisa"reward",thegoodthingorfeelingwegetfromtheroutine.第三有“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”,我們從“慣例”中獲得的好處或感覺。Forexample,whenwefeelunhappy(cue),weeatlotsofunhealthysnacks(routine),whichmakesusfeelhappy(reward)Therewardmakesusmuchmorelikelytocontinuethecycle,andthebadhabitofrelyingonunhealthysnacksisformed.例如,當(dāng)我們感到不快樂時(shí)(提示),我們會(huì)吃很多不健康的零食(慣例),這會(huì)讓我們感到快樂(獎(jiǎng)勵(lì))。獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)使我們更有可能繼續(xù)這個(gè)循環(huán),繼而養(yǎng)成了依賴不健康零食的不良習(xí)慣。Tofacilitateapositivechangeinourbadhabits,wemustfirstexamineourbadhabitcyclesandthentrytoadaptthem.Wecandothisbycombiningtheinformationfromourhabitcycleswithourownpositiveideas.Forexample,wecouldtrytoreplaceanegativeroutinewithsomethingmorepositive.So,whenwefeelunhappyagain(cue),ratherthaneatsnacks,wecouldlistentosomeofourfavouritemusicinstead(routine),whichwillmakeusfeelrelaxed(reward).Asidefromchangingbadhabits,wecanalsousethehabitcycletocreategoodhabits.Forexample,whenwecometoanescalator(cue),ournormalroutineistorideit,butwecouldchangethisroutineintosomethingmorepositivebytakingthestairsinstead.想要促使不良習(xí)慣朝著積極的方向轉(zhuǎn)化,我們必須首先審視自己的壞習(xí)慣循環(huán),然后盡力去調(diào)整。我們可以通過將我們習(xí)慣周期中的信息與我們自己的積極想法相結(jié)合來做到這一點(diǎn)。例如,我們可以嘗試用更積極的事情來代替消極的習(xí)慣。因此,當(dāng)我們?cè)俅胃械讲婚_心時(shí)(提示),與其吃零食,不如聽些我們喜歡的音樂(慣例),這會(huì)讓我們感到放松(獎(jiǎng)勵(lì))除了改變壞習(xí)慣,我們還可以利用習(xí)慣循環(huán)來創(chuàng)造好習(xí)慣。例如,當(dāng)我們走到自動(dòng)扶梯時(shí)(提示),我們通常的習(xí)慣是乘坐自動(dòng)扶梯,但我們可以通過走樓梯來改變這種習(xí)慣,使之變?yōu)楦e極的事情。Manyofustrytochangebadhabitsquicklyandifwearenotsuccessfulstraightaway,weoftenbecomepessimisticandgiveup.Infact,themostsuccessfulwaytochangeisnotsuddenly,butoveraperiodoftime.AstheChinesephilosopherLaoZiwrote,"Ajourneyofathousandmilesbeginswithasinglestep."Onestepseemssmall,butitisessential.Toreachthegoalofchange,apersonmustshowsomedisciplineandrepeatedlytakemanysmallsteps.Afterall,itisnoteasytobreakbadhabits.我們?cè)S多人都試圖迅速改變不良習(xí)慣,如果我們不能馬上成功,我們往往會(huì)變得悲觀而放棄。實(shí)際上,最成功的改變方法不是一蹴而就的,而是要經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的改變。正如中國哲學(xué)家老子所言:“千里之行始于足下?!钡谝徊娇此泼煨?,卻是必不可少的。為了達(dá)到改變的目標(biāo),人必須表現(xiàn)出一定的紀(jì)律性,并不斷地邁出許多小步畢竟,改掉不良習(xí)慣并不容易。Foryoungpeople,thereisplentyoftimetochangebadhabits.However,thereisno"magicpill"ordeletebuttonthatwillhelpyou;youhavetothinkaboutyourbadhabitsanddecideonsomechanges.Youhavethepowertobuildahappyandhealthylifefullofgoodhabits!對(duì)于年輕人來說,有足夠的時(shí)間來改變不良習(xí)慣。然而,沒有可以幫助你的“神奇藥丸”或刪除按鈕;你必須考慮自己的不良習(xí)慣并做出一些改變。