1986年全國(guó)碩士生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題Text1Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists."Andthese“generalists“areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople'swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained"man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist-andespeciallytheadministrator-dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated"man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou-butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor.allroundpeopleintheirownfieldspeoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople'sworkgeneralistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessionalspecialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothersThespecialistis.amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeopleamanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefieldsamanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetreesamanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmattersTheadministratoris.a"trained“manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralistamanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforestamanwhoisverystronginthehumanitiesamanwhoisan"educated“specialistDuringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant.totrytobeageneralisttochooseaprofitablejobtofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou[DJtodecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralistAman'sfirstjob.isnevertherightjobforhimshouldnotberegardedashisfinaljobshouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjobisprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobText2AtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleandsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasoftheworld-theAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans.Thecontinentalicesheetismorethantwomileshighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmorerefrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissoforcefulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheoppositeendoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillionpersonslivewithin2,000milesoftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia—aregionrichinforestandminingindustries.Apartfromahandfulofweatherstations,withinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orsettlement.Thebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe.[A]Iceland fB]LandofOpportunity[C]TheUnknownContinent[D]UtopiaatLastAtthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas.[A]verylimited [B]vast[C]fairlyrich [D]nonexistentAntarcticaisborderedbythe.[A]PacificOcean [B]IndianOcean[C]AtlanticOcean [D]AllthreeTheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby.[AJcoldair [B]calmseas[C]ice [D]lackofknowledgeaboutthecontinentAccordingtothisarticle.2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticContinent[BJamillionpeoplelivewithin2,000milesoftheSouthPoleweatherconditionswithina2,000mileradiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsimpracticalonlyahandfulofnativesinhabitAntarctica1987年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題Text1Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.Chinesechildrenplayedwithafan-liketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanicalapparatus,calleda“Helix,“whichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineerpilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hoveredafewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.Thevehiclewascalledahelicopter.Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirownpersonalhelicopters.Peopleanticipatethatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Suchfantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.Thehelicopterhasnowbecomeanextremelyusefulmachine.Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,manymetropolitanareasusetheminpolicework,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsandsupplies.Anyurgentmissiontoahard-to-get-toplaceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Amongtheirothermultitudeofused:deliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwantedpersons.Peopleexpectthat.theairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallybereplacedbyhelicoptershelicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefromplacetoplaceasairlinersarenowdoingtheimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineer'sinventionwouldbecomearealityinthefuture[DJtheirfantasticexpectationsabouthelicopterscouldbefulfilledbyairlinersoftodayHelicoptersworkwiththeaidof.acombinationofrotatingdevicesinfrontandontoparotatingdevicetopsideonerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateachendarotatingfanunderneathforliftingWhatissaidaboutthedevelopmentofthehelicopter?Helicoptershaveonlybeenworkedonbymansince1940.Chinesechildrenwerethefirsttoachieveflightinhelicopters.Helicopterswereconsideredmoredangerousthantheearlyairplanes.Somepeoplethoughttheywouldbecomewidelyusedbyaverageindividuals.Howhastheuseofhelicoptersdeveloped?Theyhavebeenwidelyusedforvariouspurposes.Theyaretakingtheplaceofhigh-flyingjets.Theyareusedforrescuework.Theyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialprojects.Underwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobeabsolutelyessential?Foroverseaspassengertransportation.Forextremelyhighaltitudeflights.Forhigh-speedtransportation.Forurgentmissiontoplacesinaccessibletootherkindsofcraft.Text2InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonoredpersonswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboy'sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodemOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodemstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling.Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.TheycontinuedfbrsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletes*expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun'srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames.weremerelynationalathleticfestivalswereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolourhadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageouspositionwereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipantsIntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames.onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegamesallGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepartallGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinGamesallmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGamesTheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics.hasnotdefinitelybeenestablishedvariedaccordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitorswasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswereheldwasconsideredunimportantModernathletes'resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecausetheGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresultstheyaremuchbetterdetailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepasttheyaremuchworseNowadays,theathletes?expensesarepaidfor.outoftheprizemoneyofthewinnersoutofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnationsbytheathletesthemselvesbycontributionsText3Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilization^everystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodemscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces4treally^^are.”Electricity,“BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,likeSt.Paul'sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat'swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat'swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModemsciencewasbomwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis.[AJtoexplainwhythingshappentoexplainhowthingshappentodescribeself-evidentprinciplestosupportAristotelianscienceWhatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?thespeculationsofThalestheforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravityAristotle'snaturalscienceGalileo'sdiscoveriesBertrandRussell'snotionaboutelectricityis.disapprovedofbymostmodemscientistsinagreementwithAristotle'stheoryofself-evidentprinciplesinagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtowardtthow,,thingshappeninagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why"thingshappenThepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea.thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniversethatmancannotdiscoverwhatforces“really”arethatthereareself-evidentprinciplesthatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydoModemsciencecameintobeing.whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroducedwhenGalileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappenwhenAristotelianscientisttriedtoexplainwhythingshappenwhenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofreasoning1988年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題Text1Itdoesn'tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou'rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.Vn\justlooking"?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren'tsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses/*Shesays,“Rightthisway,please.Andyouandsheareoff-botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouwant.It'squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,'justlooking”fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat—nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying“tofindoutmoreabout","tounderstandthereasonsfor”,"tofindouthow".Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisdoing.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,44IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I'mreadingthisarticletofindout."Or,'TmgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland/'Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccurately.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:"Yes,Iagree.That'smyopiniontoo."or"Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.I'dbettercheckthosedates/'or"Buttherearesomeotherfactstobeconsidered!**Youdon'tjustsittheretakinginideas—youdosomethingelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareone'sownpersonalreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.Stillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateinferences.Ifyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy,.itisnosurpriseitmeansyouhavenotreallylearnedanythingitmeansyouhavenotchosentherightbookyourealizeitisofnoimportanceBeforeyoustartreading,itisimportant.tomakesurewhyyouarereadingtorelatetheinformationtoyourpurposetorememberwhatyoureadtochooseaninterestingbookReadingactivityinvolves.onlytwosimultaneousprocessesprimarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemcriticallymerelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinionsmainlydrawingaccurateinferencesAgoodreaderisonewho.relateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectmatterdoeslotsofthinkinginhisreadingtakesacriticalattitudeinhisreadingisabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyknownText2Ifyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e.,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisdoingatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepoHution"havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefinitelyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfactoriesandaroundjetaircraft,drivingfarmtractors,andworking(orsitting)inmusichallswhererockbandsareplaying.Ingeneral,continuousexposuretosoundsofover80decibels(ameasureoftheloudnessofsound)canbeconsidereddangerous.Decibelvaluescorrespondtovarioussounds.Soundsaboveabout85decibelsmay,ifexposureisforasufficientperiodoftime,producesignificanthearingloss.Actuallosswilldependupontheparticularfrequenciestowhichoneisexposed,andwhetherthesoundiscontinuousorintermittent.Noisecanhaveunexpectedharmfuleffectsonperformanceofcertainkindsoftasks,forinstance,ifoneisperformingawatchkeepingtaskthatrequiresvigilance,inwhichheisresponsiblefordetectingweaksignalsofsomekind(e.g.,watchingaradarscreenfortheappearanceofaircraft).Communicatingwithotherpeopleisunfavorablyaffectedbynoise.Ifyouhaveriddenintherearofajettransport,youmayhavenoticedthatitwasdifficulttocarryonaconversationatfirst,andthat,eventually,youadjustedtheloudnessofyourspeechtocompensatefortheeffect.Theproblemisnoise.Noisediffersfromsoundinthat.itissoundsthatinterferewiththetaskbeingdoneitisaspecialtypeofloudsounditisusuallyunavoidableinbigcitiesitcanbedefinedmorepreciselythanthelatterOneoftheharmfuleffectsofnoiseonhumanperformanceisthat.itreducesone'ssensitivityitrendersthevictimhelplessitdeprivesoneoftheenjoymentofmusicitdrownsoutconversationsatworksitesThepurposeofthispassageis.todefinetheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehaviortowarnpeopleofthedangerofnoisepollutiontogiveadviceastohowtopreventhearinglosstotellthedifferencebetweennoiseandsoundText3Thetraditionalbeliefthatawoman'splaceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.Itissaidthatitisawoman'stasktocareforthechildren,butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.Thusawoman'swholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsixherroleaschiefeducatorofherchildrensoonceases.Thus,evenifweagreethatawomanshouldstayathometolookafterherchildrenbeforetheyareofschoolage,formanywomen,thisperiodwouldextendonlyforabouttenyears.Itmightbearguedthatthehouse-proudwomanwouldstillfindplentytodoaboutthehome.Thatmaybeso,butitiscertainlynolongernecessaryforawomantospendherwholelifecooking,cleaning,mendingandsewing.Washingmachinestakethedrudgeryoutoflaundry,thelatestmodelsbeingentirelyautomaticandabletowashanddryalargequantityofclothesinafewminutes.Refrigeratorshavemadeitpossibletostorefoodforlongperiodsandmanypre-cookedfoodsareobtainableintins.Shopping,insteadofbeingadailytask,canbecompletedinonedayaweek.Thenewman-madefibersaremorehardwiringthannaturalfibersandgreatlyreducemending,whilegoodready-madeclothesarecheapandplentiful.Apartfromwomen'sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.Modernsocietycannotdowellwithoutthecontributionthatwomencanmakeinprofessionsandotherkindsofwork.Thereisaseriousshortageofnursesandteachers,tomentiononlytwooftheoccupationsfollowedbywomen.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearortwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.Thetraining,itistrue,willhelpherindutiesasamother,butifshecontinuedtowork,herservicewouldbemorewidelyuseful.Manyfactoriesandshops,too,arelargelystaffedbywomen,manyofthemmarried.Whileherethequestionoftrainingisnotsoimportant,industryandtradewouldbeseriouslyshortofstaffifmarriedwomendidnotwork.Theauthorholdsthat.therightplaceforallwomen,marriedorotherwise,isthehome,notelsewhereallmarriedwomenshouldhavesomeoccupationoutsidethehomeamarriedwomanshouldgivefirstprioritytoherdutiesasamotheritisdesirableforuneducatedmarriedwomentostayathomeandtakecareofthefamilyAhouse-proudwoman.woulddevoteherwholelifetoherfamilywouldtakeherownhappinessandthatofherfamilyasherchiefconcernwouldstillneedsomespecialtrainingatpublicexpensetohelpherinherdutiesasahousewifewouldtakefulladvantageofmodemhouseholdappliancesAccordingtotheauthor,modemsociety.canoperatejustaswellevenwithoutwomenparticipationhasbeengreatlyhamperedinitsdevelopmentbytheshortageofwomennursesandwomenteacherscannotoperateproperlywithoutthecontributionofwomenwillbeseriouslyaffectedbythecontinuingshortageofworkingwomeninheavyindustriesandinternationaltrade1989年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題Test1Ascientistoncesaid:"Ihaveconcludedthattheearthisbeingvisitedbyintelligentlycontrolledvehiclesfromouterspace.”IfwetakethisasareasonableexplanationforUFOs(unidentifiedflyingobjects),questionsimmediatelycomeup.“Whydon'ttheygetintouchwithus,then?Whydon'ttheylandrightontheWhiteHouselawnanddeclarethemselves?^^peopleasked.Inreply,scientistssaythat,whilethismaybewhatwewant,itmaynotnecessarilybewhattheywant.“Themostlikelyexplanation,itseemstome,“saidDr.Mead,“isthattheyaresimplywatchingwhatweareupto—thatresponsiblesocietyoutsideoursolarsystemiskeepinganeyeonustoseethatwedon'tsetinmotionachainreactionthatmighthaveunexpectedeffectsforoutsideoursolarsystem.^^Opinionsfromotherscientistsmightgolikethis:"Whyshouldtheywanttogetintouchwithus?Wemayfeelwe'remoreimportantthanwereallyare!Theymaywanttoobserveusonlyandnotinterferewiththedevelopmentofourcivilization.Theymaynotcareifweseethembuttheyalsomaynotcaretosay'hello'.”SomescientistshavealsosuggestedthatEarthisakindofzooorwildlifereserve.Justaswesetasidewildernessareasandwildlifereservestoallowanimalsandgrowingthingstodevelopnaturallywhileweobservethem,soperhapsEarthwassetasideagesagoforthesamepurpose.Arewebeingobservedbyintelligentbeingsfromothercivilizationsintheuniverse?Aretheywatchingourprogressinspacetravel?Doweliveinagigantic“zoo”observedbyour“keepers,“buthavingnocommunicationwiththem?Neverbeforeinourhistoryhavewehadtoconfrontideaslikethese.Thesimplefactisthatwe,whohavealwaysregardedourselvesassupremeintheuniverse,maynotbeso.Nowwehavetorecognizethat,amongthestarsintheheavens,theremayverywellbeworldsinhabitedbybeingswhoaretousaswearetoants.Peoplewhoaskthequestion“Whydon'ttheygetintouchwithus...anddeclarethemselves?^^thinkthat.therearenosuchthingsasUFOsUFOsarevisitorsfromsolarsystemthere'snoreasonforUFOssoonerorlaterweareboundtoseeUFOssoonerorlaterAccordingtoDr.Mead,theattitudeofbeingsfromouterspacetowardusisoneofunfriendlinesssuspicionsuperiorityhostilityThetoneofthewriteristhatof.doubtwarningindifference[DJcriticismTest2Theuseofthemotorisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury;as