英美國家概況TheUnitedStatesofAmerica英美國家概況TheUnitedStatesofAme1

Unit15DominantValuesandReligiousBeliefs

TheUnitedStatesofAmericaUnit15Dominant2Thinkaboutthesequestionsbeforewestart:1.Whatisculture?Pleasetrytodefinethisterm.2.WhatculturalvaluesandreligiousbeliefsareprevalentinAmerica?3.HowdoculturalvaluesandreligiousbeliefsinfluencetheAmericansociety?

Warming-upActivitiesThinkaboutthesequestionsbe3Contents

ReligioninAmerica

DominantAmericanValueⅠⅡContentsReligioninAmerica4Whatisculture?ⅠDominantAmericanValuesCultureisthesystemsofknowledgesharedbyarelativelylargegroupofpeople.

Acultureisawayoflifeofagroupofpeople--thebehaviors,beliefs,values,andsymbolsthattheyaccept,generallywithoutthinkingaboutthem,andthatarepassedalongbycommunicationandimitationfromonegenerationtothenext.Cultureisacollectiveprogrammingofthemindthatdistinguishesthemembersofonegrouporcategoryofpeoplefromanother.Whatisculture?ⅠDominantA5英美國家概況(美國部分)Unit-15-Dominant-Values-and-Religious-Beliefs[精]課件6英美國家概況(美國部分)Unit-15-Dominant-Values-and-Religious-Beliefs[精]課件71Individualism

Definition:Beliefintheprimaryimportanceoftheindividualandinthevirtuesofself-relianceandpersonalindependence.ItsinfluenceontheAmericansociety?1IndividualismDefinition:82CompetitiveSpirit

DownsideofcompetitionfortheU.S.society:ThepressuretowincanbeoverwhelminginAmerica,whereonlywinnersarecheeredandrememberedandthewinnertakesall,includingmultimillion-dollaradvertisingcontracts.Theoveremphasisoncompetitionalsocontributestoahostileworkplace.Employeesconstantlycompeteagainsttheirpeersandlosesleepoverwhogetscreditforanewsalesplanorforhavingthebestideas;thisdiscouragesteamworkandstrainshumanrelations.Atschool,cheatinghasbecomeaseriousconcernwheneventhetopstudentsdoitregularly.2CompetitiveSpiritDownside93Equality

Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.---theDeclarationofIndependence,17763EqualityWeholdthesetrut103EqualityEquality,thoughanidealofAmericanDemocracy,isnotarealityintheAmericansociety,andthegovernmenthascompletecontroloverit.ManyAmericanstreatpeopledifferentlyonthebasisoftheirrace,clothingstyles,andtheamountofmoneythattheyhave."Ihaveadreamthatonedaymyfourchildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday."---MartinLutherKingJr.

3EqualityEquality,thoughan113Equality

WhatisdistinctiveabouttheAmericanoutlookonthematterofequalityaretheunderlyingassumptions:(1)nomatterwhataperson’sinitialstationinlife,heorshehastheopportunitytoachievehighstanding;(2)everyone,nomatterhowunfortunate,deservessomebasiclevelofrespectfultreatment.3EqualityWhatisdistinctiv12IIReligioninAmericaIIReligioninAmerica13IIReligioninAmericaNearly90percentofAmericansareconnectedtosomeformofChristianity.JudaismandIslam,eachwithabout2percentofthepopulation,arethenextlargestinmembership,andIslamisthefastestgrowingreligionintheUnitedStates.LikemanyaspectsofAmericanculture,Americans’feelingsaboutpublicdisplaysofreligionareinconflict.Americansarefreetoconverttodifferentreligionsalmostatwill.IIReligioninAmericaNearly14ⅡReligioninAmerica2.42.6ReligiousDiversityFreedomofReligion