你有能力建立充滿良好習(xí)慣的幸福健康的生活.Unit2UsinglanguageDearEditor親愛的編輯:AfterIattendedyoursummercampabouthealthandlifestylechoices,IrealisedIhardlyeverfeltwell,eitherphysicallyormentally.Ioftenfeltsleepyanddizzy,andlackedpassion.Mostworrying,though,Igottheflueasilyandexperiencedmanytoothaches,too在我參加了你們關(guān)于健康和生活方式選擇的夏令營之后,我意識(shí)到無論是身體上還是精神上,我?guī)缀醵几杏X不好。我經(jīng)常感到困倦和頭,缺乏激情。不過,最讓我擔(dān)心的是,我很容易得流感,還經(jīng)歷了多次牙痛。AttheendofthecampIheard,Changetheworldbychangingyourself."Thisstimulatedmymotivation.Adentistonceexaminedmeandtoldmethattoomuchsugarinmymealshaddamagedmyteethandhealth.Imadeupmymindtochangetwothingsinmylife:toeatnothingwithsugarandtoexerciseregular在夏念營結(jié)束時(shí),我聽到“通過改變自己來改變世界”,這激發(fā)了我的動(dòng)力有一次,一位牙醫(yī)給我做了檢査,他告訴我,我用餐中的糖分太多,損害了我的牙齒和健康。我下定決心要改變我生活中的兩件事:不吃含糖的東西和定期鍛煉。AfterthatIstoppedbuyingallthesweets,biscuits,andsugarydrinksthatIusedtohaveeveryday.WheneverIwentoutwithfriends,Ibroughtsnacksfromhome,thingsthatdidn,thaveanyaddedsugar:fruit,nuts,driedmeat,etc.從那以后,我再也不買以前每天都吃的糖果、餅干和含糖飲料。每當(dāng)我和朋友出去玩時(shí),我都會(huì)從家里帶些零食,這些零食沒有添加任何糖分:水果、堅(jiān)果、肉干等.Myexercisewasverysimple:Iwentoutsideeverydayforatleast30minutesanddidsomethingactive.SometimesIplayedtabletennisorbadmintonwithmycousins.OthertimesIjumpedonmyskateboardandrodearoundmyneighbourhood,orjusttookalongwalk.我的鍛煉非常簡(jiǎn)單:我每天至少出去30分鐘,做一些積極的運(yùn)動(dòng)。有時(shí)我和表兄弟姐妹打乒球或羽毛球。其他時(shí)間,我跳上滑板,騎著車在附近轉(zhuǎn)悠,或者只是散個(gè)長(zhǎng)步。Theresultshavebeenfantastic.Ifeelmoredynamicandstrongerthanever,inbothbodyandmind.Isleepsoundlyatnightnow.Inolongersufferfromafluvirusortoothacheseither.Bestofall,inmyopinion,ishowIfeelaboutmyself.IfeellikeImincontrolofmyownlife.Tomakechoicesaboutmyselfiswithinmyownpower.ICANchangemyself.Ijustneedtotry結(jié)果非常棒。我感到身體和精神都比以前更富活力,更加強(qiáng)健。我現(xiàn)在晚上睡得很香。我也不再受流感病毒或牙痛的折磨了。在我看來,最重要的是我對(duì)自己的感覺。我覺得我可以掌控自己的生活。在自己的能力范圍內(nèi)做出自己的選擇。我可以改變自己。我只需要去嘗試。Yourstruly,敬啟WangLu王露DearEditor親愛的編輯:AsItookpartinthesummercampaboutpersonallifechoices,Istartedtoanalysemychoices,especiallywhatIdidtorelaxandhowitwasaffectingmywholelife當(dāng)我參加關(guān)于個(gè)人生活選擇的夏令營時(shí),我開始分析自己的選擇,尤其是我做些什么來放松自己,以及它是如何影響我的整個(gè)生活的。Afterstartinghighschool,Ifeltstressedoutandalwaysrelaxedbyplayingcomputergames.IgotsoabsorbedthatIplayedthegamesdayandnight.Playingwasfun,butIfeltevenmorewornoutafterwards!Soafterthecamp,Irealisedthatitwasvery,veryimportanttoadjustmylifestyle.Idecidedtotakecontrolofmylifeandfindotherwaystorelax.高中畢業(yè)后,我感到焦慮不安,總是通過玩電腦游戲來放松自己。我太投入了,沒日沒夜地玩游戲。玩游戲很開心,但是后來我甚至感覺更累了!所以在夏令營結(jié)束后,我意識(shí)到調(diào)整自己的生活方式非常非常重要。我決定掌控自己的生活,找到其他放松的方法。