細節(jié)判斷題考察形式：細節(jié)判斷題題干常見的問句形式多種多樣。如：WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectaccordingtothepassage?TOC\o"1-5"\h\zWhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredas…？Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasoneofthereasonsfor??-?Howmany?What/who/when/where/how/why?考點:時間、地點、任務(wù)、數(shù)字、原因、結(jié)果、目的等解題技巧：1速讀把握文章中心2尋讀確定細節(jié)：三對一錯或者三錯一對。若為長難句則要會分析難點:偷梁換柱，張冠李戴隨堂練習(xí)：Passage1Thedaysofelderlywomendoingnothingbutcookinghugemealsonholidaysaregone.EntertheRedHatSociety-agroupholdingthebeliefthatoldladiesshouldhavefun.“Mygrandmothersdidn'tdoanythingbutkeephouseandserveeverybody.They

wereprogrammedbdothat,RedHatSociety.saidEmilyComette,headofachapteroftherTbldWhilemenhavelongspenttheirtimesaidEmilyComette,headofachapteroftherTbldsometimesseemedtobecomeunnoticedastheyage.Butthegenerationnowturning50isthebabyboomers作育高峰期出生的人，andthesamepeoplewhorefusedtheirparents'wayofbeingyoungarenowtryinganewwayofgrowingold.Ifyoutakeintoconsiderationfeminism（女權(quán)主義，abitofsparemoney,andbetterhealthformostelderly,theRedHatSocietylooksalmostinevitable.Inthissociety,womenover50wearredhatsandpurpleclothes,whilethewomenunder50wearpinkhatsandlightpurpleclothing.“TheorganizationtooktheideafromapoembyJennyJosephthatbegins:WhenIamanoldwoman,Ish。wearpurple.Witharedhatwhichdoesn'tgo.”saidEllenCooper,whofoundedtheRedHatSocietyin1998.Whentheladiesstartedtoweartheredhats,theyattractedlotsofattention.“Thepointofthisisthatweneedarestfromalwaysdoingsometgforsomeoneelse,”Coopersaid.“Womenfeelsoashamedandsorrywhentheydosomethingforthemselves."Thisiswhychaptersarediscouragedfromraisingmoneyordoinganythinguseful.“Werealadies'playgroup.Itcouldn'tbesimpler,”addedCooper'sHeywood.WhosetuptheRedHatSociety?A.EmilyComette.B.EllenCooper.C.JennyJoseph.D.JoeHeywood.WomenjointheRedHatSocietybecause.Womenwhojointhesocietycan.theywanttostayyoungB.theywouldliketoappearmoreattractiveC.theywouldliketohavefunandliveforthemselvesD.theywanttobemorelike2theirparentsPassage2PaulZindel'sdeathonMarch27,2003endedthebrilliantlifeofafamouswriter.NotonlydidPaulZindelwinaPulitzerPrizeaswellasanObiePrizeforhis1970play---TheEffectofGammaRaysonMan-in-the-MoonMarigolds,buthewasoneoftheearliestwritersinthefieldofcontemporaryliteratureforyoungadults.ThePigman,publishedin1968,isstilloneofthemostwell-knownandwidely-taughtnovelsinthegenre.TheAmericanLibraryAssociationhasnameditoneofthe100BestoftheBestBooksforYoungAdultspublishedbetween1967and1992,andZindel'sautobiography,ThePigmanandMe,wasamongthe100BestoftheBestBookspublishedforteenagersduringthelastpartofthetwentiethcentury.SixofZindel'sbooks,infact,havebeervotedtheBestBooksforYoungAdults,andmostofhisrecenthorrorbooks-suchasTheDoomStoneandRatshavebeenchosenasQuickPicksforReluctantYoungAdultReaders.Clearly,hewasawriterwhoknewhowtointerestcontemporarychildren.Recognizingthat,theAmericanLibraryAssociationin2002honoredPaulZindelwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrizeforhislifetimeachievements,andlaterthatsameyearhewaspresentedwiththeALANPrizeforhiscontributionstoYoungAdultLiterature.Withhispassing,youngreaders,teachers,andlibrarianshavelostagreatfriend.WhichofPaulZindelkswasdhemostpopularwithyoungadultsinthe20thcentury?ThePigman.B.TheDoomStone.C.ThePigmanandMe.D.TheEffectofGammaRaysonMan-in-the-Moon3Marigolds.WhywasPaulZindelhonoredwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrize?A.Hisbookswerewidelyreadbychildren.B.Hisbookswereinterestingandhelpfultoadults.C.Hemadegreatcontributionstocontemporaryliterature.D.Hewroteanumberofhorrorbooksforyoungadults.WhendidPaulZindelwintheALANPrize?A.In2002.B.In2003.C.Between1967and1992.D.Between2002and2003.4.Choosethecorrectstatementsfromthefollowingaccordingtothepassage.ThePigmanandMewasoneoftheBestBooksforteenagers.Zindelwasoneoftheearliestwriterswhowroteforadultsonly.TheDoomStoneandRatsarenotpopularwithyoungadults.Zindelwasgivenfourprizesforliteraturebeforehedied.AtleasteightofZindel'sbookswereverypopularinhistimes.A.c,d,eB.a,b,cC.a,b,dD.a,d,ePassage3IreallylovemyjobbecauseIenjoyworkingwithsmallchildrenandlikethechallengesandawardsfromthejob.Ialsothinkmyworkisimportant.TherewasatimewhenIthoughtIwouldneverhavethatsortofcaree眼業(yè).Iwasn'tanexcelletiidentbecauseIdidn'tdomuchschoolwork.InmyfinaltermIstartedthinkingwhatImightdoandfoundIdidn'thavemuchtooffer.IjustacceptedthatIwasn'tthetypetohaveacareer.4Ithenfoundmyselfajob.Lookingaftertwolittlegirls,11wasn'ttoobadatfirst.ButtheproblemsbeganwhenIagreedtolivein,sothatIwouldbethereifmybosshadtogooutforbusinessintheevening.WeagreedthatifIhadtoworkextrahoursoneweek,she'dgivemetimeoffthenext.Butunfortunately,itdidn'toftenworkout.Iwasgetextremelytiredandfedup,becauseIhadtoomanylatenightsandearlymorningswiththechildren.OneSunday,Iwasintheparkwiththechildren,andmetMeganwhousedtogotoschoolwithme,Itoldheraboutmysituation.ShesuggestedthatIshoulddoacourseandgetaqualification（資格證書ifIwantedtoworkwithchildren.Ididn'tthinkIwouldbeacceptedbecauseIdidn'ttakemanyexamsinschool.Shepersuadedmetophonethelocalcollegeandtheywerereallyhelpful.MyexperiencecountedforalotandIgotonapart-timecourse.Ihadtoleavemyjobwiththefamily,andgotworkhelpingoutatakindergarten.NowI'vegotafulltimejobthere.IshallalwaysbethankfultoMegan.IwishIhadknownearlierthatyoucouldhaveacareer,evenifyouaren'ttopoftheclassatschool.1.Whatistheauthor'spresentjob?A.Workingpart-timeinacollege.B.Takingcareofchildrenforafamily.Helpingchildrenwiththeirschoolwork.Lookingafterchildrenatakindergarten.2.Whenstayingwiththetwogirls'family,theauthor.A.waspaidforextraworkB.oftenworkedlonghoursC.gotmuchhelpfromherbossD.tookadayoffeveryotherweek5Whydidtheauthorleaveherfirstjob?A.Shefoundafull-timejob.B.Shewasfedupwithchildren.C.Shedecidedtoattendaparttimecourse.D.Sheneededarestafterworkingextrahours.