GayrightsAbortionReligionandPopularCultureTheSocialRoleofChurches2.5ⅡReligioninAmericaReligiousDiversityThe

variety

of

religiousbeliefsintheUnitedStatessurpassesthenation’smultitudeofethnicities,nationalities,andraces,makingreligionanothersourceofdiversityratherthanaunifyingforce.2.1ReligiousDiversityThe

var162.1ReligiousDiversityThelargestnumberofChristiansintheUnitedStatesbelongtooneofthemanyProtestantdenominations.RomanCatholics,

the

nextlargestreligiousgroupintheUnitedStates,arefarmoreunifiedthanProtestants.Judaism

is

the

next

largestreligionintheUnitedStates,withabout2percentofthepopulationin2001.Islamisamongthefastest-growingreligiousgroupsOtherreligionspracticedinAmericaincludeBuddhism,Hinduism,andIslam.2.1ReligiousDiversityThelar172.2FreedomofReligionFreedomofReligionreferstotherightofapersontoformpersonalreligiousbeliefsaccordingtohisorherownconscienceandtogivepublicexpressiontothesebeliefsinworshipandteaching,restrictedonlybytherequirementsofpublicorder.TheUnitedStateswasthefirst,andforsometimetheonly,nationtoincludetheprincipleofreligiouslibertyinitsbasiclaws.

2.2FreedomofReligionFreedo182.2FreedomofReligionLawsprotectingthefreedomofreligion:ThecharterofRhodeIsland,grantedin1663,isnotableforbeingthefirsttoincludeadeclarationoftherighttoreligiousliberty.ArticleVIintheU.S.Constitution,forbidstheestablishmentofanyreligioustestasaqualificationforfederaloffice,andinthe1stAmendmentforbidsthepassageoflaws“respectingtheestablishmentofreligionorprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof.”2.2FreedomofReligionLawspr192.3GayrightssexualityHeterosexuality:heterosexual/straightHomosexuality:gay/lesbianbisexualityDiscriminationagainsthomosexuality/homophobiaGayrights2.3GayrightsHeterosexuality202.3GayrightsGayrights—rightsforgayandlesbianpeopleonarangeofissues,includingmarriage,hospitalvisitation,adoption,housing,employmentandschoolbullying.2.3GayrightsGayrights—rig21英美國家概況(美國部分)Unit-15-Dominant-Values-and-Religious-Beliefs[精]課件22ArgumentsforSSMArguments

againstSSM

Dignity&respect:

"Theinstitutionofmarriageconveysdignityandrespecttowardsacouplethatmakealifetimecommitmenttosupporteachother."Same-sexcouplesdeservethisdignityandrespect."

Religiousfreedom:

FormostAmericans,marriageisareligioussacramentorceremony.IfthedefinitionofmarriageischangedtoallowSSM,somereligiousindividualsandgroupsfeelthattheywillbecomeatriskofhavingtoviolatetheirbeliefsbybeingforcedtomarrysame-sexcouples.ArgumentsforSSMArg23ForSSM

AgainstSSM

Equalrights:Denyingmarriagetosame-sexcouplesremovesfromonegroupafundamental,importanthumanright--therighttomarrythepersonthatonelovesandtowhomonehasmadeacommitment.Thatisunfairandunjustinademocracy.

Childrenbenefit:Manyreligiouslyconservativeresearchershavefoundthatchildrenthrivebestwhenrearedinahomewithamarriedmotherandfather.Boysandgirlshaveneedsthatareuniquelymetbyparentsoftheoppositegender.ForSSMAgainst24Financial&security:

Denyingonegrouptherighttomarryhasmanyadverseemotionalandfinancialconsequences.ExamplesareSocialSecurity,Medicare,medicalleave,andotherbenefits;propertyinheritance;therighttovisittheirspouseinhospital,andmakemedicaldecisionsiftheyareincapacitated;securityofthecoupleandoftheirchildren.TeachingaboutSSM:

Theroleofmarriageinsocietyisamajortopictaughtinpublicschools.IfSSMislegalized,schoolswouldberequiredtoteachthatsame-sexmarriageisequivalenttoopposite-sexmarriage,startingasearlyasKindergarten.Thatwouldviolatethebeliefsofmanyparents.

Financial&security:Teaching252.3GayrightsStonewallriotTheStonewallriotswereaseriesofspontaneous,violentdemonstrationsagainstapoliceraidthattookplaceintheearlymorninghoursofJune28,1969,attheStonewallInn,intheGreenwichVillageneighborhoodofNewYorkCity.TheyarefrequentlycitedasthefirstinstanceinAmericanhistorywhenpeopleinthehomosexualcommunityfoughtbackagainstagovernment-sponsoredsystemthatpersecutedsexualminorities,andtheyhavebecomethedefiningeventthatmarkedthestartofthegayrightsmovementintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.2.3GayrightsStonewallriot262.3GayrightsInreligiouscircles,Christianconservativeshavetirelesslyopposedgayrights.Bytheyear2000,theUnitedChurchofChristwastheonlymainlineProtestantdenominationtoallowgayandlesbianmarriage.

