2022年北京大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試真題卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時(shí)間為180分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位: 姓名: 考號(hào):題號(hào)單選題多項(xiàng)選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項(xiàng)選擇題(共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中,只有一個(gè)最符合題意)1.SkeIetaIremainswithanimalbonebladestiedtothefeettestifytoskating'sexistenceasearlyas10t000BC.TheseremainswerefoundintheNetherlands.Scandinaviaiscalledthemotherofskatingbecauseofthesport'spopularitythere,beginningaround1000AD.Iceskatingwasprimarilyameansoftransportationatfirst,aIthoughdocumentsfromtheNetherlandsindicatethatspeedraceswereheldintownsasearlyasthe15thcentury.AmericanathleteJacksonHainesisknownasthefatherofmodemfigureskating.Haineswasbornin1840inNewYorkCity.AfterstudyingdanceandbaIlet,hebecameadancingmasterandappIiedhisdancingtechniquestofigureskating.Heperformedaroundtheworldandbecamewe11knownforhisimaginativeandartistictechniques.Haines'sstylewasenthusiasticallyreceivedinEuropeandeventua11ybecameacceptedinternationally.Theformationofnationalandinternationalskatingorganizationsbeganduringthe1890s.In1892theInternationalSkatingUnion(ISU)wasestabIished.TodaytheISUdefinestherulesandsetsperformancestandardsforspeedskating,figureskating,andicedancingcompetitions.Alsointhelate1800stheNationalAmateurSkatingAssociationoftheUnitedStatesandtheInternationalSkatingUnionofAmericawerefounded.In1921nationaIstandardsweresetdownforskating,andtheUnitedStatesFigureSkatingAssociation(USFSA)wasformedtogovernthesportintheUnitedStates,supersedingtheearIierorganizations.SpeedskatingintheUnitedStatesisgovernedbytheUnitedStatesInternationalSpeedSkatingAssociationandtheAmateurSpeedskatingUnionoftheUnitedStates,bothofwhichareaffiIiatedwiththeISU.Thefirstofficialmen'sworIdspeedskatingchampionshipswereheldin1893.Women'sworldchampion-snipspeedskatingeventsfirsttookplace'in1947.Thefirstmen'sworldfigureskatingchampionshipswereheldinSaintPetersburg,Russia,in1896,andin1906thefirstwomen'schampionshipswereheldinDavos,Switzerland.FigureskatingwasincIudedintheSummer01ympicsof1908and1920andatthefirstWinter01ympicsin1924,wheremen'sspeedskatingeventswerealsoheld.Women'sspeedskatingmadeits01ympicdebutinthe196001ympicGames.Icedancingwasaddedto01ympiccompetitionin1976,andshort-trackspeedskatingwasfirstincludedinthe1988Games.Norway'sSonjaHeniepIayedalargeroleinpopularizingfigureskatingduringthe1920sand1930s.OnthestrengthofherathIeticjumps,modemcostumes,andinventivechoreographyshewongoIdmedaIsattheWinter01ympicGamesin1928,1932,and1936.Henielaterskatediniceshowsandinmotionpictures,inspiringmanypeopIetotakeupskating.AmericanskaterDickButton,afive-timeworldchampionandtwo-time01ympicgoldmedalist,broughtoutstandingathIeticismtoskating.Alongwithinventingtheflyingcamelsitspin,hewasalsothefirstskatertosuccessfullycompIeteadoubIeaxelandatriplejumpincompetition.Inthe1970sSovietpairsskatersOlegandLudmilaProtopopovtransformedpairsskatingwiththeirelegant,baiIetIikemovements.Inthe1980sBritishicedancersJayneTorvi11andChristopherDeandominatedcompetitionwithinnovativeroutinesthatbrokeawayfromicedancingtraditions.ThedeveIopmentofmodemspeedskatingiscreditedtoJaapEden,aDutchskaterbomin1873.Hesetaworldrecordin1894,compIetinga5000-meterracein8minutes37.6seconds.SincethenEden'srecordhasbeenbrokenmanytimesandtodaythebestskaterscompIetethesamedistanceinalittleover6minutes,primarilyasaresultofmoresophisticatedtrainingmethods.OthersuccessfuIspeedskatersincIudeEricHeidenoftheUnitedStates,athree-timeworldchampionwhowonfivegoldmedalsduringthe1980WinterOlympics;Norway'sJohannOlavKoss,whosetthreenewworldrecordsduringthe1994WinterOlympics;andDanJansenoftheUnitedStates,whodominatedspeedskatingformorethantenyearsfromthemid-1980stothemid-1990s,cappinghissuccesswithagoldmedalandaworldrecordinthe1000-meterlong-trackraceatthe1994Olympics.SuccessfulfemaIespeedskatersincIudeGermany'sGundaNiemann,whowonsevenall-aroundworldchampionshiptitlesbetween1991and1998,andBonnieBlairoftheUnitedStates,whowonatotaloffive01ympicgoIdmedaIsinthe1988,1992,and1994Olympics.BlairwasaIsothefirstwomantoskate500metersinlessthan39seconds.WhowasthefirstskatertosuccessfullycompIeteadoubIeaxelandatriplejumpincompetitionAmericanathleteJacksonHaines.NorwayJsSonjaHenie.AmericanskaterDickButton.DutchskaterJaapEden.2.Wecomeindifferentcolors:red,black,white,yellowandbrown,haveavarietyofpoliticalsystems,sociaIsystems,reIigiousviewsornoneatall;wearedifferentinte11ectua11y,havedifferenteducationaIsystems,differentsocio-economicclasses;psychologicallywearenormaI,abnormal,neurotic,psychotic,wespeakdifferentlanguages,andhavedifferentcustomsandcostumes.StudyinghumanbeingsbiologicallyandphysiologicallyleadsustoverydifferentconeIusionsabouthowalikeordifferentwearefromeachother.Verydifferentindeed,everyhumanbeingonthepIanettalI5.3biIIionofusfhasthesamenumberofbones,ofthesametype,servingthesamepurposes;eachofushas46chromosomes,23fromeachparent,andthesechromosomes,genesandtheDNAandRNAofwhichtheyareintegralparts,areineverysinglehumanbeing;everycell,everymembrane,everytissue,andeveryorganisthesameeverywhere.WealIhaveaheart,acirculatorysystem,2lungs,aIiver,2kidneys,abrainandnervoussystem,areproductivesystem,digestiveandexcretorysystems,musculature,inshort,wearethesamebiologicalIyandourbodiesperformthesamefunctionseverywhereontheplanet.AndaswelearnedinShakespeare9sTheMerchantofVenice,ifyouprickus,anyofus,"dowenotbleed"Ofcoursewedo,andwebleedredbloodnomatterwhatthecolorofourskin,ortheIanguagewespeak,theclothingwewear,thegodsweworship,.orourgeographicalhome.ManisofaPiecebiologically;alIequallyeffectiveorganismswhetherAmazonIndian,Australianaborigine,Parisianartist,Greeksailor,Chinesestudent,Americanastronaut,Russiansoldier,orPaIesfiniancitizen.WeIIthen,youask,howisthatsomanygroupsofpeopIedisparageothergroups,persecutethem,andclaimsuperiorityoverthemWhyisitthatsomegroupsofpeopIestillhuntanimals,wearlittleornoclothing,havelittleornotechnoIogy,whileothersareverysophisticatedintheirtechnoIogy,industry,transportation,communication,foodgatheringandstorageItis,ofcourse,amatterofcultureandtheciviIizationthatemergesandevoIvesfromit.Thoughmanismaneverywhere,whereheIivesywhenheIivesthere,withwhomheIivesthere,alIaffecthowheIives:thatis,whathebeIieves,whathewears,hiscustoms,hisgods,hisrituals,hismythsandIiterature,hisIanguageandhisinstitutions.Theseareman-madeartifactsthateachgroupdevelopsovertime