9/9英語非謂語動詞的分類及其用法一、英語非謂語動詞及其分類〔一〕謂語動詞與非謂語動詞Heiswritingaletter.他正在寫信。〔的動詞,是動詞的非謂語形式,稱為非謂語動詞〔Non-finiteVerb〕。如：Smokingisnotgoodforyourhealth.吸煙對你的身體有害〔主語〕Hefoundthosenovelshardtoread.他發(fā)現(xiàn)那些小說很難讀?！矤钫Z〕謂語動詞與非謂語動詞之間最重要的區(qū)別在于前者有“時(shí)〞〔Tense〕的標(biāo)志,而后者沒有“時(shí)〞的標(biāo)志。舉例列表如下：原形 現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過去時(shí) 不定式 -ing分詞 -ed分詞walkpasseat

walk(s)pass(es)eat(s)

walkedpassedate

(to)walk(to)pass(to)eat

walkingpassingeating

walkedpassedeaten〔二〕非謂語動詞的分類英語的非謂語動詞有三種：不定式〔infinitive〕；-ing分詞〔-ingparticiple〕;其中又分為現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞；-ed分詞〔-edparticiple〕。也就是我們通常所說的過去分詞。二、非謂語動詞在句法中的用法〔一〕不定式的句法功能：作主語：Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.it作表語：Herjobistocleanthehall.作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定賓語it〔不定式后置,放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面,例如：MaryfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.動詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語,如：Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.動詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問詞連用,如：HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.作賓語補(bǔ)足語：wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.此外,介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用,如：Withalotofworktodo,hedidn'tgotothecinema．有些動詞如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,haveto的不定式連用,但改為被動語態(tài)時(shí),要復(fù)原to。如：Isawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.作定語：①動賓關(guān)系：Ihaveameetingtoattend.Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.如果不定式修飾time,place,way,可以省略介詞：Hehasnoplacetolive.Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.Haveyougotanythingtosend?Haveyougotanythingtobesent?②說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：Heisthefirsttogethere.作狀語：①表目的：Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.注意：不定式放句首時(shí),邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.right：Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.wrong：TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.right：TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.②表結(jié)果：Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.③表原因：Theywereverysadtohearthenews.④表程度：It'stoodarkforustoseeanything.作獨(dú)立成分：Totellyouthetruth,Idon'tlikethewayhetalked.不定式的省略：todoIfyoudon'twanttodoit,youdon'tneedto.不定式的并列：toHewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor.〔二〕-ing分詞的句法功能——-ing分詞又分為動名詞及現(xiàn)在分詞。動名詞的句法功能：①作主語：Readingaloudisveryhelpful.當(dāng)動名詞短語作主語時(shí)常用it作形式主語。如：It'snousequarrelling.②作表語：Intheantcity,thequeen'sjobislayingeggs.③作賓語：Theyhaven'tfinishedbuildingthedam.Wehavetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。注意：如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：resist(抵抗),mind(介意),suggest(建議),delay(推遲),keep(on)(保持),lookforwardto(期昐),enjoy(help(不禁),miss(錯(cuò)過)。以上意〔遲欣想事〔實(shí)〕成考不錯(cuò)。④作定語：Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool?⑤作同位語：Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradioremainsunchanged．現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.Themanspeakingtotheteacherisourmonitor'sfather.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句的句法功能,如：inthefollowingyears也可用intheyearsthatfollowed;themanspeakingtotheteacher可改為themanwhoisspeakingtotheteacher.②作表語：Thepresentsituationisinspiring.be+doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語,它們的區(qū)別在于be+doingbe③作賓語補(bǔ)足語：如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：see,let,make,listen,hear,have,watch,notice,feel,lookat等。如：Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom?〔make,let,have(see,lookat,watch),兩聽(listen,hear),注意感覺(notice,feel)。④作狀語：作時(shí)間狀語：(While)Workinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.b.作原因狀語：BeingaLeaguemember,heisalwayshelpingothers.c.作方式狀語,表示伴隨：Hestayedathome,cleaningandwashing.d.作條件狀語：(If)Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.e.作結(jié)果狀語：Hedroppedtheglass,breakingitintopieces.f.作目的狀語：Hewentswimmingtheotherday.g.作讓步狀語：Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.h.與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：Iwaitingforthebus,abirdfellonmyheard.Timepermitting,we'lldoanothertwoexercises.有時(shí)也可用with(without)+名詞〔代詞賓格〕+分詞形式。如：Withthelightsburning,hefellasleep.他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。i.作獨(dú)立成分：Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecareful.〔三〕-ed分詞的句法功能：作定語：OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.Thoseelectedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.作表語：Thewindowisbroken.注意：be+過去分詞,如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu),如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：Thewindowisbroken.〔系表〕Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.〔被動〕有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構(gòu)成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如：boiledwater〔開水〕fallenleaves〔落葉〕newlyarrivedgoods〔新到的貨〕therisensun〔升起的太陽〕thechangedworld〔變了的世界〕come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。作賓語補(bǔ)足語：Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek.有時(shí)過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：Withtheworkdone,theywentouttoplay.作狀語：Praisedbytheteacher,hefeltproud.〔表示原因〕Onceseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.〔表示時(shí)間〕Givenmoretime,I'llbeabletodoitbetter.〔表示條件〕Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillwanttohaveatry.〔表示讓步〕三、非謂語動詞用法比擬(一)動詞不定式和動名詞作主語比擬: isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold．A．ThewalkB．WalkingC．TowalkD．Walk〔Key：B〕〔二〕動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞作表語比擬:不定式和動名詞作表語的區(qū)別同作主語一樣。Hisjobisbuildinghouses．Ourtasknowistoincreasefoodproduction．動詞不定式和動名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容,現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語所具有的特征,過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthecustomers．Themostimportantthingistoputtheoryintopractice．Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,nottomakeitmoredifficult．〔三〕動詞不定式和動名詞作賓語比擬:mand,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect等。Weagreed here,butsofarshehasn'tturnedupyet．A．havingmet B．meeting C．tomeet D．tohavemet〔Key：C〕有些動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語,前文中已有提及Iwouldappreciate backthisafternoon．tocall call calling calling〔Key：C〕有些動詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動名詞,意義上無多大區(qū)別,如：love,like,hate,prefer,intend,start,continue等。Iintendtofinish／finish-ingthetaskthismorning．有些動詞后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟動名詞,但意義上有區(qū)別,如：forgettodosomething：忘記去做某事forgetdoingsomething：忘記曾經(jīng)做過某事這一類詞包括：forget,remember,mean,regret,stop,try等?！菜摹硠釉~不定式、分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語比擬asktellorder,want,wish,warn,allow,advise,permit,forbid等。Thepatientwaswarned oilyfoodaftertheoperation．A．toeatnot B．eatingnot C．nottoeat D．noteating〔Key：C〕make等,且不定式不帶toPauldoesn'thavetobemade ．Healwaysworkshard．A．learn B．tolearn C．learned D．learning〔Key：B〕Themanagerdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee thenextyear．A．carryout B．carryingout C．carriedou