2.3GayrightsInreligiousci272.4AbortionAbortion,incontemporaryparlance,referstotheintentionalterminationofpregnancy.Abortionbecameoneofthemostdivisiveissuesofthelastquarterofthe20thcenturyandremainsanimportantquestionincontemporarypoliticaldiscourseintheUnitedStates.2.4AbortionAbortion,incont28英美國家概況(美國部分)Unit-15-Dominant-Values-and-Religious-Beliefs[精]課件292.4AbortionPro-lifeadvocates:againstwomen’srighttohaveabortion2.4AbortionPro-lifeadvocate302.4Abortion2.4Abortion312.4AbortionPro-choiceadvocates:forwomen’srighttohaveabortion2.4AbortionPro-choiceadvoca322.4AbortionRoev.WadeAllstatelawslimitingwomen'saccesstoabortionsduringthefirsttrimesterofpregnancywereinvalidatedbyRoev.WadeSupremeCourtdecision.Statelawslimitingsuchaccessduringthesecondtrimesterwereupheldonlywhentherestrictionswereforthepurposeofprotectingthehealthofthepregnantwoman.Roev.WadelegalizedabortionintheUnitedStates,whichwasnotlegalatallinmanystatesandwaslimitedbylawinothers.2.4AbortionRoev.Wade332.4AbortionThealias"JaneRoe"wasusedforNormaMcCorvey,onwhosebehalfthesuitwasoriginallyfiled,allegingthattheabortionlawinTexasviolatedherconstitutionalrightsandtherightsofotherwomen.ThedefendantwasthedistrictattorneyofDallasCounty,Texas,HenryB.Wade.WhoRoeandWadewere?2.4AbortionThealias"JaneR34Anti-abortionviolence

Anti-abortionviolenceisviolencecommittedagainstindividualsandorganizationsthatprovideabortion.Incidentsofviolencehaveincludeddestructionofproperty,intheformofvandalism,tocrimesagainstpeople,includingkidnapping,stalking,assault,attemptedmurder,andmurder,tocrimesaffectingbothpeopleandproperty,includingarsonandbombings.ControversialUSabortionistshotdead:report/article/controversial.us.abortionist.shot.dead/23486.htm2.4AbortionAnti-abortionviolenceAnti-ab352.5ReligionandPopularCultureReligionhasassumedcomplexandambivalentrelationswiththepopularmediaaswellaswithotheraspectsofthecultureindustry.Sofar,threebasicrelationshipshavebeenestablishedbetweenreligionandpopularculture:Religionappearsinpopularculture;popularcultureisintegratedintoreligion;andreligionissometimesinconflictwiththeproductionandconsumptionofpopularculture.2.5ReligionandPopularCultu362.6TheSocialRoleofChurchesChurchesplayavitalroleinAmericansociety.Theyarewovenintothefabricofserviceorganizationsthattendtospecialsocialneeds.Frequentlyreferredtoasfaith-basedcommunities,perhapsinanattempttodischargetheuseofmoreobviousreligiouslanguagethatwouldopenlytestthechurch-staterelationship,churchesareverymuchinvolvedinmedicalcarethroughhospitals,educationfromtheyoungestagethroughgraduateschool,andthepromotionofsocialjusticethroughcharitableactivities.2.6TheSocialRoleofChurche37ThankYou!英美國家概況TheUnitedStatesofAmericaThankYou!英美國家概況TheUnitedSt38英美國家概況TheUnitedStatesofAmerica英美國家概況TheUnitedStatesofAme39

Unit15DominantValuesandReligiousBeliefs

TheUnitedStatesofAmericaUnit15Dominant40Thinkaboutthesequestionsbeforewestart:1.Whatisculture?Pleasetrytodefinethisterm.2.WhatculturalvaluesandreligiousbeliefsareprevalentinAmerica?3.HowdoculturalvaluesandreligiousbeliefsinfluencetheAmericansociety?

Warming-upActivitiesThinkaboutthesequestionsbe41Contents

ReligioninAmerica

DominantAmericanValueⅠⅡContentsReligioninAmerica42Whatisculture?ⅠDominantAmericanValuesCultureisthesystemsofknowledgesharedbyarelativelylargegroupofpeople.

