Chapter2Phonetics＆PhonologyChapter211.Inroduction(1)Phoneticsandphonologyareveryuseful.Withsomephoneticknowledgewecangiveamuchmoreprecisedescriptiontospeechsounds.Andwithsomephonologicalknowledgewecanbecomemoreawareofthefunctionsofsoundsindifferentlanguages.Moreimportantly,phoneticsandphonologyhavemadethegreatestcontributionto“teaching”machinesto“talk”.1.Inroduction(1)Phoneticsa2(2)Linguisticsisonlyinterestedinspeechsounds.Soundsmadebyahumanbeingbutnotusedinlanguagearenotconsideredasspeechsound,e.g.coughing,vomitting,snoring.(2)Linguisticsisonlyintere32.PhoneticsPhoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.Itstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,particularlythesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirtranscription,descriptionandclassification.2.PhoneticsPhoneticsisdefin4

Threebranchesofphonetics:(1)Articulatoryphonetics發(fā)音語音學(xué)isthestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced.(2)Auditoryphonetics聽覺語音學(xué)studieshowspeechsoundsareperceivedbythehearer.(3)Acousticphonetics聲學(xué)語音學(xué)studiesthetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Threebranchesofphonetics:5Ourprimaryinterestwillbeinarticulatoryphonetics.Ourprimaryinterestwillbei6Speechorgans/ArticulatorsThearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:Thepharyngealcavity咽腔—thethroat;Theoralcavity口腔—themouth.Thespeechorganslocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,thesoftpalate,thehardpalate,theteethridge,theteethandthelips;Thenasalcavity鼻腔—thenose.Speechorgans/ArticulatorsThe73.IPAandbroadvs.narrowtranscriptionTheinternationalphoneticalphabet﹙IPA﹚systemwasdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1988andhasundergoneanumberofrevisionsincethen.ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingoneletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagestorepresentonespeechsound.Theapplicationofthephoneticsymbolsisuniversaltoalllanguages.3.IPAandbroadvs.narrowtr8Broadtranscription寬式標(biāo)音:thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Narrowtranscription嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音:thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics變音符.Diacriticsareasetofsymbolsaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.Broadtranscription寬式標(biāo)音:the94.ClassificationsofEnglishspeechsoundsQuestion:Analyzetheimportantfeaturesofvowelsandconsonants.4.ClassificationsofEnglish10(1)ClassificationofconsonantsIntermsofmannerofarticulation,Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:(1)Classificationofconsonan11Stops/plosives塞音/破裂音Fricatives擦音Affricates塞擦音Liquids流音:[l]﹙lateral邊音﹚[r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚Nasals鼻音Glides/semi-vowels滑音/半元音Stops/plosives塞音/破裂音12Intermsofplaceofarticulation,Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Intermsofplaceofarticulat13

Bilabial雙唇音Labiodental唇齒音Dental齒音Alveolar齒齦音Palatal腭音Velar軟腭音Glottal喉音Bilabial雙唇音14(2)ClassificationofvowelsVowelscanbeclassifiedintomonophthongs單元音anddiphthongs雙元音.(2)Classificationofvowels15Monophthongscanbeclassifiedaccordingto:A.thepositionofthetongueinthemouth:frontvowelscentralvowelsbackvowelsMonophthongscanbeclassified16B.theopennessofthemouth:closevowelssemi-closevowelssemi-openvowelsopenvowelsB.theopennessofthemouth:17C.theshapeofthelips:unroundedvowelsroundedvowelsD.thelengthofthevowels:longvowels﹙tensevowel緊元音﹚shortvowels﹙laxvowels松元音﹚C.theshapeofthelips:185.PhonologyPhonologystudieshowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Question:Howdoesphonologydifferfromphonetics?5.PhonologyPhonologystudies19Phone音素,phoneme音位,andallophone音位變體Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Question:Canaphonedistinguishmeaning?Phone音素,phoneme音位,andalloph20and,at,add,lead,tell,tenHowmanyphonesarethereintheabovewords?Howmanyphonemes?

and,at,add,lead,tell,ten21Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Aphonemeisaphonologicalun22Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.E.g.,clear[l]anddark[l]areallophonesofthephoneme/l/inEnglish;aspirated[p]andunaspirated[p]areallophonesofthephoneme/p/inEnglish.Thedifferentphoneswhichcan23

Phonemiccontrast音位對(duì)立,complementarydistribution互補(bǔ)分布,andminimalpair最小對(duì)立體Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.Question:Do/f/and/v/formaphonemiccontrast?Howabout/f/and/k/?