ItwasabigstrugglenottoJoinmyfriendsinplayingonlinegamesasI'mmadforthem.However,Irealisedthattosucceedinquitting,Ihadtoreplaceitwithsomethingelse.SoIthoughtaboutwhattotry.Rockclimbing,bowling.watchingcomedies,andplayingbasketballwerethethingsIthoughtofdoinginstead.不和我的朋友們一起玩絡(luò)游戲真是太難了,因?yàn)槲曳浅O矚g網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲。然而,我意識(shí)到,要想成功戒掉(網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲),我必須做些其他事情來代替它。所以我想嘗試做些事情。攀巖、保齡球、看喜劇和打籃球都是我想代替游戲的事情。NowmydadandIgorockclimbingtogethermonthly!Ithasenhancedthequalitymylife,improvingmyhealthandincreasingmyhappiness.Igetrefreshedthroughclimbing,spendmoretimewithmydad,andgettomeetnewsfriends現(xiàn)在我和爸爸每個(gè)月都一塊去攀巖!它提高了我的生活質(zhì)量,改善了我的健康,增加了我的幸福感。爬山讓我精神煥發(fā),與爸爸在一起的時(shí)間更多了,并結(jié)識(shí)了新的朋友。Aftersixmonthsoftryingoutnewwaysofrelaxing,IfeelmuchmoreenergeticIfeelthatIcanchangemyselfforthebetter.Andifthatstrueforme,thenitmighttrulybepossibletochangetheworldforthebetter.AsGandhisaid,'Bethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworld用了六個(gè)月嘗試新的放松方式后,我感到精力充沛多了。我覺得我可以變得更好。如果這對(duì)我來說是對(duì)的,那么也許真的有可能把世界變得更加美好。正如甘地所說:“欲變世界,先變其身?!盨incerely,真誠地,GeorgeFielding喬治?菲爾丁unit3EnvironmentalProtectionReadingandthinkingCLIMATECHANGEREQUIRESTHEWORLD'SATTENTION氣候變化需要全世界的關(guān)注Wehaveknownaboutclimatechangefordecades.ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer(seethegraph).Awarmingoceanandatmospherealongwithmeltingiceandrisingsealevelsprovideevidenceofadramaticchangeintheglobalclimate.我們對(duì)氣候變化已經(jīng)知道幾十年了。毫無疑問,地球正在變得越來越暖和(見圖表)。海洋和大氣的變暖,冰的融化和海平面的上升提供了全球氣候急劇變化的證據(jù)。In2013,alotofpeoplewereshockedbyanewsphotoofadeadpolarbearthatwasfoundonNorway'sArcticislandofSvalbard.Accordingtothescientistswhofounditsdeadbody,allthatremainedofthepolarbearwas“skinandbones".Anexpertwhohasstudiedpolarbearsformanyyearssaidthatfromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.Expertsclaimedthatlowsea-icelevelscausedbyclimatechangemeantthebearcouldnothuntsealsasbefore,soithadtotravelgreaterdistancesinordertofindfood.ThisalarmingcaseshowedhowtheincreaseintemperaturehadanimpactonEarth'secology.2013年,在挪威北極斯瓦爾巴特島發(fā)現(xiàn)的一張北極熊死亡的新聞?wù)掌尯芏嗳苏痼@。根據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)北極熊尸體的科學(xué)家們的說法,北極熊僅存的只是“皮膚和骨頭”。一位研究北極熊多年的專家說,從其尸體的位置來看,北極熊似乎是餓死了。專家稱,氣候變化導(dǎo)致的低海冰水平意味著這只熊不能像以前那樣捕獵海豹,因此它必須走更遠(yuǎn)的距離才能找到食物。這一令人震驚的案例顯示了溫度的上升對(duì)地球生態(tài)的影響。