Unit3TheRiseoftheGreenBuildingUnit3

TheRiseoftheGreenBuildingTheGherkin“30StMary’sAxe”ViewGarronNicholls'mapTakeninLondon,England(Seemorephotoshere)51o30'52"N,0o4'48"W-0.080112Close

ViewGarronNicholls'mapTakeninLondon,England(Seemorephotoshere)51o30'52"N,0o4'48"W-0.080112Close

ReadingSkillsPassage教學(xué)建議：本章重點(diǎn)：掌握與建筑有關(guān)的詞匯和短語。本章難點(diǎn)：學(xué)習(xí)新型建筑利用設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)減少對(duì)環(huán)境負(fù)面影響、降低成本的原理。課時(shí)安排：精讀4學(xué)時(shí)。

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Pre-readingActivities

☆PassageExploration

☆Post-readingActivitiesUnit3

TheRiseoftheGreenBuildingPre-readingQuestions1.Haveyoueverheardtheterm“greenbuilding”?Isitgreenormadeofstraw?Whatelsemaytheword“green”remindyouof?2.Ifagreenbuildingbringsbenefitstousandmakesusa“qualitylife”,inwhichaspectsdoesitoffer?Whatchallengeswillcomealongwiththenewtechnology?

BackgroundInformation☆

AbouttheArchitect—NormanForster☆

ZeroNetEmissionsOlympicGames☆

GreenOlympicsforBeijing2008☆

SickBuildingSyndrome☆BREEAM☆LEED☆GreenBuilding☆TheGherkin“30StMary’sAxeNormanFoster(1935-)

NormanFoster(1935-)wasborninManchesterandeducatedattheUniversityofManchester(1961),whichheenteredatage21,andatYaleUniversityofarchitecture(M.A.,1962).HeworkedforthevisionaryBuckminsterFullerbeforemeetingwithRichardRogers,creatinginfluentialTeam4in1967FosterAssociates.FosterandPartnerscurrentlyhasofficesinLondon,Berlin,andSingapore,withover500employeesworldwide.Notedfortheelegantmodernismofhismanycommissions,Fosterfindsexpressivepowerinawidevarietyofcutting-edgetechnologies,fittingeachbuildingtoitssiteandstreetorlandscape,payingsharpattentiontodetailing,andoftentakingintoaccountvariousecologicalfactors.NormanFoster(1935-)

Hisremarkablebuildingsandurbanprojectshavetransformedcityscapes,renewedtransportationsystemsandrestoredcitycentersallovertheworld.Manyoftheseaestheticallyandtechnologicallygroundbreakingprojectsarebasedonecology-consciousconcepts,settingnewstandardsfortheinteractionofbuildingswiththeirenvironment.Amonghisrecentprojectsaresomeofthemostremarkablearchitecturalprojectsofthelastyears,includingthereconstructionoftheReichstaginBerlin,thedesignofthegreatcourtattheBritishmuseuminLondon,themillenniumbridge(thefirstnewThamescrossingformorethan100years),andthenewHongKonginternationalairport—theworld’slargestairportterminal.NormanFoster(1935-)Hewasknightedin1990andappointedtotheOrderofMeritin1997.In1999hewascreatedalifepeer.FosterisknownbytheBritishtabloidnewspapersas"LordWobbly",duetostructuralproblemswithhisMillenniumBridge.Hehasbeencriticizedforhistreatmentofanartscharity,theCouperCollection,locatednextdoortohisLondonofficesandhome.HeisthesecondUKarchitecttowintheStirlingPrizetwice:oncefortheAmericanHangarattheImperialWarMuseumDuxfordin1998andagainfor30StMaryAxein2004.Inconsiderationofhiswholeportfolio,FosterwasawardedthePritzkerArchitecturePrizein1999.ZeroNetEmissionsOlympicGames

The2002WinterOlympicsinSaltLakeCitywerethefirstzeronetemissionsOlympicGames,andBeijingissettofollowsuitinthesummerof2008.Byaskingcompaniesto“donate”emissionsreductions,SaltLakeorganizerswereabletoreducethecarbonemissionsofthegamesbyabout300,000tons.TheSummerGamesaregenerallythoughttoemitevenmorecarbon.TheInternationalCenterforSustainableDevelopmentisworkingwithAmericanandChineseexpertstohelpBeijingmovetowardsasimilarreductionthroughbothoffsettingandminimizingemissions.ZeroNetEmissionsOlympicGamesLondon2012willaimtoensurenonetincreaseinglobalemissionsduetoparticipantsflyingtotheGamesin2012andtocreateadirectlegacyofcleanenergyproductionandsocialbenefitsindevelopingcountries.Theseemissionswillbeoffsetbysupportingrenewableenergyprojectswithstrongsustainabledevelopmentbenefitsindevelopingcountries.