主旨大意題考察形式:mainidea;title;purpose考點:判斷文章主旨大意解題技巧：1主題句在段首：演繹。主題句+細節(jié)。在議論文，科技文獻和新聞報道中多采用這種格式在主題句后面有明顯的引出細節(jié)的信號詞。常見的信號詞有forexample,anexampleof,themostimportantexampleof;first,second,next,last,finally;tobeginwith,also,besidesthat;one;theother,some,othersTodaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrisingsoquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfastfoods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?Somepeoplelikesteakandothersredmeat.Vegetablesareveryhealthyforyou.Howfoodispreparedhasalottodowithhowwellapersonmaylikeit.Differentpeoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.2主題句在段尾：歸納。如果第一句話不是概括性的或綜合性的話，最好快速讀一讀段落的最后一個句子，看看它是否具備主題句的特征：如果它具備主題句的特征，短文的主題思想就很容易確定了。在做閱讀理解試題時，要充分利用引出結(jié)論的信號詞，如clearly,plainly;so,therefore,thus,consequently;Inconclusion,inshoi#來確定主題句的位置在段尾。當(dāng)無明顯的此類信號同時，可添加一個引出結(jié)論的信號詞以確定主題句是否是段落的最后一句話。例1AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespect.Thispassagemainlytellsus.howAmericansshowrespecttoothershowJapaneseshowrespecttotheirAmericanacquaintancesAmericansandJapanesehavedifferentwaysofshowingrespectJapanesearenotsatisfiedwithAmericancasualbehavior例2Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Man'sgamesshhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuchvariedgrace;veryfewlivesaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease.Thereforemanhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim.難點:主題句在段中；無主題句隨堂練習(xí)：專項練習(xí)一Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.InLondon,forexample,someEnglishmendipmustardintotheircoffee.WhileinDenver,apersonmightaddadashofketchup.Stripsoforangeandlemonpeel,clovesandcinnamonsticksarenotunusualadditionstothebrewinEurope.AnAsiandelightconsistsofcoffeebrewedinboilingsugar.PerhapstherichestcupofcoffeecanbeenjoyedinIrelandwherewhiskeyandwhippedcreamareimportantingredients.InAustraliaawaitresswillask,"Doyouwantblackorwhite?"Blackisplainblackcoffee,butwhiteishalfcoffeeandhalfwarmmilk.IfanAustralianordersicedcoffee,hewillbeservedacupofsteamingcoffeewithascoopoficecream.ItsoundsliketheAustralianversionofa"snowballinhell."Whichstatementbestexpressesthemainidea?a.TherichestcupofcoffeecanbeenjoyedinIreland.b.Asiansenjoyasweetcupofcoffee.c.Coffeeisenjoyedinavarietyofways.d.Australianshaveanunusualsenseofhumor.Theparagraphcouldbeentitleda.SomeLikeItHot.b.CoffeeAroundtheWorld.c.OrientalDelights.d.ASnowballinHell.