Thenwhatiscausingtheincreaseintheglobalaveragesurfacetemperature?Climatescientistsoftenmentionakeyclimateprocesscalledthe*greenhouseeffect",whichhastwocommonmeanings:the"natural"greenhouseeffectandthe"man-made"greenhouseeffect.greenhouseeffectreferstothefactthatheatfromthesunenterstheatmosphereandwarmsEarth'ssurfaceasshort-waveradiation.Theheatisreleasedbackintospaceatlongerwavelengths.Greenhousegasesintheatmosphere,suchasmethaneandcarbondioxide,trapsomeoftheheat,keepingEarth'sclimatewarmandhabitable.Withoutthisprocess,Earthcouldnotsustainlife.However,the"man-made"greenhouseeffecthasnowbecomeabigproblem.Whenpeopleproducehugeamountsofextragreenhousegasesbyburningfossilfuels,moreheatenergyistrappedintheatmosphereandcausesEarth'ssurfacetemperaturetorisequickly.那么是什么導(dǎo)致了全球平均地表溫度的升高呢?氣候科學(xué)家經(jīng)常提到一個(gè)叫做“溫室效應(yīng)”的關(guān)鍵氣候過程,它有兩個(gè)共同的含義:“自然”溫室效應(yīng)和“人為”溫室效應(yīng)。溫室效應(yīng)是指太陽的熱量進(jìn)入大氣層,以短波輻射的形式使地球表面變暖。熱量以較長(zhǎng)的波長(zhǎng)釋放回太空。大氣中的溫室氣體,如甲烷和二氧化碳,捕獲了部分熱量,使地球氣候保持溫暖和適宜居住。沒有這個(gè)過程,地球就無法維持生命。然而,“人為”的溫室效應(yīng)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)大問題。當(dāng)人們通過燃燒化石燃料產(chǎn)生大量額外的溫室氣體時(shí),更多的熱能被困在大氣中,導(dǎo)致地球表面溫度迅速上升。Thereisstrongandcomprehensiveevidencethattheriseintemperaturehasledtoanincreaseinextremeweatherandnaturaldisastersworldwide,notonlycausingseriousdamage,butalsocostinghumanlives.Climatescientistshavewarnedthatifwedonottakeappropriateactions,thiswarmingtrendwillprobablycontinueandtherewillbeahigherpricetopay.Infact,newsreportsarefrequentlybroadcastaboutextremerainstormsandheatwavescausingdeathsandeconomiclosses.有強(qiáng)有力和全面的證據(jù)表明,氣溫上升導(dǎo)致世界范圍內(nèi)極端天氣和自然災(zāi)害增加,不僅造成嚴(yán)重破壞,而且奪去了人的生命。氣候科學(xué)家警告說,如果我們不采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng),這一變暖趨勢(shì)可能會(huì)繼續(xù)下去,將付出更高的代價(jià)。事實(shí)上,有關(guān)極端暴雨和熱浪造成死亡和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的新聞報(bào)道經(jīng)常播出。Continuedgreenhousegasemissionswillresultinfurtherwarmingandlong-lastingchangestotheglobalclimate.Thisrequirestheattentionofpeopleallovertheworld.Governmentsneedtoconsidermakingpoliciesandtakingappropriateactionsandmeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Weasindividualscanalsoreduceour“carbonfootprint"byrestrictingtheamountofcarbondioxideourlifestylesproduce.Itisourresponsibilitytoseizeeveryopportunitytoeducateeveryoneaboutglobalwarming,alongwithitscausesandimpacts,becausethisisthemostseriousissueaffectingallofusonthisplanet.Sowhatwillyoudotohelp?持續(xù)的溫室氣體排放將導(dǎo)致全球氣候進(jìn)一步變暖和長(zhǎng)期變化。這需要全世界人民的關(guān)注。政府需要考慮制定政策并采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng)和措施來減少溫室氣體的排放。我們個(gè)人也可以通過限制我們的生活方式產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳量來減少我們的“碳足跡”。我們有責(zé)任抓住每一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),教育每個(gè)人了解全球變暖及其原因和影響,因?yàn)檫@是影響我們地球上所有人的最嚴(yán)重問題。那么你會(huì)怎么做?人教版選擇性必修第三冊(cè)u(píng)nit3EnvironmentalProtectionusinglanguageteachingtarget:writeareportonanenvironmentalissueREDUCINGWATERPOLLUTIONINTHELIRIVER減少漓江水污染ThebeautifulLiRiveranditsamazingsurroundingsceneryisoneofthemostwell-knowntouristdestinationsinChina'sGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion.Itattractsmillionsofdomesticandforeignvisitorseachyear.However,itsreputationasatopdestinationhashadnegativeeffectsontheriver'swaterquality.Thisreportlooksattheproblemofwaterpollutionandsomeactionsthathavebeentakentodealwithit.美麗的漓江及其令人驚嘆的周邊風(fēng)光是中國廣西壯族自治區(qū)最著名的旅游目的地之一。它每年吸引數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的國內(nèi)外游客。然而,它作為頂級(jí)目的地的聲譽(yù)對(duì)河流的水質(zhì)產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響。這份報(bào)告著眼于水污染問題以及為解決這個(gè)問題而采取的一些行動(dòng)。Previously,waterqualityintheLiRiverhadsufferedgreatlyfromanincreasingvolumeoftourists,manyofwhomfrequentlythrewgarbageintotheriver.Manytourboatscontributedtotheproblemtoo.Kitchensonboardwereusinglotsofoil,whichwasoftenthrownintothewater.Thegrowthintourismalsomeantthelocalpopulationroserapidly,aswellasthenumberofcommercialandindustrialenterprises.Waterpollutionlevelsincreased,withmorehouseholdandcommercialwasteendingupintheriver.此前,漓江的水質(zhì)因游客數(shù)量的增加而受到嚴(yán)重影響,許多游客經(jīng)常向漓江扔垃圾。旅游船太多導(dǎo)致了這個(gè)問題。船上的廚房用了很多油,這些油經(jīng)常被扔進(jìn)水里。旅游業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)也意味著當(dāng)?shù)厝丝诘难杆僭黾?,以及商業(yè)和工業(yè)企業(yè)的數(shù)量。水污染水平上升,更多的家庭和商業(yè)垃圾最終流入河流。Inordertofeedmorepeople,morechemicalswereusedtoincreasecropproduction.Thesechemicalsledtoseverewaterqualityissues,causingadecreaseinthenumberoffishspecies.Localofficialswereconcernedthatthepollutionwasdamagingthenaturalenvironmentandfeltthaturgentstepsshouldbetakentorestoretheriver'soriginalbeauty.為了養(yǎng)活更多的人,更多的化學(xué)物質(zhì)被用來增加農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量。這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的水質(zhì)問題,導(dǎo)致魚類數(shù)量減少。當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T擔(dān)心污染正在破壞自然環(huán)境,并認(rèn)為應(yīng)該采取緊急措施恢復(fù)河流的原貌。