Thiswillbeachievedthroughthepurchaseandretirementofemissionreductioncreditsandbydirectlyinvestinginnewcapacity,whichwillpromoteaccesstocleanenergyinLeastDevelopedCountries.GreenOlympicsforBeijing2008InChina,theBeijingOrganizingCommitteeofthe2008OlympicGameshascalledforallbuildingsandsportsvenuestobedesignedandconstructedusinggreen-architectureprinciples,expectingthefirstzero-net-emissionsGames.Dubbedthe"green,high-techandpeople'sOlympicGames",theChineseareusingthisopportunitytodirecttheworld'sattentiontowardsgreendesignandconstructionprinciples.GreenOlympicsforBeijing2008Oneofitsiconswillbethe3.6millionsquarefeetathletes'housingcomplexwhichwilllaterbeusedasowner-occupiedresidentialunits.Thebuildingswillemployenergy-efficientandenvironmentally-friendlymaterialsandfeaturedesignstopermitnaturaldaylightandventilation.Some90percentofthecomplex'shotwaterrequirementswillbesolarpowered,while80percentoftheenergyneededforitsstreetlightingwillbesuppliedbysolarpanels.Advancedrainwatercollectionsystemswillalsobeincorporatedtoallowgreywaterirrigationandwaterfacilitiestotreatwastewaterbiochemically.SickBuildingSyndromeAnillnessaffectingworkersinofficebuildings,characterizedbyskinirritations,headache,andrespiratoryproblems,andthoughttobecausedbyindoorpollutants,microorganisms,orinadequateventilation.Alsocalledbuildingsickness.Buildingoccupantscomplainofsymptomssuchas:

?

headache?

eye,nose,orthroat

irritation

?

dry

cough;dryoritchy

skin

?

dizzinessandnausea

?difficultyinconcentrating

?

fatigue

?sensitivitytoodours

SickBuildingSyndromeThecontributingfactorsoftenrelatetothedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andmayincludecombinationsofsomeorallofthefollowing:?indoorairpollution

?poororinappropriatelighting(includingabsenceofor

?onlylimitedaccesstonaturalsunlight)?poorheatingorventilation

?badacoustics

?poorlydesignedfurnishings,furnitureandequipment(putermonitors,photocopiers,etc.)?poorergonomics.?

chemical

contamination?

biologicalcontaminationSickBuildingSyndromeTotheowneroroperatorofa"sickbuilding",thesymptomsmayincludehighlevelsofemployeesicknessorabsenteeism,lowerproductivity,lowjobsatisfactionandhighemployeeturnover.BREEAMBREEAMisanacronymwhichstandsforBuildingResearchEstablishmentEnvironmentalAssessmentMethodREEAMassessestheperformanceofbuildingsinthefollowingareas:

?management:overallmanagementpolicy,commiss-

ioningsitemanagementandproceduralissues

?energyuse:

operationalenergyandcarbondioxide(CO2)issues?healthandwell-being:

indoorandexternalissuesaffectinghealthandwell-beingBREEAM?pollution:

airandwaterpollutionissues

?transport:transport-relatedCO2andlocation-relatedfactors

?landuse:greenfieldandbrownfieldsites

?ecology:ecologicalvalueconservationandenhance-

mentofthesite

?materials:environmentalimplicationofbuildingmaterials,includinglife-cycleimpacts

?water:

consumptionandwaterefficiencyBREEAMDevelopersanddesignersareencouragedtoconsidertheseissuesattheearliestopportunitytomaximizetheirchancesofachievingahighBREEAMrating.Creditsareawardedineachareaaccordingtoperformance.Asetofenvironmentalweightingsthenenablesthecreditstobeaddedtogethertoproduceasingleoverallscore.ThebuildingisthenratedonascaleofPASS,GOOD,VERYGOODorEXCELLENT,andacertificateawardedthatcanbeusedforpromotionalpurposes.BREEAMBREEAMcoversarangeofbuildingtypes:?offices?homes?industrialunitsand,recentlyadded?retailunits?schools

Otherbuildingtypes,suchasleisurecentreandlaboratoriescanbeassessedusingabespokeversionofBREEAM.LEEDLEEDisanacronymwhichstandsforLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign

,aratingsystemdevelopedbytheU.S.GreenBuildingCounciltocertifybuildingswithsustainablefeatures.LEEDwascreatedto:?define"greenbuilding"byestablishingacommonstandardofmeasurement?promoteintegrated,whole-buildingdesignpractices?recognizeenvironmentalleadershipinthebuildingindustry?stimulategreencompetition?raiseconsumerawarenessofgreenbuildingbenefits?transformthebuildingmarketLEEDLEEDprovidesacompleteframeworkforassessingbuildingperformanceandmeetingsustainabilitygoals.Basedonwell-foundedscientificstandards,LEEDemphasizesstateoftheartstrategiesforsustainablesitedevelopment,watersavings,energyefficiency,materialsselectionandindoorenvironmentalquality.LEEDrecognizesachievementsandpromotesexpertiseingreenbuildingthroughacomprehensivesystemofferingprojectcertification,professionalaccreditation,trainingandpracticalresources.GreenBuilding

Astheenvironmentalimpactofbuildingsbecomesmoreapparent,anewfieldcalledgreenbuildingisgainingmomentum.Greenorsustainablebuildingisthepracticeofcreatinghealthierandmoreresource-efficientmodelsofconstruction,renovation,operation,maintenance,anddemolition.Researchandexperienceincreasinglydemonstratethatwhenbuildingsaredesignedandoperatedwiththeirlifecycleimpactsinmind,theycanprovidegreatenvironmental,economic,andsocialbenefits.GreenBuildingGreenbuildingisthepracticeof:?increasingtheefficiencywithwhichbuildingsandtheirsitesuseandharvestenergy,water,and

materials,and?reducingbuildingimpactsonhumanhealthandthe

environment,?throughbettersiting,design,construction,operation,maintenance,andremoval—thecompletebuildinglifecycle.Greenbuildingisanessentialcomponentoftherelatedconceptsofsustainabledesign,

sustainabledevelopmentandsustainability.GreenBuildingBuildingsoftheworldconsume:?40%oftheworld'senergyandmaterials?25%ofthewoodharvested?17%ofourwaterOurbuildings,andhowweusethem,haveanimpactontheEarth'sresources.Theyalsoinfluenceourownhealth:Mostofusspendatleast90%ofourtimeindoors,wheretheairisoftentwice—andsometimesasmuchasahundredtime—morepollutedthanoutsideair.TheGherkin“30StMary’sAxeNicknamed‘TheGherkin’or‘TheCigar’,itisformallyknownas‘TheSwissRebuilding’or‘30StMary’sAxe’.NormanFoster’slatestbuilding,whichhasquicklybecomeaniconoftheLondonskyline.SaidtobeLondon'sfirstenvironmentallysustainableskyscraper.Describedas“themostingeniousandelegantnewskyscraperbuiltanywhereintheworldforatleast30years.”TheGherkin“30StMary’sAxeThis40storeytaperingbuildingisalreadyapopularicononthecityskyline.Thelevelofdiscrimination,carefuldetailingandthepowerofthestructurecombinetosustaintheinitialimpressionthatthisisamemorablebuildingofinternationalstanding.TextStudying

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StructureAnalysis

☆WordsandExpressions

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AnswerkeysPara.1-Para.2Abriefintroductionof30St.MaryAxewhichservesasatypicalexampleforgreenbuildings.Para.3-Para.5AintroductionofdifferentratingstandardssuchasBREEAMandLEEDwhichdeterminehowgreenabuildingis.Para.6-Para.9Goodfeaturesforgreenbuildings.Para.10-Para.13Ananalysisofwhygreenbuildingspaytobegreen.Para.14-Para.16Waysfacilitatinggreenbuildingsbymeansofentirelynewdesign.StructureAnalysisWordsandExpressions

inthecaseof:regarding,inthematterof,inthatinstanceExamples★InthecaseofJames,theydecidedtopromotehimtothenextgrade.★Inthecaseofyoursentence,itshouldbesubtitles.And,"MostChinese"maybepreferredto"MostChinesepeople".WordsandExpressions

enclosevt.surroundonallsides;closein

Examples★Thefootballfieldisenclosedbyawall.WordsandExpressionsmainstreamn.theprevailingcurrentofthought,influence,oractivityExamples★Thecandidate'sspeechrepresentedthemainstreamthinkingoneconomicpolicy.★Hollywoodmoviesareusuallyconsideredmainstreamandofcourseworthwatching.WordsandExpressions

hostvt.toserveasonethatfurnishesfacilitiesandresourcesforafunctionoraneventExamples★The2005FortuneForumwhichmadetheworld'ssmartestbusinessleadersgatherandincludedtheparticipationofrepresentativesfrom77Top500companieswashostedbyChina.WordsandExpressionsvenuen.thesceneorsettinginwhichsth.takesplaceExamples★Thediscothequeisthenon-cinematicvenueofpopularnightmares.★ThevenueofthebigmatchisthefootballgroundatWembley.WordsandExpressions

informedadj.possessing,displaying,orbasedonreliableinformation;knowledgeable,educatedExamples★Peoplearemuchbetterinformedsincetheadventofthecomputer.★Weshouldkeepthegrassrootsinformedofwhatisgoingonhere.