專項練習(xí)二Whentheweatherisclear,pilotsusetheireyestokeeptheairplaneflyingstraightandlevel.Inlowvisibilitysituations,however,theeyeandotherorientationsenses,suchasoursenseofbalance,arenotonlyuseless,theymaybetotallymisleading.Theonlysafewaytoflyanairplaneinlowvisibilityconditionsistouseinstruments,whichindicatetheattitudeoftheairplane.1Whichoneisthetopicsentence?A.Inbadweather,thesensescanbemisleadingB.FlyinganairplanecanbeverydifficultC.Whenvisibilityislowtheonlysafewaytoflyanairplaneisbyusingflightinstruments.D.Whentheweatherisclear,pilotsusetheireyestokeeptheairplaneflyingstraightandlevel.作者態(tài)度題考察形式：Theauthor'sattitudetowardssth.canbebestsummarizedas.Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas.Accordingtothepassage,theauthor'sattitudetowardstheearlycomputerscanbestbedescribedas.AindifferentBambiguousCcontemptuousDhostile考點:單詞;全文把握解題技巧：語氣;措辭;論述方法難點:單詞一贊同positiveadj.肯定的，實際的，積極的,,確實的favorableadj贊成的，有利的，贊許的，良好的approvaln.贊成,承認,正式批準enthusiasmn狂熱,熱心,積極性supportiveadj支持的，支援的defensive為而辯護二否定negativeadj.否定的，消極的,負的，陰性的disapproval不贊成objection異議opposition反對critical批評的criticism批評批判disgustvi.令人厭惡，令人反感vt.使作嘔detestationn憎惡,厭惡的人,嫌惡indignation憤慨contemptn輕視,輕蔑，恥辱，不尊敬compromisingn.妥協(xié)，折衷v.妥協(xié)，折衷worriedadj.悶悶不樂的，焦慮的三懷疑suspicionn0青疑,懷疑suspiciousadj.(~of可疑的,懷疑的doubtdoubtfuladj.可疑的,不確的，疑心的puzzlingadj.使迷惑的,使莫明其妙的四客觀(即好的壞的都說，選的可能性極大objectiveadj.客觀的neutraladj.中立的impartialadj.公平■的，不偏不倚的disinterestedadj無私的unprejudicedadj沒有偏見的unbiasedadj沒有偏見的unprejudicedadj公平■的，無偏見的，沒有成見的detached^含個人偏見的五主觀subjectiveadj主觀的，個人的indifferencen.不關(guān)心tolerancen寬容，容忍，忍受pessimismn悲觀，悲觀主義gloomyadj.黑暗的，陰沉的，令人沮喪的，陰郁的optimisticadj.樂觀的sensitive有感覺的，敏感［銳］的,易受傷害的scaredad固懼的reservedadj保留的，包租的consentvi同意，贊成，答應(yīng)n.同意，贊成，允諾radicaladj.激進的moderateadj中等的，適度的，適中的v.緩和mildadj.溫和的，溫柔的，淡味的，輕微的，適度的ironicadj.說反話的，諷刺的confusedadj困惑的,煩惱的amazedadj吃驚的,驚奇的worriedconcernedadj關(guān)心的，有關(guān)的apprehensiveadjfi憂,擔(dān)心mixed喜憂參半biased有偏見的indignantadj.憤怒的，憤慨的六積極objective客觀的concerned關(guān)注的confidentadj.自信的，確信的interestedadj感興趣的，有成見的，有權(quán)益的optimisticadj.樂觀的positive正面的impressiveadj給人深刻印象的，感人的七中立/折中impartialadj.公平■的，不偏不倚的neutral中立的impersonaladj.非個人的factualadj.事實的，實際的，根據(jù)事實的detached^含個人偏見的八不是解的選項（消極negative消極的indifferent漠不關(guān)心的depressed?肖沉的subjective主觀的pessimistic悲觀的unconcerned不關(guān)心的contemptuousadj輕蔑的，侮辱的hostileadj.敵對的，敵方的biased片面的隨堂練習(xí)：Aftercarefulexaminationoftheconstitutionalissuesinvolved，themayor，respondingtothepeopleds，swsshannouncedthathewilltakeimmediateaction.Afterhesitatingforaslongashedaredto,andtakingrefugeintheambiguitiesoftheconstitution,themayorhasatlonglastyieldtopressureandgrudginglyagreedtotrytodosomething.