托福作文寫作范文詳解ReadingAlittleover2,200yearsago,theRomannavyattackedtheGreekportcityofSyracuse.Accordingtosomeancienthistorians,theGreeksdefendedthemselveswithaningeniousweaponcalleda/zburningmirror”:apolishedcoppersurfacecurvedtofocustheSun'sraysontoRomanships,causingthemtocatchfire.However,wehaveseveralreasonstosuspectthatthestoryoftheburningmirrorisjustamythandtheGreeksofSyracuseneverrallybuiltsuchadevice.First,theancientGreekswerenottechnologicallyadvancedenoughtomakesuchadevice.Amirrorthatwouldfocussunlightwithsufficientintensitytosetshipsonfirewouldhavetobeseveralmeterswide.Moreover,themirrorwouldhavetohaveaverypreciseparaboliccurvature(acurvaturederivedfromageometricshapeknownastheparabola).Thetechnologyformanufacturingalargesheetofcopperwithsuchspecificationsdidnotexistintheancientworld.Second,theburningmirrorwouldhavetakenalongtimetosettheshipsonfire.Inanexperimentconductedtodeterminewhetheraburningmirrorwasfeasible,adeviceconcentratingtheSun'sraysonawoodenobject30metersawaytooktenminutestosettheobjectonfire;andduringthattime,theobjecthadtobeunmoving.ItisunlikelythatRomanshipsstayedperfectlystillforthatmuchtime,Suchaweaponwouldthereforehavebeenveryimpracticalandineffective.Third,aburningmirrordoesnotseemlikeanimprovementonaweaponthattheGreeksalreadyhad:flamingarrows.Shootingatanenemy'sshipswithflamingarrowswasacommonwayofsettingtheshipsonfire.Theburningmirrorandflamingarrowswouldhavebeeneffectiveataboutthesamedistance.SotheGreekshadnoreasontobuildaweaponlikeaburningmirror.ListeningTheclaimsthattheburningmirrorwouldhavebeenimpracticalandtechnologicallyimpossibleareunconvincing.First,theGreeksdidnotneedtoformasinglesheetofcoppertomakealarge,burningmirror.Anexperimenthasshownthatdozensofsmallindividuallyflatpiecesofpolishedcoppercouldbearrangedintoaparabolicshapeandformalarge,burningmirror.TheGreekmathematiciansknowthepropertiesoftheparabolaandsocouldhavedirectedtheassemblyofsmallmirrorpiecesintotheparabolicshape.Second,abouthowlongitwouldtaketosetashiponfirewithaburningmirror.Theexperimentthereadingselectionmentionsassumesthattheburningmirrorwasusedtosetthewoodoftheboatonfire,that'swhattakestenminutes.ButRomanboatswerenotmadejustofwood.Therewereothermaterialsinvolvedaswell.Forexample,tosealthespacesbetweenwoodenboardsandmakethemwaterproof,theancientboat-buildersusedastickysubstancecalledpitch.Pitchcatchesfirequickly.Anexperimentshowedthatpitchcouldbesetonfirebyaburningmirrorinseconds.Andoncethepitchwasburning,thefirewouldspreadtothewoodeveniftheshipwasmoving.Soaburningmirrorcouldhaveworkedquicklyenoughtobeaneffectiveweapon.Third,whybotherwithaburningmirrorinsteadofflamingarrows?Well,Romansoldierswerefamiliarwithflamingarrowsanswouldhavebeenwatchingforthemandwerereadytoputoutthefirestheymightcause.Butyoucannotseetheburningraysfromamirror.Youjustseethemirror.Butthensuddenlyandmagicallyafirestartsatsomeunobservedplaceontheship,thatwouldhavebeenmuchmoresurprisingandthereforemuchmoreeffectivethanaflamearrow.一.閱讀聽力要點概括ReadingPassageThereareseveralreasonstosuspectthatthestoryoftheburningmirrorisjustamythandtheGreeksofSyracuseneverrallybuiltsuchadevice.First,theNationalGeographicSocietyputtogetheracommitteethatwasinstructedtoconductathoroughinvestigationofPeary'srecordsandequipmentSecond,arecentexpeditionperformedbyAveryunderthesimilarconditionsprovidessupportforPeary'sclaimthathereachedtheNorthPoleinonly37daysTheSun'spositionestablishedfromthephotographscorrespondsexactlytotheSurfspositionasitshouldhavebeenattheNorthPoleonthatday.LectureThecommitteewasnotcompletelyobjectiveduetothefactthatitwascomposedofPeary'sclosefriendwhofundedthetripanditwasnotcarefulduringtheinvestigation.Avery7sfoodwasdroppedalongthewaybyairplanebutnottransportedonthesled.Averyencounteredhighlyfavorableweatherconditions,unlikePearywhotravelledinveryunfavorableconditions.Peary,spictureswerephotographedahundredyearsagousingaprimitivecamerathattookfuzzy,slightlyunfocusedphotographs.Moreover,thephotoshavebecomefadedandwornovertime.Withoutaprecisemeasurementoftheshadows,wecannotestablishtheSun'sexactposition.二、范文逐段賞析Paragraph1Inthereadingmaterial,theauthorraisesthreestrongargumentstocastdoubtontheexistenceofa“burningmirror"inancientGreekportcity.However,thelecturerstatesthattheburningmirrormighthaveonceappearedinhistorybyrefutingthewriter7sargumentsonebyone.此段功能概括了閱讀材料中的觀點，懷疑burningmirror并沒有在古希臘港口城市存在過。然后提出了演講中的反對觀點，即burningmirror在歷史上出現(xiàn)過，為下文的論述做好了鋪墊。此段結(jié)構(gòu)此段是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分別陳述了文章及演講中的觀點。Paragraph2First,theauthorarguesthatitwastechnologicallyimpossibletobuildsuchatremendousmirrorbyasinglesheetofcopperinancientGreece.YetthespeakershowsbyexperimentthatdozensofsmallpolishedcoppermaydothesamejobefficientlyandGreekmathematicianswereexcellentenoughtoaccomplishitperfectly.此段功能此段提出了閱讀材料中的第一個觀點，認(rèn)為在古希臘，技術(shù)水平不足以成熟到可以只使用一片銅板就制造這樣的鏡子。然而演講者通過實驗證明，通過多片打磨好的銅板也可以高效地制成這樣的鏡子，而古希臘工匠已經(jīng)有技術(shù)完成這樣的工作了。以此來反駁文章的觀點。此段結(jié)構(gòu)此段從正反兩個方面進行對比陳述，采用的是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。Paragraph3Besides,inviewoftheauthor,itmighttakealongtimefortheburningmirrortosetawoodenshiponfireandtheenemywouldnotbestupidtostaystillfortenminutes.Thelecturer,however,pointsoutthatancientwarshipswerenotbuiltbywoodonly.Aspecialmaterialcalledpitchwasusedtofillthespacesbetweenandpitchcatchesfirequickly.Thusitwaspossibleforaburningmirrortoburnthepitchfirstthentheship.Inthiswaycouldaburningmirrorbeaneffectiveweapon.此段功能此段提出了閱讀材料中的第二個觀點，認(rèn)為想要通過銅鏡子來使木船著火需要較長的時間，而此時敵人可能早已逃走。演講者則反駁道，古希臘的船并不完全是由木頭制成，一種叫pitch的材質(zhì)填充其中而且非常易燃。這樣的話銅鏡可以先引燃pitch進而引燃整個船而且速度很快。此段結(jié)構(gòu)此段是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分別陳述了文章及演講中的觀點。Paragraph4Lastly,theauthorarguesthattheburningmirrorislesseffectiveandflexiblethanflamingarrows.ThusancientGreekwouldnothavebotheredtodevotemuchefforttobuildsuchauselessweapon.Nonetheless,thelecturerarguesthatsinceflamingarrowswereusualweaponsusedsomuch,Romansoldierswerefamiliarwiththemandknewhowtoprotecttheshipfrombu