Phonemiccontrast音位對(duì)立,comple24Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,theydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution.Iftheyareallophonesofthe25Aminimalpairisapairofwordswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Andthetwodifferentsoundsmustoccurinthesameposition.Aminimalpairisapairofwo26Questions:1.Doranandrangformaminimalpair?Howaboutleadandleave,whyandhigh,boughtandbut,peekandkeen,seedandsoup?Questions:272.Whatisaminimalset?Dorap,rack,ratch,ram,ran,andrazzformaminimalset?Howaboutheed,hid,head,hard,hoard,heard,hood,andhide?2.Whatisaminimalset?286.Somerulesinphonology(1)Sequentialrules序列規(guī)則Sequentialrulesarerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.WhatisnotpermissibleinEnglishmightbepermissibleinanotherlanguage.6.Somerulesinphonology(1)29(2)Assimilationrule同化規(guī)則Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“coping”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.(2)Assimilationrule同化規(guī)則30indiscreetTheconsonantfollowing[n]isanalveolarstop.inconceivableTheconsonantfollowing[n]isavelarstop.inputTheconsonantfollowing[n]isabilabialstop.Anotherexampleisthevariousformsofthenegativeprefixin-indifferentwords.indiscreetTheconsonantfo31(3)Deletionrule省略規(guī)則Thedeletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.(3)Deletionrule省略規(guī)則327.Suprasegmentalfeatures

超切分特征Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.(1)

Stress

ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.7.Suprasegmentalfeatures

超切分33(2)ToneThemeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinwhatwecalltonelanguages.(3)

Intonation

(2)Tone34Readthefollowingtongue-twistersorditties.ShewasathistlesifterandsiftedthistlesthroughathistlesieveThesixthsheikh’ssixthsheep’ssickIcanthinkofsixthinthingsandofsixthickthingstooAroundtheruggedrockstheraggedrascalranReadthefollowingtongue-twis35DidyoueeverivereverinyourleaflifeloafSeethedeevildivildevilkisshisweefwifewoaf?No,IneeverniverneverinmyleaflifeloafSawthedeevildivildevilkisshisweefwifewoaf.Didyoueeverivereverinyou36Shesellssea-shellsonthesea-shore.Theshellsshesellsaresea-shellsIamsure,Forifshesellssea-shellsonthesea-shoreThenIamsureshesellssea-shoreshells.Shesellssea-shellsonthese37AfleaandaflyinaflueWereimprisoned,sowhatcouldtheydo?Saidtheflea,“l(fā)etusfly”Saidthefly,“l(fā)etusflee”So,theyflewthroughaflawintheflue.Afleaandaflyinaflue38Chapter2Phonetics＆PhonologyChapter2391.Inroduction(1)Phoneticsandphonologyareveryuseful.Withsomephoneticknowledgewecangiveamuchmoreprecisedescriptiontospeechsounds.Andwithsomephonologicalknowledgewecanbecomemoreawareofthefunctionsofsoundsindifferentlanguages.Moreimportantly,phoneticsandphonologyhavemadethegreatestcontributionto“teaching”machinesto“talk”.1.Inroduction(1)Phoneticsa40(2)Linguisticsisonlyinterestedinspeechsounds.Soundsmadebyahumanbeingbutnotusedinlanguagearenotconsideredasspeechsound,e.g.coughing,vomitting,snoring.(2)Linguisticsisonlyintere412.PhoneticsPhoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.Itstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,particularlythesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirtranscription,descriptionandclassification.2.PhoneticsPhoneticsisdefin42