,livingtogether,facingthesameproblems,needinganddesiringthesamethings.Theyaxehisculture,hisidentity.TheinteractionsoftwopowerfulforcesinalIhumanlife:nature(bi〇(ogy)andnurture(cultureandciviIization),shapeus.Eachculturehasitsowndistinetivewaysofseeing,feeling,thinking,speaking,beIieving,andjustasnotwohumansareidenticaIinalIrespects,sonotwoculturesareidenticaIinalIrespects.But,whereverhumanshaveIivedandIivetoday,thereisculturewithalIofitseIementsembeddedinaciviIizationthatexpressesthatcoreofthoughtandfeeIinginitslanguage,itsinstitutionsandothersociaIorganizations.AlIciviIizationsandtheculturesthatnourishthemhavehierarchies;sociaIinstitutions,language,artofalIkinds,religionorasystemofspiritualbeIiefsofsomekind,laws,customs,rituaIs(otherthanreIigious)andceremonies.Astudyofanthropologyandmakeitveryclearthathumanshavecreateddivisionsandexacerbatedsuperficialexternaldifferencefortheirownulteriorpurposeswhetherpolitical,socia11economicorreligious.Thetruthisthatwearemuchmorealikeinverybasicwaysthanwearedifferent.IfyouwearonetypeofgarmentandIwearanother,webothwearsomekindofgarment.Ourculturedemandsit.IfyouspeakoneIanguageandIanother,webothspeaksothatotherswi11understandus;wemustcommunicatewitheachother.Nothingisgainedbyoveremphasizingdifferences,butmuchislost.Ifweunderstoodourdifferencesasculturalvariationsofourbasic,universalhumanityitcouldrestoresanityandpeacetothisoftenturbulentworld.MusiimsandJews,GathoIicsandProtestants,SerbsandCroats,blacksandwhites,wearealIhumanandneedthesamethingstosurviveandtothrive.Differentdoesnotmeaninferiororsuperior;itdoesnotmeanbetterorworse;rightorwrong.Itmeansonlythatartificialdistinctionshavebeenmadebysociety,andthesehavedeniedouruniversalhumanitythatiscelIdeepandincontrovertible.DifferencesproducevarietyOfthought,feeIingfandactionandthatcanbeverystimuIatingtopeacefuIandcreativesoIutionstohumanprobIems.Canweacceptourbiologicalbrotherhoodandputasideourman-made,artificial,culturalenmitiesWhatmenhavemade,theircultureandcivilizations,mencantmmake,canimprove.WhatwouldbegainedifwedidthatWhatwouldbelostWhichofthefolRacialdifference.Civilizationdifference.Culturaldifference.BiologicaldifferencQuestions1to5arebasedonaninterviewwithachief-editor.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwi11begiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingquestions.NowIistentotheinterview.WhatdoesMr.PittNOTdoinhissparetimeDoingabitofactingandphotography.Goingtoconcertsfrequently.Playingtraditionaljazzandfolkmusic.TravellinginEuropebyhitch-hikinCancunmeans"snakepit"inthelocalMayanlanguage,anditIiveduptoitsnameasthehostofanimportantWorIdTradeOrganizationmeetingthatbeganlastweek.RatherthantackIingtheproblemoftheirhighagriculturaltariffsandlavishfarmsubsidies,whichvictimizefarmersinpoorernations,anumberofrichnationsderailedthetalks.Thefailureby146tradedeIegatestoreachanagreementinMexicoisaseriousblowtothegIobaIeconomy.AndcontrarytothemindlesscheeringwithwhichthebreakdownwasgreetedbyantigIobaIizationprotestersatCancun,theworld'spoorestandmostvulnerablenationswi11suffermost.ItisabitterironythatthechiefarchitectsofthisfailurewerenationsIikeJapan,KoreaandEuropeanUnionmembers,themseIvesadsfortheprosperityaffordedbyincreasedgIobaItrade.TheCancanmeetingcameatthemidpointoftheW.T.0.’s"developmentround",oftradeIiberalizationtalks,onethatbegantwoyearsagowithaneyetowardextendingthebenefitsoffreertradeandmarketstopoorercountries.Theprincipaldemandofthesedevelopingnations,IedatCancunbyBraziI,hasbeenanendtohightariffsandagriculturalsubsidiesin,thedeveIopedworld,andrightIyso.Poornationsfindithardtocompeteagainstrichnations'farmers,whogetmorethan$300billioningovernmenthandoutseachyear.ThetaIksappearedtobreakdownsuddenlyontheissueofwhethertheW.T.0.shouIdextenditsrule-makingjurisdictionintosuchnewareasasforeigninvestment.Butintruth,therewasnothingabruptabouttheCancunmeItdown.TheJapaneseandEuropeanshaddevisedthisdemandforanunwieldyandunnecessaryexpansionoftheW.T.0.,smandateasapoisonpi11-todefIectanyattemptstogetthemtoturntheirbacksontheirpowerfulfarmlobbies.Theirplanworked.TheAmericanroleatCancunwasdisappointingIymuted.TheBushadministrationhadlittleinterestintheproposaltoexpandtheW.T.0.,sauthority,buttheAmericanfarmlobbyissplitbetweenthosewhowanttoprofitfromgreateraccesstoforeignmarketsandlessefficientsectorsthatdemandcontinuedcoddIingfromWashington.ThatisonereasontheUnitedStatesmadetheunfortunatedecisiontosidewiththemoreprotectionistEuropeansinCancun,apositionthatleftAmericantraderepresentativesplayingdefenseonsubsidiesratherthantakingacreativestance,alongsideBraziI,onloweringtradebarriers.Thiswasanunfortunatesubjectonwhichtoshowsomeraretrans-Atlanticsolidarity.Theresulting"coalitionoftheunwi11ing"lentthetalksanunfortunatenorth-versus-southcast.AnyhopethattheUnitedStateswouldtakethemoralhighgroundatCancun,andreclaimitshistoricleadershipinpressingforfreertrade,wasfurtherdashedbythedisgracefulmannerinwhichtheAmericannegotiatorsrebuffedtherightfuIdemandsofWestAfricannationsthattheUnitedStatescommititselftoaclearphasingoutofitsharmfulcottonsubsidies.Americanbusinessandlaborgroups,nottomentiontaxpayers,shouIdbeenragedthattheadministrationseemsmoresolicitousQuestion8to10arebasedonthefollowingnewsitem.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwi11begiven20secondstoanswereachquestion.NowIistentothenews.RichardReidtriedtobombaplanewiththebomb.A.providedbyterroristsstolenfromthemilitaryC.madeaccordingtothemethodsshowninInternetofprotectingthemostindefensiblesegmentofUnitedStatesprotectionismratherthanofprotectingthenationaIinterestbypromotingeconomicgrowththroughtrade.ForstruggIingcottonfarmersinsub-SaharanAfrica,andformillionsofothersinthedevelopingworIdwhoseIiveswouldbenefitfromthefurtherloweringoftradebarriers,thefailureofCancunamountstoacrushingmessagefiomthedeveIopedworld-oneofca11ousindifference.Question8to10arebasedonthefollowingnewsitem.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwi11begiven20secondstoanswereachquestion.NowIistentothenews.RichardReidtriedtobombaplanewiththebomb.A.providedbyterroristsstolenfromthemilitaryC.madeaccordingtothemethodsshowninInternetTheauthormentionsthatCancunmeansMsnakepit"inthelocalMayanlanguage.Snakepitpossiblymeans.aplaceorstateofchaoticdisorderanddistresssnakeholesnaketrapaplaceorsituationofpotentialdangerD.madeinhislab6.SkeIetaIremainswithanimalbonebladestiedtothefeettestifytoskating'sexistenceasearlyas10,000BC.TheseremainswerefoundintheNetherlands.Scandinaviaiscalledthemotherofskatingbecauseofthesport'spopularitythere,beginningaround1000AD.Iceskatingwasprimarilyameansoftransportationatfirst,aIthoughdocumentsfromtheNetherlandsindicatethatspeedraceswereheldintownsasearlyasthe15thcentury.AmericanathIeteJacksonHainesisknownasthefatherofmodemfigureskating.Haineswasbornin1840inNewYorkCity.AfterstudyingdanceandbaIlet,hebecameadancingmasterandappliedhisdancingtechniquestofigureskating.Heperformedaroundtheworldandbecamewe11knownforhisimaginativeandartistictechniques.Haines'sstylewasenthusiasticallyreceivedinEuropeandeventua11ybecameacceptedinternationally.Theformationofnationalandinternationalskatingorganizationsbeganduringthe1890s.In1892theInternationalSkatingUnion(ISU)wasestabIished.TodaytheISUdefinestherulesandsetsperformancestandardsforspeedskating,figureskating,andicedancingcompetitions.AlsointheIate1800stheNationaIAmateurSkatingAssociationoftheUnitedStatesandtheInternationalSkatingUnionofAmericawerefounded.In1921nationaIstandardsweresetdownforskating,andtheUnitedStatesFigureSkatingAssociation(USFSA)wasformedtogovernthesportintheUnitedStates,supersedingtheearIierorganizations.SpeedskatingintheUnitedStatesisgovernedbytheUnitedStatesInternationalSpeedSkatingAssociationandtheAmateurSpeedskatingUnionoftheUnitedStates,bothofwhichareaffiIiatedwiththeISU.Thefirstofficialmen'sworIdspeedskatingchampionshipswereheldin1893.Women'sworldchampion-snipspeedskatingeventsfirsttookplace'in1947.Thefirstmen'sworldfigureskatingchampionshipswereheIdinSaintPetersburg,Russia,in1896,andin1906thefirstwomen1schampionshipswereheldinDavos,Switzerland.FigureskatingwasinoIudedintheSummer01ympicsof1908and1920andatthefirstWinter01ympicsin1924,wheremen'sspeedskatingeventswerealsoheld.Women'sspeedskatingmadeits01ympicdebutinthe196001ympicGames.Icedancingwasaddedto01ympicccxnpetitionin1976,andshort-trackspeedskatingwasfirstincIudedinthe1988Games.Norway'sSonjaHeniepIayedalargeroleinpopularizingfigureskatingduringthe1920sand1930s.OnthestrengthofherathIeticjumps,modemcostumes,andinventivechoreographyshewongoIdmedaIsattheWinter01ympicGamesin1928,1932,and1936.Henielaterskatediniceshowsandinmotionpictures,inspiringmanypeopIetotakeupskating.AmericanskaterDickButton,afive-timeworldchampionandtwo-time01ympicgoldmedalist,broughtoutstandingathIeticismtoskating.Alongwithinventingtheflyingcamelsitspin,hewasalsothefirstskatertosuccessfullycompIeteadoubIeaxelandatriplejumpincompetition.Inthe1970sSovietpairsskatersOlegandLudmilaProtopopovtransformedpairsskatingwiththeirelegant,baiIetIikemovements.Inthe1980sBritishicedancersJayneTorvi11andChristopherDeandominatedcompetitionwithinnovativeroutinesthatbrokeawayfromicedancingtraditions.ThedeveIopmentofmodemspeedskatingiscreditedtoJaapEden,aDutchskaterbomin1873.HesetaworIdrecordin1894,compIetinga5000-meterracein8minutes37.6seconds.SincethenEden'srecordhasbeenbrokenmanytimesandtodaythebestskaterscompIetethesamedistanceinaIittIeover6minutes,primarilyasaresultofmoresophisticatedtrainingmethods.OthersuccessfulspeedskatersincIudeEricHeidenoftheUnitedStates,athree-timeworldchampionwhowonfivegoldmedalsduringthe1980Winter0Iympics;Norway'sJohannOlavKoss,whosetthreenewworldrecordsduringthe1994WinterOlympics;andDanJansenoftheUnitedStates,whodominatedspeedskatingformorethantenyearsfromthemid-1980stothemid-1990s,cappinghissuccesswithagoldmedalandaworldrecordinthe1000-meterlong-trackraceatthe1994Olympics.SuccessfulfemaIespeedskatersincIudeGermany1sGundaNiemann,whowonsevenalI-aroundworldchampionshiptitlesbetween1991and1998,andBonnieBlairoftheUnitedStates,whowonatotaloffive01ympicgoldmedalsinthe1988,1992,and1994Olympics.BlairwasaIsothefirstwomantoskate500metersinlessthan39seconds.WhatdoesthearticlemainlywanttotelIusHistoryofskating.Developmentofskating.Skatingtendencies.Skatin7."Ido.nToAmericansthosetwowordscarrygreatmeaning.TheycanevenchangeyourIife.Especia11yifyousaythematyourownwedding.MakingweddingvowsisIikesigningacontract,NowAmericansdon'treaIlythinkmarriageisabusinessdeal.Butmarriageisseriousbusiness.ItalIbeginswithengagement.Traditionally,ayoungmanasksthefatherofhissweetheartforpermissiontomarryher.Ifthefatheragrees,themanlaterproposestoher.Oftenhetriestosurpriseherby"poppingthequestion"inaromanticway.SometimesthecoupIejustdecidestogetherthatthetimeisrighttogetmarried.ThemanusuallygiveshisfiancfeadiamondringasasymboIoftheirengagement.Theymaybeengagedforweeks,monthsorevenyears.Asthebigdayapproaches,bridalshowersandbachelor'spartiesprovidemanyusefuIgifts.TodaymanycoupIesalsoreceivecounseIingduringengagement.ThispreparesthemforthechaIIengesofmarriedIife.Atlastit'stimeforthewedding.AlthoughmostweddingsfollowIong-heIdtraditions,there'ssti11roomforAmericanindividuaIism.Forexample,theusualplaceforaweddingisinachurch.ButsomepeopIegetmarriedoutdoorsinascenicspot.Afewevenhavetheceremonywhilesky-divingorridingonhorseback!ThecoupIemayinvitehundredsofpeopIeorjustafewclosefriends.Theychoosetheirownstyleofcolors,decorationsandmusicduringtheceremony.Butsomethingsrarelychange.ThebrideusuallywearsabeautifuIvlongwhiteweddingdress.ShetraditionallywearsMsomethingold,somethingnew,somethingborrowedandsomethingblue".ThegroomwearsaformaIsuitortuxedo.Severalclosefriendsparticipateintheceremonyasattendants,includingthebestmanandthemaidofhonor.Astheceremonybegins,thegroomandhisattendantsstandwiththeminister,facingtheaudience.Musicsignalstheentranceofthebride1sattendants,f〇11owedbythebeautifuIbride.Nervously,theyoungcouplerepeatstheirvows.Traditionally,theypromisetoloveeachother"forbetter,forworse,forricher,forpoorer,insicknessandinhealth".ButsometimesthecoupIehascomposedtheirownvows.TheygiveeachotheragoldringtosymboIizetheirmarriagecommitment.Finallytheministerannouncesthebigmoment:"Inowpronounceyoumanandwife.Youmaykissyourbride!"Attheweddingreception,thebrideandgroomgreettheirguests.Thentheycuttheweddingcakeandfeedeachotherabite.GuestsmingIewhiIeenjoyingcake,punchandothertreats.Laterthebridethrowsherbouquetofflowerstoagroupofsinglegirls.TraditionsaysthattheonewhocatchesthebouquetwiIIbethenextmmarry.Duringthereception,pIayfuIfriends"decorate11theCouple9scarwithtissuepaper,tincansanda"JustMarried"sign.Whenthereceptionisover,thenewlywedsruntotheir"decorated"carandspeedoff.ManycoupIestakeahoneymoon,aone,to-two-weekvacationtrip,tocelebratetheirnewmarriage.AlmosteveryculturehasritualstosignaIachangeinone'slife;MarriageisoneofthemostbasicIifechangesforpeopIeofalIcultures.Soit9snosurprisetofindmanytraditionsaboutgettingmarried...eveninAmerica.YeteachcoupIef〇11owsthetraditionsinawaythatisuniqueIytheirown.Therearemanytraditionsaboutgettingmarried,whichofthefollowingisNotmentionedinthispassage.Theengagement.Theweddingceremony.Thebridalparty.Themarriageapplication.8.Wecomeindifferentcolors:red,black,white,yeIlowandbrown,haveavarietyofpoIiticaIsystems,sociaIsystems,reIigiousviewsornoneatall;wearedifferentinte11ectua11y,havedifferenteducationaIsystems,differentsocio-economicclasses;psychologicallywearenormaI,abnormal,neurotic,psychoticvwespeakdifferentlanguages,andhavedifferentcustomsandcostumes.Studyinghumanbeingsbiologicallyandphysiologicallyleadsustoverydifferentconclusionsabouthowalikeordifferentwearefromeachother.Verydifferentindeed,everyhumanbeingontheplanet,alI5.3biIIionofus,hasthesamenumberofbones,ofthesametype,servingthesamepurposes;eachofushas46chromosomes,23fromeachparent,andthesechromosomes,genesandtheDNAandRNAofwhichtheyareintegralparts,areineverysinglehumanbeing;everycell,everymembrane,everytissue,andeveryorganisthesameeverywhere.WealIhaveaheart,acirculatorysystem,2lungs,aIiver,2kidneys,abrainandnervoussystem,areproductivesystem,digestiveandexcretorysystems,musculature,inshort,wearethesamebiologicalIyandourbodiesperformthesamefunctionseverywhereonthepIanet.AndaswelearnedinShakespeare9sTheMerchantofVenice,ifyouprickus,anyofus,"dowenotbleed"Ofcoursewedo,andwebleedredbloodnomatterwhatthecolorofourskin,ortheIanguagewespeak,theclothingwewear,thegodsweworship,.orourgeographicalhome.ManisofaPiecebiologically;alIequallyeffectiveorganismswhetherAmazonIndian,Australianaborigine,Parisianartist,Greeksailor,Chinesestudent,Americanastronaut,Russiansoldier,orPaIesfiniancitizen.We11then,youask,howisthatsomanygroupsofpeopIedisparageothergroups,persecutethem,andclaimsuperiorityoverthemWhyisitthatsomegroupsofpeopIestillhuntanimals,wearlittleornoclothing,havelittleornotechnoIogy,whileothersareverysophisticatedintheirtechnoIogy,industry,transportation,communication,foodgatheringandstorageItis,ofcourse,amatterofcultureandthecivilizationthatemergesandevoIvesfromit.Thoughmanismaneverywhere,whereheIives,whenheIivesthere,withwhomheIivesthere,alIaffecthowheIives:thatis,whathebeIieves,whathewears,hiscustoms,hisgods,hisrituals,hismythsandIiterature,hisIanguageandhisinstitutions.Theseareman-madeartifactsthateachgroupdeveIopsovertime,livingtogether,facingthesameproblems,needinganddesiringthesamethings.Theyaxehisculture,hisidentity.TheinteractionsoftwopowerfulforcesinalIhumanlife:nature(bi〇(ogy)andnurture(cultureandciviIization),shapeus.Eachculturehasitsowndistinetivewaysofseeing,feeling,thinking,speaking,beIieving,andjustasnotwohumansareidenticaIinalIrespects,sonotwoculturesareidenticaIinalIrespects.But,whereverhumanshaveIivedandIivetoday,thereisculturewithallofitseIementsembeddedinaciviIizationthatexpressesthatcoreofthoughtandfeeIinginitslanguage,itsinstitutionsandothersociaIorganizations.AlIcivilizationsandtheculturesthatnourishthemhavehierarchies;sociaIinstitutions,language,artofalIkinds,religionorasystemofspiritualbeIiefsofsomekind,laws,customs,rituals(otherthanreIigious)andceremonies.Astudyofanthropologyandmakeitveryclearthathumanshavecreateddivisionsandexacerbatedsuperfic