WordsandExpressionsatstake:atrisk,injeopardydependingonwhathappensExamples★President’sdecisionofevacuatingalltheresidentsincostalcityleftthewholecountryatstake.★WhatisatstakehereisnotwhethertheUSgoesaloneornot,butwhethertheinternationalcommunityispreparedtotakenecessaryaction.Unit3

TheRiseoftheGreenBuildingQuestionsfordiscussionWhatotherphraseswith“green”mayyourecall?Pleaseexplainthemingreatdetail.Doyouknow“greenfood”?Whatkindoffoodisit?Haveyoueverchancedtoeat“greenfood”?Pleasetellussomethingamazingaboutit.AnswerkeysReadingComprehensionVocabulary

A.AnswerkeysII.Vocabulary

B.III.ClozeAnswerkeysIV.TranslationA.

長(zhǎng)期以來，不破壞生態(tài)平衡的建筑設(shè)計(jì)被認(rèn)為是無關(guān)緊要的。而最近，英國皇家建筑師學(xué)會(huì)提出的有利于生態(tài)環(huán)境的原則——規(guī)定一個(gè)建筑物的建設(shè)和使用都不應(yīng)該消耗地球的資源——已開始影響主流建筑。由于礦物燃料的價(jià)格飛漲和對(duì)氣候變化日益感到不安，越來越多的設(shè)計(jì)師開始考慮環(huán)境因素。這個(gè)議程正逐步地滲入重要的建筑師設(shè)計(jì)中，而大的建筑公司也正在注意到這個(gè)問題。Answerkeys

全球變暖對(duì)主流建筑的習(xí)慣做法造成巨大的威脅。如果現(xiàn)在的趨勢(shì)持續(xù)下去，目前建造的適應(yīng)于歐洲北部涼爽氣候的建筑物到2080年將需要空調(diào)持續(xù)運(yùn)行，從而增加能耗費(fèi)用并產(chǎn)生溫室氣體。所以建筑學(xué)家正爭(zhēng)先恐后地設(shè)計(jì)模型吸收多余的熱量，再加上結(jié)合已被驗(yàn)證的來自地中海地區(qū)的冷卻方法，更好地利用自然通風(fēng)，利用更多的遮光設(shè)施、百葉窗和庭院，采用更小的窗子來阻擋陽光進(jìn)入。AnswerkeysB.ThechairmanofthecommitteeisexpectedtobebacknextThursday.InthecaseofJames,themanagerdecidedtopromotehimtothenextgrade.Thecandidate'sspeechrepresentedthemainstreamthinkingoneconomicpolicy.ForGod’ssake,Ididn'texpecttoseeyouhere.WhatisatstakehereisnotwhethertheUSgoesaloneornot,butwhethertheinternationalcommunityispreparedtotakenecessaryaction.AnswerkeysV.FastReadingReadingSkillsDrawinginferenceshelpsusnotonlytounderstandbetterbutalsotoappreciate

morefullywhatweread.Forinstance,supposeawriterdescribesacharacterasfollows:InthemirrorJohnBellnoticedthathishairwasgrayingatthetemples.Ashepickedup

themorningpaper,herealizedthathecouldnolongerseewellatallwithouthis

glasses.Lookingatthehandsholdingthepaperhesawthattheywerewrinkled.Fromthewaytheauthordescribesthecharacter,youmayinferthattheperson

isrealizingthatheisaging.However,noticethattheauthordoesnotmention

agingatall.Butfromthefactstheauthorprovides,youareledtoinferthatthe

characteristhinkingaboutaging.DrawingInferencesItasksusto:readbeyondthelinesseeideasimpliedthroughthewordsbridgethegapbetweentheobviousandthesuggestedobtainmuchmoreinformationthatthewriterdoesn’ttellusdirectlyTipsExercisesReadthefollowingshortparagraphsandtrytoanswerthequestions.Grandmotherhadbeenanunusuallyattractiveyoungwoman,andshecarriedherselfwiththegracefulconf