Threebranchesofphonetics:(1)Articulatoryphonetics發(fā)音語音學(xué)isthestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced.(2)Auditoryphonetics聽覺語音學(xué)studieshowspeechsoundsareperceivedbythehearer.(3)Acousticphonetics聲學(xué)語音學(xué)studiesthetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Threebranchesofphonetics:43Ourprimaryinterestwillbeinarticulatoryphonetics.Ourprimaryinterestwillbei44Speechorgans/ArticulatorsThearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:Thepharyngealcavity咽腔—thethroat;Theoralcavity口腔—themouth.Thespeechorganslocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,thesoftpalate,thehardpalate,theteethridge,theteethandthelips;Thenasalcavity鼻腔—thenose.Speechorgans/ArticulatorsThe453.IPAandbroadvs.narrowtranscriptionTheinternationalphoneticalphabet﹙IPA﹚systemwasdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1988andhasundergoneanumberofrevisionsincethen.ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingoneletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagestorepresentonespeechsound.Theapplicationofthephoneticsymbolsisuniversaltoalllanguages.3.IPAandbroadvs.narrowtr46Broadtranscription寬式標(biāo)音:thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Narrowtranscription嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音:thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics變音符.Diacriticsareasetofsymbolsaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.Broadtranscription寬式標(biāo)音:the474.ClassificationsofEnglishspeechsoundsQuestion:Analyzetheimportantfeaturesofvowelsandconsonants.4.ClassificationsofEnglish48(1)ClassificationofconsonantsIntermsofmannerofarticulation,Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:(1)Classificationofconsonan49Stops/plosives塞音/破裂音Fricatives擦音Affricates塞擦音Liquids流音:[l]﹙lateral邊音﹚[r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚Nasals鼻音Glides/semi-vowels滑音/半元音Stops/plosives塞音/破裂音50Intermsofplaceofarticulation,Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Intermsofplaceofarticulat51

Bilabial雙唇音Labiodental唇齒音Dental齒音Alveolar齒齦音Palatal腭音Velar軟腭音Glottal喉音Bilabial雙唇音52(2)ClassificationofvowelsVowelscanbeclassifiedintomonophthongs單元音anddiphthongs雙元音.(2)Classificationofvowels53Monophthongscanbeclassifiedaccordingto:A.thepositionofthetongueinthemouth:frontvowelscentralvowelsbackvowelsMonophthongscanbeclassified54B.theopennessofthemouth:closevowelssemi-closevowelssemi-openvowelsopenvowelsB.theopennessofthemouth:55C.theshapeofthelips:unroundedvowelsroundedvowelsD.thelengthofthevowels:longvowels﹙tensevowel緊元音﹚shortvowels﹙laxvowels松元音﹚C.theshapeofthelips:565.PhonologyPhonologystudieshowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Question:Howdoesphonologydifferfromphonetics?5.PhonologyPhonologystudies57Phone音素,phoneme音位,andallophone音位變體Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Question:Canaphonedistinguishmeaning?Phone音素,phoneme音位,andalloph58and,at,add,lead,tell,tenHowmanyphonesarethereintheabovewords?Howmanyphonemes?

and,at,add,lead,tell,ten59Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Aphonemeisaphonologicalun60Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.E.g.,clear[l]anddark[l]areallophonesofthephoneme/l/inEnglish;aspirated[p]andunaspirated[p]areallophonesofthephoneme/p/inEnglish.Thedifferentphoneswhichcan61

Phonemiccontrast音位對(duì)立,complementarydistribution互補(bǔ)分布,andminimalpair最小對(duì)立體Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.Question:Do/f/and/v/formaphonemiccontrast?Howabout/f/and/k/?

Phonemiccontrast音位對(duì)立,comple62Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,theydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution.Iftheyareallophonesofthe63Aminimalpairisapairofwordswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Andthetwodifferentsoundsmustoccurinthesameposition.Aminimalpairisapairofwo64Questions:1.Doranandrangformaminimalpair?Howaboutleadandleave,whyandhigh,boughtandbut,peekandkeen,seedandsoup?Questions:652.Whatisaminimalset?Dorap,rack,ratch,ram,ran,andrazzformaminimalset?Howaboutheed,hid,head,hard,hoard,heard,hood,andhide?2.Whatisaminimalset?666.Somerulesinphonology(1)Sequentialrules序列規(guī)則Sequentialrulesarerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.WhatisnotpermissibleinEnglishmightbepermissibleinanotherlanguage.6.Somerulesinphonology(1)67(2)Assimilationrule同化規(guī)則Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“coping”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.(2)Assimilationrule同化規(guī)則68indiscreetTheconsonantfollowing[n]isanalveolarstop.inconceivableTheconsonantfollowing[n]isavelarstop.input