Acultureisawayoflifeofagroupofpeople--thebehaviors,beliefs,values,andsymbolsthattheyaccept,generallywithoutthinkingaboutthem,andthatarepassedalongbycommunicationandimitationfromonegenerationtothenext.Cultureisacollectiveprogrammingofthemindthatdistinguishesthemembersofonegrouporcategoryofpeoplefromanother.Whatisculture?ⅠDominantA43英美國家概況(美國部分)Unit-15-Dominant-Values-and-Religious-Beliefs[精]課件44英美國家概況(美國部分)Unit-15-Dominant-Values-and-Religious-Beliefs[精]課件451Individualism

Definition:Beliefintheprimaryimportanceoftheindividualandinthevirtuesofself-relianceandpersonalindependence.ItsinfluenceontheAmericansociety?1IndividualismDefinition:462CompetitiveSpirit

DownsideofcompetitionfortheU.S.society:ThepressuretowincanbeoverwhelminginAmerica,whereonlywinnersarecheeredandrememberedandthewinnertakesall,includingmultimillion-dollaradvertisingcontracts.Theoveremphasisoncompetitionalsocontributestoahostileworkplace.Employeesconstantlycompeteagainsttheirpeersandlosesleepoverwhogetscreditforanewsalesplanorforhavingthebestideas;thisdiscouragesteamworkandstrainshumanrelations.Atschool,cheatinghasbecomeaseriousconcernwheneventhetopstudentsdoitregularly.2CompetitiveSpiritDownside473Equality

Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.---theDeclarationofIndependence,17763EqualityWeholdthesetrut483EqualityEquality,thoughanidealofAmericanDemocracy,isnotarealityintheAmericansociety,andthegovernmenthascompletecontroloverit.ManyAmericanstreatpeopledifferentlyonthebasisoftheirrace,clothingstyles,andtheamountofmoneythattheyhave."Ihaveadreamthatonedaymyfourchildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday."---MartinLutherKingJr.

3EqualityEquality,thoughan493Equality

WhatisdistinctiveabouttheAmericanoutlookonthematterofequalityaretheunderlyingassumptions:(1)nomatterwhataperson’sinitialstationinlife,heorshehastheopportunitytoachievehighstanding;(2)everyone,nomatterhowunfortunate,deservessomebasiclevelofrespectfultreatment.3EqualityWhatisdistinctiv50IIReligioninAmericaIIReligioninAmerica51IIReligioninAmericaNearly90percentofAmericansareconnectedtosomeformofChristianity.JudaismandIslam,eachwithabout2percentofthepopulation,arethenextlargestinmembership,andIslamisthefastestgrowingreligionintheUnitedStates.LikemanyaspectsofAmericanculture,Americans’feelingsaboutpublicdisplaysofreligionareinconflict.Americansarefreetoconverttodifferentreligionsalmostatwill.IIReligioninAmericaNearly52ⅡReligioninAmerica2.42.6ReligiousDiversityFreedomofReligion

GayrightsAbortionReligionandPopularCultureTheSocialRoleofChurches2.5ⅡReligioninAmerica2.12.532.1ReligiousDiversityThe

variety

of

religiousbeliefsintheUnitedStatessurpassesthenation’smultitudeofethnicities,nationalities,andraces,makingreligionanothersourceofdiversityratherthanaunifyingforce.2.1ReligiousDiversityThe

var542.1ReligiousDiversityThelargestnumberofChristiansintheUnitedStatesbelongtooneofthemanyProtestantdenominations.RomanCatholics,

the

nextlargestreligiousgroupintheUnitedStates,arefarmoreunifiedthanProtestants.Judaism

is

the

next

largestreligionintheUnitedStates,withabout2percentofthepopulationin2001.Islamisamongthefastest-growingreligiousgroupsOtherreligionspracticedinAmericaincludeBuddhism,Hinduism,andIslam.2.1ReligiousDiversityThelar552.2FreedomofReligionFreedomofReligionreferstotherightofapersontoformpersonalreligiousbeliefsaccordingtohisorherownconscienceandtogivepublicexpressiontothesebeliefsinworshipandteaching,restrictedonlybytherequirementsofpublicorder.TheUnitedStateswasthefirst,andforsometimetheonly,nationtoincludetheprincipleofreligiouslibertyinitsbasiclaws.

2.2FreedomofReligionFreedo562.2FreedomofReligionLawsprotectingthefreedomofreligion:ThecharterofRhodeIsland,grantedin1663,isnotableforbeingthefirsttoincludeadeclarationoftherighttoreligiousliberty.ArticleVIintheU.S.Constitution,forbidstheestablishmentofanyreligioustestasaqualificationforfederaloffice,andinthe1stAmendmentforbidsthepassageoflaws“respectingtheestablishmentofreligionorprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof.”2.2FreedomofReligionLawspr572.3GayrightssexualityHeterosexuality:heterosexual/straightHomosexuality:gay/lesbianbisexualityDiscriminationagainsthomosexuality/homophobiaGayrights2.3GayrightsHeterosexuality582.3GayrightsGayrights—rightsforgayandlesbianpeopleonarangeofissues,includingmarriage,hospitalvisitation,adoption,housing,employmentandschoolbullying.2.3GayrightsGayrights—rig59英美國家概況(美國部分)Unit-15-Dominant-Values-and-Religious-Beliefs[精]課件60ArgumentsforSSMArguments

againstSSM

Dignity&respect:

"Theinstitutionofmarriageconveysdignityandrespecttowardsacouplethatmakealifetimecommitmenttosupporteachother."Same-sexcouplesdeservethisdignityandrespect."

Religiousfreedom:

FormostAmericans,marriageisareligioussacramentorceremony.IfthedefinitionofmarriageischangedtoallowSSM,somereligiousindividualsandgroupsfeelthattheywillbecomeatriskofhavingtoviolatetheirbeliefsbybeingforcedtomarrysame-sexcouples.ArgumentsforSSMArg61ForSSM

AgainstSSM

Equalrights:Denyingmarriagetosame-sexcouplesremovesfromonegroupafundamental,importanthumanright--therighttomarrythepersonthatonelovesandtowhomonehasmadeacommitment.Thatisunfairandunjustinademocracy.

Childrenbenefit:Manyreligiouslyconservativeresearchershavefoundthatchildrenthrivebestwhenrearedinahomewithamarriedmotherandfather.Boysandgirlshaveneedsthatareuniquelymetbyparentsoftheoppositegender.ForSSMAgainst62Financial&security:

Denyingonegrouptherighttomarryhasmanyadverseemotionalandfinancialconsequences.ExamplesareSocialSecurity,Medicare,medicalleave,andotherbenefits;propertyinheritance;therighttovisittheirspouseinhospital,andmakemedicaldecisionsiftheyareincapacitated;securityofthecoupleandoftheirchildren.TeachingaboutSSM:

Theroleofmarriageinsocietyisamajortopictaughtinpublicschools.IfSSMislegalized,schoolswouldberequiredtoteachthatsame-sexmarriageisequivalenttoopposite-sexmarriage,startingasearlyasKindergarten.Thatwouldviolatethebeliefsofmanyparents.

Financial&security:Teaching632.3GayrightsStonewallriotTheStonewallriotswereaseriesofspontaneous,violentdemonstrationsagainstapoliceraidthattookplaceintheearlymorninghoursofJune28,1969,attheStonewallInn,intheGreenwichVillageneighborhoodofNewYorkCity.TheyarefrequentlycitedasthefirstinstanceinAmericanhistorywhenpeopleinthehomosexualcommunityfoughtbackagainstagovernment-sponsoredsystemthatpersecutedsexualminorities,andtheyhavebecomethedefiningeventthatmarkedthestartofthegayrightsmovementintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.2.3GayrightsStonewallriot642.3GayrightsInreligiouscircles,Christianconservativeshavetirelesslyopposedgayrights.Bytheyear2000,theUnitedChurchofChristwastheonlymainlineProtestantdenominationtoallowgayandlesbianmarriage.

2.3GayrightsInreligiousci652.4AbortionAbortion,incontemporaryparlance,referstotheintentionalterminationofpregnancy.Abortionbecameoneofthemostdivisiveissuesofthelastquarterofthe20thcenturyandremainsanimportantquestionincontemporarypoliticaldiscourseintheUnitedStates.2.4AbortionAbortion,incont66英美國家概況(美國部分)Unit-15-Dominant-Values-and-Religious-Beliefs[精]課件672.4AbortionPro-lifeadvocates:againstwomen’srighttohaveabortion2.4AbortionPro-lifeadvocate682.4Abortion2.4Abortion692.4AbortionPro-choiceadvocates:forwomen’srighttohaveabortion2.4AbortionPro-choiceadvoca702.4AbortionRoev.WadeAllstatelawslimitingwomen'saccesstoabortionsduringthefirsttrimester