Acomprehensiveinitiativewasstarted,withanumberofmeasuresthataddressedtheissues.Theconstructionofwastewatertreatmentfacilitiesimprovedthewaterqualityandwaterconservation.Thecollectionandtransportofhouseholdwastewasalsoimproved.Dozensofpollutingenterpriseswereclosedormoved.Thelocalgovernmentsetupstrictregulationsregardingfurtherindustrialdevelopment.Newruleswerealsointroducedregardingtourboatroutesandgarbagedisposalmethods.Furthermore,thelocalauthoritiesbegantousethemediatospreadenvironmentalawarenessandencouragegreateruseofcleanenergy.Atthesametime,theystartedtocarryoutinspectionsregularlyandfinetouristorganizationsforabuses.Withthesemeasures,itisbelievedthatthebeautyoftheLiRiverwillbepreservedforgenerationstocome.啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)全面的倡議,采取了一些措施來解決這些問題。污水處理設(shè)施的建設(shè),改善了水質(zhì),節(jié)約了用水。生活垃圾的收集和運(yùn)輸也得到了改善。數(shù)十家污染企業(yè)被關(guān)閉或轉(zhuǎn)移。地方政府對(duì)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展工業(yè)制定了嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定。此外,有關(guān)旅游船路線和垃圾處理方法的新規(guī)定也已出臺(tái)。此外,地方當(dāng)局開始利用媒體傳播環(huán)境意識(shí),鼓勵(lì)更多地使用清潔能源。同時(shí),他們開始定期進(jìn)行檢查,對(duì)旅游組織的濫用職權(quán)進(jìn)行罰款。有了這些措施,相信漓江的美麗將世代保存。Inaddition,theambitious"WaterTenPlan"isalsonowtacklingwaterpollutionacrossthecountry.Otherinitiatives,suchasthe"RiverChiefSystem",holdseniorofficialsresponsibleforreducingwaterpollution.Withsuchcampaignsineffect,China'swaterwaysareheadingtowardsacleanandsustainablefuture.此外,雄心勃勃的“水十大計(jì)劃”目前還在全國范圍內(nèi)解決水污染問題。其他舉措,如“河長(zhǎng)制”,要求高級(jí)官員負(fù)責(zé)減少水污染。隨著這些活動(dòng)的實(shí)施,中國的水道正朝著清潔和可持續(xù)的未來邁進(jìn)。Unit4ReadingandThinkingASUCCESSFULFAILURE次成功的失敗經(jīng)歷PerceBlackborowjoinedanexpeditionwithSirErnestShackletontoAntarcticaontheshipEndurancein1914.Shackletonwasoneofthemostamousexplorersofhisdayanditwasconsideredagreathonourtobepartofhisexpeditions.BelowaresomeofBlackborow'sdiaryentries.珀西·布克博羅于1914年加入歐內(nèi)斯特沙克爾頓爵士的“堅(jiān)忍”號(hào)輪船南極探險(xiǎn)之旅。沙克爾頓是他那個(gè)時(shí)代最負(fù)盛名的探險(xiǎn)家,加入他的探險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是一種巨大的榮耀。下面是布菜克博羅的一些日記.31October19141914年10月31日Well,itsohappenedthatonemorningIboughtanewspaperandreadtheadvertisementabouttheAntarcticexpedition.好吧,碰巧有一天早上我了份報(bào)紙,看了一則關(guān)于南極探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)的廣告。AnexpeditiontotheSouthPolewiththegreatSirEmestShackleton——thisistheadventurethatIhavebeendreamingof.AndIwasreadyforit.Attheageof19,Iamfitandfullofvigour.However,whenIappliedtojointheexpedition,ShackletonturnedmedownbecausehethoughtIwastooyoungandwasntqualified.ButIwassoenthusiasticabouttheideaofgoingalongwiththemthatIsecretlywentaboardhisship,theEndurance,andhidinasmallcupboard.Unfortunately,threedaysafterwesetoffIwasdiscovered.Shackletondidnotwanttoturnbacksoheofferedmeajob,butonlyafterhepromisedme,Ifanyonehastobeeaten,thenyouwillbethefirst!"Heassignedmetobeasteward,andInowservemealsfortwenty-eightmen,threetimesaday.同偉大的歐內(nèi)斯特沙克爾頓爵士去南極探險(xiǎn)一一這是我夢(mèng)寐以求的冒險(xiǎn)。我已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了。19歲的時(shí)候,我身體健康而且精力充沛。然而,當(dāng)我申請(qǐng)加入探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)時(shí),沙克爾頓拒絕了我,因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為我太年輕,不合格。但我對(duì)與他們同行的想法非常感興趣,于是我偷偷地上了“堅(jiān)忍”號(hào)輪船,藏在一個(gè)小櫥里。不幸的是,我們出發(fā)三天后,我被發(fā)現(xiàn)了。沙克爾頓不想回頭,所以他給我提供了一份工作,但他保證,“如果有人要被吃掉,那你就是第一個(gè)!”他讓我當(dāng)一名伙計(jì),我現(xiàn)在做28個(gè)人一天三頓的飯菜。HoweveryonewillenvymewhenIcomebackandtellthemabouttheamazinglacesIhavebeento!當(dāng)我回來告訴他們我去過的神奇的地方時(shí),每個(gè)人都會(huì)羨慕我!21Nov,19151915年11月21日Thejourneyhasnotbeeneasy.EndurancebecamestuckintheiceasweapproachedAntarctica.Theicefrozearoundusandwewerewellandtrulstuck!Wesawtheshipgetcrushedbytheice.Andwhentheshipsank,ourheartssankwithit.這段路程并不輕松。正當(dāng)我們接近南極時(shí),“堅(jiān)忍”號(hào)被海土的浮冰卡住了。周圍的冰都凍結(jié)了,我們千真萬確地被困住了!我們看到船被冰擠壞了。當(dāng)船沉沒時(shí),我們的心也隨之沉沒。Beforeweabandonedtheship.Shackletoncalmlycalledustogetherandtoldustorescueourmostessentialsuppliesthesmallboats,ourfood,thecookstove,candles,clothes,andblankets.Thiswasnotimetopanic.Wewerenotallowedtotakemostofourpersonalbelongings,andShackletonhimselfthrewawayallhisgold.Buttooursurprise,heallowedHusseytokeephisbanjo.Husseyoftenplaysittokeepourspiritsup.在我們棄船之前,沙克爾頓鎮(zhèn)靜地把我們召集在一起,告訴我們要搶出我們最基本的給養(yǎng)一小船、食物、爐子、蠟燭、衣服和毯子。現(xiàn)在不是恐慌的時(shí)。我們不準(zhǔn)帶走大部分私人物品,沙克爾頓自己也扔掉了所有的金子。但令我們感到驚訝的是,他讓赫西留著他的班卓琴。赫西經(jīng)常彈班卓琴來保持我們的精神振奮。Wearenowcampedontheiceandwehavebeenmanagingtosurvive,butspringiscoming,andtheicewillsoonbegintomelt.我們現(xiàn)在在冰上扎營,我們一直在設(shè)法生存,但春天來了,冰很快就會(huì)開始融化。20May;19161916年5月20日Wehavebeenstrugglingfordays,butthingsonElephantIslandaregoingfrombadtoworse.Wearenowcrowdedtogetherunderoneofourboatsontherockshoreofthismiserableplace.Soonafterwearrived,ShackletonleftustofindhelponSouthGeorgiaIsland,1,320kilometresaway-thevoyagewastoodangerousanddifficultforallofustomakeitinoursmallboats.IfShackletonfails,willwehaveanyhopeofrescue?No.NonavyintheworldeverstopsatElephantIsland,andnooneelseknowsthatwearehere.我們已經(jīng)苦苦掙扎了好幾天,但是大象島上的情況越來越糟。我們現(xiàn)在擠在一條船上,在這個(gè)悲慘的地方的巖石海岸上。我們到達(dá)后不久,沙克爾頓就離開我們,去1320公里外的南喬治亞求援,這趟航程太危險(xiǎn)和困難了我們所有人都無法乘小船上路。如果沙克爾頓失敗了,我們是否有營救的希望嗎?不,世界上沒有任何海軍在大象島停留過,也沒有人知道我們?cè)谶@里。Ifeellow.It'scoldandwindy.Theislandhasnoplants.Sometimesweare

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論