作者觀點和態(tài)度題注意事項：*作者對某一事物的看法，要么支持，要么反對，帶中立色彩的詞最不可能是正確答案*漠不關(guān)心類詞語一定不對，既然寫文章就不會不關(guān)心*不要把自己的態(tài)度揉入其中，也要區(qū)分開作者的態(tài)度和作者引用的別人的態(tài)度*當(dāng)作者的態(tài)度沒有明確提出時，要學(xué)會根據(jù)作者使用詞語的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度*作者觀點一般與文章主旨相關(guān)聯(lián)［注］新趨勢：*不僅局限丁作者的態(tài)度，而發(fā)展到問文中某人對某事物的態(tài)度*選項可能不再是態(tài)度明確的肯定或否定的詞語，而改為帶有程度限制的詞*一般帶有絕對化或過丁強烈的表示必錯，如：strong，complete，entire，enthusiastic等*持有保留態(tài)度的比較客觀，常常是正確選項，如：reserved，qualified，tempered，guarded，consents長句分析練習(xí)一并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)Iwantedhertoknowthatmyheartwaswithher，andthatIthoughtEnglandowedheragreatdebtandwasgoingtomissher.參考譯文：我想讓她知道我的心和她在一起，而且我認為英國欠了她一大筆債很快就會懷念她。Andneitherfriendsnorfamilycanconvincephobicpeoplethatmostanimalsareharmless,thatthousandsoftravelersflysafelyeveryday,andmillionsofpeopleridesafelyinelevatorsseveraltimeseachday.參考譯文：朋友們及家庭成員都無法說服恐懼癥患者，使他們相信多數(shù)動物對人無害,數(shù)以千計的旅行者每日都安全飛行，數(shù)白萬的人每天都安全地乘好幾次電梯。Reviewimportantpointsmentionedinclassaswellaspointsyouremainconfusedabout.參考譯文：不僅要復(fù)習(xí)你仍然混淆不活的地方，而且要重溫課堂上提到的要點。MorethanthreemillionpeopleliveininnerLondon,andnearlyfivemillionpeopleliveinthesurroundingsuburbanarea,whichismadeupofformerlyseparatevillagesthathavemergedtoformwhatisnowcalledouterLondon.參考譯文：三白多萬人口居住在倫敦市區(qū)，將近五白多萬人口居住在周圍的郊區(qū)——該地區(qū)由原來分散的村莊構(gòu)成，逐步形成如今被稱為的外倫敦。ThenIrememberedhowoftenI,too,hadbeenindifferenttothegranderofeachday,toopreoccupiedwithpettyandsometimesevenmeanconcernstorespondtothesplendorofitall.參考譯文：然后我回想起自己過去也經(jīng)常對每天的壯觀景象不感興趣，也經(jīng)常一頭埋在細小的、有時甚至是卑鄙自私的事物中而對這整個奇觀麻木不仁。二插入結(jié)構(gòu)Duringtherestofthiscentury,asneverbefore,historywillbethestudyofpopulation.參考譯文:在本世紀末，對人口的研究將前所未有地成為歷史。Becausethepotentialhazardspollengrainsaresubjecttoastheyaretransportedoverlongdistancesarenormous,…參考譯文：因為花粉在長距離輸送中存在的潛在危險是巨大的Quiteadifferentproblem,butonethatiscausinggrowingconcern,isthatcomputersmayviolatepeople'sprivacy.參考譯文：一個截然不同但卻越來越引起人們關(guān)注的問題是：計算機可能會侵犯人們的隱私。Dotheconstantlychangingfashionsofwomenhes,oneswdotiers,reflectbasiccharacteristicofinconstancyandinstability?參考譯文：我們不知道女性服裝不斷變化的時尚是否反映出不可靠和不穩(wěn)定的基本特點。三分隔結(jié)構(gòu)Weliveinatimewhen,morethaneverbeforeinhistory,peoplearemovingabout.參考譯文:我們生活在一個四處奔波甚至多丁歷史上任何時期的時代。WhileIwaswaitingtoenteruniversity,IsawadvertisedinalocalnewspaperateachingpostataschoolinasuburbofLondonabouttenmilesfromwhereIlivec#考譯文:在我等待進入大學(xué)期間，我在一份地方報紙上看到一則廣告，說是在離我住處大約10英里的倫敦某郊區(qū)有所學(xué)校要招聘一名教師。ThetourracesofFranceandItaly,heldeachyear,covermorethan2,000milefe考譯文:每年舉行的法國及意大利巡回賽其行程長達2,000多英里。4.IplantoseehersooninEngland,thoughnot,sheremindedme,againat10DowningStreet.參考譯文：我打算不久和她在英國見面，不過她提醒我地點不再是唐寧街十號四倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Onlywhentotalproductionexpandsfasterthantherateoflaborforcegrowthplustherateofproductivityincreaseandminustherateatwhichaverageannualhoursfalldoestheunemploymentratefall.參考譯文：只有當(dāng)總產(chǎn)量增長快丁勞工數(shù)量加產(chǎn)量的增長，并減去平均工作小時時，失業(yè)率才會下降。Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtintheformofinactiveeggs.參考譯文：此外，讓人難以置信的是，有一種生長在沙漠地區(qū)的水生動物在干旱時能以其非活性卵的形態(tài)存活多年。WorseperhapswastheideaofSaturdayafternooncricket;mostofmyfriendswouldbeenjoyingleisureatthattime.參考譯文：更糟糕的也許是星期六下午打板球的安排，因為這時候我的朋友大都會在悠閑地盡享其樂。Achartoragraphcanoftengiveusanideainaglancethatiscommunicatedverballyonlywithgreatdifficulty.參考譯文:看一'眼描繪的圖表或圖解常能使人對只用言'詞很難表達的東西獲得一目了然的效果。Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshouldhaveagovernmentwithoutnewspapersornewspaperswithoutgovernment，Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.參考譯文：倘若讓我決定，我們是應(yīng)該有一個政府而不要報紙呢還是應(yīng)該有報紙而不要政府,我會毫不猶豫地選擇后者。五分詞和從句Thecamera,loadedwithfilmandreadytouse,soldfor$25.參考譯文：已裝好膠卷，隨時可用的相機以25美金的價格出售。Ahomeownercangethurttryingtousethewrongkindofextinguisheronanelectricalfire.參考譯文:在電氣火災(zāi)中如果戶主試圖使用考（試大不適合的滅火器就可能受傷。3.Hesatinfrontofthem,dressedinaplain,ill-fittingsuit,nevermoving,hisdustyfacemaskinghisage.參考譯文：他坐在他們前面一動不動，穿這一套不合身的便服，風(fēng)塵滿面,讓人看不出他的年紀Hehadneverbeentoschooloruniversitybuthadstudiedprivatelyandbythetimehewastwentyhewasaskillfulchemistandexcellentlinguist,speakingSwedish,Russian,German,FranceandEnglish.參考譯文：他從未上過中學(xué)或大學(xué)，但自學(xué)成才。到20歲時，他已是一個熟練的化學(xué)家及優(yōu)秀的語言學(xué)家，能講瑞典語、俄語、德語、法語和英語。六IT作形式主語或形式賓語IntheUnitedStates,itisnotcustomarytotelephonesomeoneveryearlyinthemorning.參考譯文:在美國,人們不習(xí)慣在大活早打電話找人。Itisawonderthatatleastafewchildrensurvivetheirschoolingandemergeaspeoplewhocanthink,peoplewhoareopen-mindedandknowledgeable.參考譯文:堪稱奇跡的是，至少有少數(shù)兒童竟然沒有被這種學(xué)校教育所糟蹋，而是脫穎而出，成為善丁思考的、思路開闊和博學(xué)多聞的人。七否定句結(jié)構(gòu)英語的否定結(jié)構(gòu)，一般分為一般否定、特指否定、部分否定、全體否定和雙重否定等等。I.Hisfriendanddoctorsdidnotthinkhecoulddoit,ashehadlungcancer.參考譯文：由丁他患有肺癌，朋友和醫(yī)生們都認為他是不能這樣做的。2.Nountrainedpersonshouldtrytoputoutafirelargerthanoneinawastebasket.參考譯文：受過訓(xùn)練的人應(yīng)盡力撲滅比廢紙簍著火勢。TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.［參考譯文］美國的經(jīng)濟是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟中，消費者很大程度上通過在市場上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費來決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來。Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.［參考譯文］因此，在美國的經(jīng)濟體系中，個體消費者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤的欲望和個人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合，一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造，以及資源如何被用來制造它們。If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.［參考譯文］另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給，而這也就會反過來降低價格并允許更多的消費者購買產(chǎn)品。4.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipof