一、國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目上，承包商與業(yè)主相互間的責(zé)權(quán)利靠什么維系及制約？所有談判達(dá)成一致的東西最終都會(huì)歸結(jié)到法律層面上，也就是要簽訂合同（putitBlackandWhite）。合同靠什么支撐？法律基礎(chǔ)的重要性——

商業(yè)是建立在兩條鐵軌上向前跑之說(shuō)。簽個(gè)MOU對(duì)雙方有法律制約力嗎？律師的問題及建議：你想讓它成了以后不能改變，還是想著簽約后仍有跑掉的機(jī)會(huì)？當(dāng)然，這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)雙方均等！商業(yè)決策，法律保障。一、國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目上，承包商與業(yè)主相互間的責(zé)權(quán)利靠什么維系及制1二、合同的法律基礎(chǔ)普通法CommonLawvsLawofEnglandandWales崇尚合同的自由約定原則（IwilldoXifyouwilldoY），通常不會(huì)為保障公平或已簽合約中不利一方的利益而干預(yù)合同，因此很難以顯失公允為理由去修改或刪除已經(jīng)簽訂的文字約定，因?yàn)橛?guó)法律不保護(hù)不公平交易下的合同不利一方。其商法極為發(fā)達(dá)。衡平法則（RulesofEquity）典型案例Mortgage抵押貸款（借60→

抵押100房產(chǎn)→罰息按6%x2年=12%→

最終退還100–60–60x12%=32.8）大陸法ContinentalLawvsNapoleonicCode法典傾向于干涉不公平合同，并會(huì)為保護(hù)不公平合約中欠獲公允對(duì)待一方的利益而對(duì)原合同進(jìn)行修改，甚至認(rèn)定所簽訂的不公平合同為無(wú)效合同（可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)SurpriseAward）。二、合同的法律基礎(chǔ)普通法CommonLawvsLaw2三、國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目管理的原則“承包商工作/干活/履約得到支付，業(yè)主付款獲得工程”。99版FIDIC第14款/77版和87版第60款的重要性（within的含義），見下頁(yè)分析。案例（30%當(dāng)?shù)貛沤?jīng)常拖延，怎么辦？）TheContractorgetspaidfortheworkheperformsandtheEmployergetstheworkheispayingfor.——價(jià)責(zé)對(duì)籌三、國(guó)際工程項(xiàng)目管理的原則“承包商工作/干活/履約得到支付3Clause14（ContractPriceandPayment）

99版FIDIC為例14.3TheContractorshallsubmitaStatementinsixcopiestotheEngineeraftertheendofeachmonth……（也有規(guī)定最小驗(yàn)工計(jì)價(jià)金額的情形）14.6NoamountwillbecertifiedorpaiduntiltheEmployerhasreceivedandapprovedthePerformanceSecurity.Thereafter,theEngineershallwithin28daysafterreceivingaStatementandsupportingdocuments,issuetotheEmployeranInterimPaymentCertificatewhichshallstatetheamountwhichtheEngineerfairlydeterminestobedue,withsupportingparticulars.14.7TheEmployershallpaytotheContractor…(b)TheamountcertifiedineachInterimPaymentCertificatewithin56daysaftertheEmployerreceivesthisPaymentCertificate.

分析：HK45daysvs87版也是56天vs77版30+30天;如果SCC改成withinareasonabletime？哪個(gè)好？Clause14（ContractPriceand4四、咨詢工程師在合同中是何法律

地位？承包商與咨詢工程師并無(wú)直接的合同關(guān)系，但普通法認(rèn)定雙方存在著一種“特殊關(guān)系”，因?yàn)槌邪搪募s的前提是必須相信咨詢工程師所提供的信息并按其指令行事，所以得到了侵權(quán)行為法（TheLawofTort）的保護(hù)。咨詢工程師簽認(rèn)的驗(yàn)工計(jì)價(jià)單在法律上有效否？案例。四、咨詢工程師在合同中是何法律

地位？承包5五、波紋理論（TheRippleTheory）

及其適用性

99版FIDIC第19款里正式使用了ForceMajeure的說(shuō)法。在77/87版中，當(dāng)發(fā)生ForceMajeure（但條款里的表述用詞是forceofnature,Clause20.4,anyoperationoftheforcesofnatureagainstwhichanexperiencedcontractorcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenexpectedtotakeprecautions）后，與一般的貿(mào)易合同處理原則不同，不是各自分擔(dān)，而是劃到了業(yè)主違約的范疇里面（Clause20,Clause65,Clause69）。五、波紋理論（TheRippleTheory）

6六、怎么看“低價(jià)拿標(biāo)，靠索賠賺錢”的說(shuō)法

1）從理論上分析（數(shù)學(xué)推算）：（10DaysMBA）

“低價(jià)”的本質(zhì)就是削減利潤(rùn)，那么原來(lái)是25%的毛利，假設(shè)現(xiàn)在降到了15%，則要多做多少才能持平原來(lái)的25%？（25%-15%）/15%=10%/15%=0.667

如果降到12.5%，則要多做多少才能持平原來(lái)的25%？（25%-12.5%）/12.5%=12.5%/12.5%=1，即再多做一個(gè)如果降到5%，則要多做多少才能持平原來(lái)的25%？（25%-5%）/5=20%/5%=4

如果降到1%，則要多做多少才能持平原來(lái)的25%？（25%-1%）/1%=24%/1%=24!!!???

第一個(gè)問題：值嗎？無(wú)法消滅對(duì)手的有生力量vs自殘（傾向）第二個(gè)問題：深層次上，對(duì)于多做的0.667、1、4、24個(gè)，如何看待時(shí)間跨度的延長(zhǎng)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)出現(xiàn)的或然率等多因素影響（vsSloganManagement）？

結(jié)論：價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是下下策，只能是最后的選擇！價(jià)格戰(zhàn)多數(shù)沒好結(jié)果。

2）從實(shí)踐上探討：后面將分析兩個(gè)案例

六、怎么看“低價(jià)拿標(biāo)，靠索賠賺錢”的說(shuō)法1）從理論上分7七、承包商創(chuàng)收的三大支柱要特別注意可操作性。1)變更令（V.O）（第51款和第52款/99版第13款）;2)調(diào)價(jià)公式（第70款/99版第13.8款；銀皮書第13.8款，但EPC項(xiàng)目業(yè)主通常以是總價(jià)合同為理由而刪掉）；3)索賠（77版第52.5款/87版第53款/99版第20.1款；銀皮書第20.1款，但比紅皮書來(lái)得難很多）vs反索賠。

MajorClaim＞

10%～20%（分水嶺），案例（煤礦透水），您自己怎么決策？七、承包商創(chuàng)收的三大支柱要特別注意可操作性。8八、變更令（V.O.）Clause52（Variations）

TheEngineershallmakeanyvariationoftheform,qualityorquantityoftheWorksoranypartthereofthatmay,inhisopinion,benecessaryandforthatpurpose,orifforanyotherreasonitshall,inhisopinion（vsattheEngineer’sDiscretion）,beappropriate,heshallhavetheauthoritytoinstructtheContractortodoand…TheContractorshallnotmakeanysuchvariationwithoutaninstructionoftheEngineer.

變更令工作量增減＞±10%vs±15%，對(duì)合同有效金額而言（扣除PS項(xiàng)及點(diǎn)工），調(diào)整單價(jià)；索賠在77版FIDIC中是作為V.O.的子項(xiàng)在描述。案例，SNV修小橋八、變更令（V.O.）Clause52（Variation9九、調(diào)價(jià)公式（兩大戲劇性變化因素之一）

調(diào)價(jià)公式的通式：其中X=0.15左右（世界銀行的項(xiàng)目取此值），該值通常與預(yù)付款的比例相等，現(xiàn)實(shí)含義就是業(yè)主已給出的預(yù)付款部分不適用調(diào)價(jià)公式，i.e.若預(yù)付款是15%，則只有85%可以進(jìn)行調(diào)價(jià)。對(duì)于承包商：X越小越好（參與調(diào)價(jià)的百分比越大）a,b,c,……n為加權(quán)系數(shù)，即各項(xiàng)調(diào)價(jià)的成本因子（比重），常數(shù)約束條件為X+a+b+c+……+n=1公式中的價(jià)格調(diào)整因子，L,E,M,……W，變量vs初始值在驗(yàn)工計(jì)價(jià)單中，預(yù)付款是先扣除后再進(jìn)行調(diào)價(jià)，還是先調(diào)價(jià)后再扣除？（涉及到調(diào)價(jià)金額的30%左右）案例（第60.1款規(guī)定優(yōu)先次序：H核算調(diào)價(jià)，J扣除保留金，K扣還預(yù)付款計(jì)25%；第60.11款預(yù)付款扣還比例為每次驗(yàn)工計(jì)價(jià)總款之25%......）參見《FIDIC合同條件應(yīng)用實(shí)務(wù)（第二版）》pp.134～143（價(jià)格調(diào)整）九、調(diào)價(jià)公式（兩大戲劇性變化因素之一）調(diào)價(jià)公式的通式：10十、分析一個(gè)索賠成功案例Naubise-MalekuHighwayReconstructionProject項(xiàng)目背景世界銀行貸款項(xiàng)目，981萬(wàn)美元，強(qiáng)制使用國(guó)際通用的FIDIC合同Quiz（成本、工期、索賠）結(jié)局咨詢工程師準(zhǔn)仲裁——

國(guó)際仲裁——

友好

解決

索賠清單（TermsofReference/ListofReference）補(bǔ)償金額：443萬(wàn)美元（構(gòu)成：173萬(wàn)美元+2,100萬(wàn)人民幣+11萬(wàn)美元/尼盧比）占到合同額981萬(wàn)的45.16%十、分析一個(gè)索賠成功案例Naubise-MalekuHig11十一、涉及到的主要條款

Clause12（AdversePhysical

ObstructionsorConditions）

If,however,duringtheexecutionoftheWorkstheContractorencountersphysicalobstructionsorphysicalconditions,otherthanclimaticconditionsontheSite,whichobstructionsorconditionswere,inhisopinion,notforeseeablebyanexperiencedcontractor,theContractorshallforthwithgivenoticethereoftotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer.…Con’d十一、涉及到的主要條款

Clause12（Adverse12（續(xù)）Onreceiptofsuchnotice,theEngineershall,ifinhisopinionsuchobstructionsorconditionscouldnothavebeenreasonablyforeseenbyanexperiencedcontractor,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,determine:anyextensionoftime…underClause44,andtheamountofanycostwhichmayhavebeenincurredbytheContractor…,whichshallbeaddedtotheContractPrice.（這句話導(dǎo)致投標(biāo)時(shí)的一次性降價(jià)對(duì)承包商永遠(yuǎn)適用；問題：包括索賠金額嗎？案例，443萬(wàn)←

544萬(wàn)x（1-18.5%））andshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.（續(xù)）Onreceiptofsuchnotice,13Clause13（Worktobein

AccordancewithContract）Unless（77版表述為Insofaras）itislegallyorphysicallyimpossible,theContractorshallexecuteandcompletetheWorksandremedyanydefectsthereininstrictaccordancewiththeContract,tothesatisfactionoftheEngineer.……（略）

要反回來(lái)理解該條款的兩大前置限定（ConditionsPrecedent）：（1）Legalimpossibility

（2）Physicalimpossibility

然后，才能去談承包商按照合同履約。Clause13（Worktobein

14Clause20（CareofWorks）20.3 (LossorDamageDuetoEmployer’sRisks) IntheeventofanysuchlossordamagehappeningfromanyoftherisksdefinedinSub-Clause20.4,orincombinationwithotherrisks,theContractorshall,ifandtotheextentrequirebytheEngineer,rectifythelossordamageandtheEngineershalldetermineanadditiontotheContractpriceinaccordancewithClause52andshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.……（略）20.4(Employer’sRisks) TheEmployer’srisksare: ……war,hostilities(whetherwardeclaredornot)…commotionor

disorder,unlesssolelyrestrictedtoemployeesoftheContractororofhisSubcontractors……anyoperationoftheforcesofnatureagainstwhichanexperiencedcontractorcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenexpectedtotakeprecautions（77版表述為foreseen）.Clause20（CareofWorks）20.3 (15Clause40.3（Suspensionlasting

morethan84Days）IftheprogressoftheworksoranypartthereofissuspendedonthewritteninstructionsoftheEngineerandifpermissiontoresumeworkisnotgivenbytheEngineerwithina84daysfromthedateofsuspensionthen,...theContractormaygivenoticetotheEngineerrequiringpermission,within28days…toproceedwiththeWorksorthatpartthereofinregardtowhichprogressissuspended.…Con’d

注：77版FIDIC為90+28天Clause40.3（Suspensionlasting16（續(xù)）Ifwithinthesaidtime,suchpermissionisnotgranted,theContractormay,butisnotboundto,electtotreatthesuspension,whereitaffectspartonlyoftheWorks,asanomission

ofsuchpartunderClause51(Alternations,AdditionsandOmissions)bygivingafurthernoticetotheEngineertothateffect,orwhereitaffectsthewholeoftheWorks,treatthesuspensionasaneventofdefault（77版表述為abandonmentoftheContract）bytheEmployerandterminatehisemploymentundertheContractinaccordancewithClause69(DefaultofEmployer)……（續(xù)）Ifwithinthesaidtime17十二、Omissions屬于Clause51(Alternations,

AdditionsandOmissions)的范疇，余下

的工作量都是V.O.（道路維修）

Omissions后余下的工作量都用英國(guó)點(diǎn)工計(jì)價(jià)。有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的承包商項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理高頻率使用的重要文件（之一）vs英國(guó)咨詢工程師的思維方式。應(yīng)用到VO中的技巧，案例。99版第13.5款（PS，備用金）和第13.6款（Daywork）/77版和87版第52.4款（Daywork）和第58款（PS）的實(shí)用性。EOTvsoverheadcompensation用于報(bào)價(jià)分析，作為參考數(shù)據(jù)之一。十二、Omissions屬于Clause51(Alter18Clause52.5，77版FIDIC87版FIDIC為第53款（ProcedureforClaims）99版FIDIC為20款（Claim，DisputesandArbitration）直接費(fèi)（工費(fèi)、料費(fèi)、機(jī)械折舊或機(jī)械閑置費(fèi)）間接費(fèi)趕工費(fèi)延期管理費(fèi)（參考《英國(guó)點(diǎn)工計(jì)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》）資金回收（Recapitalization）利息整理索賠而發(fā)生的費(fèi)用（ShangWan拿回了）Clause52.5，77版FIDIC87版FIDIC為第19Clause65（SpecialRisks）TheContractorshallbeundernoliabilitywhatsoeverinconsequenceofanyofthespecialrisksreferredtoinSub-Clause65.2,whetherbywayofindemnityorotherwise……65.2SpecialRisksare(a)therisksdefinedunderparagraphs(a),(c),(d)and(e)ofSub-Clause20.4and(b)therisksdefinedunderparagraph(b)ofSub-Clause20.4insofarastheserelatetothecountryinwhichtheWorksaretobeexecuted.結(jié)論：特殊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（第20款）∈業(yè)主風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（第65款）Clause65（SpecialRisks）TheCo20Clause65.5（IncreasedCostsarisingfromSpecialRisks）SavetotheextentthattheContractorisentitledtopaymentunderanyotherprovisionoftheContract,theEmployershallrepaytotheContractoranycostsoftheexecutionoftheWorks(otherthansuchasmaybeattributabletothecostofreconstructingworkcondemnedundertheprovisionofClause39(DefaultofContractorinCompliance)priortotheoccurrenceofanyspecialrisks)whicharehowsoeverattributabletoorinconsequentonortheresultoforinanywaywhatsoeverconnectedwiththespecialrisks,….……Con’d

Clause65.5（IncreasedCostsar21（續(xù)）……theContractorshall,assoonasanysuchcostcomestohisknowledge,forthwithnotifytheEngineerthereof.TheEngineershall,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,determinetheamountoftheContractor’scostsinrespectthereofwhichshallbeaddedtotheContractPriceandshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.（續(xù)）……theContractorshall,22Clause66（ReleasefromPerformance）

77版FIDIC小標(biāo)題為FrustrationIfanycircumstanceoutsidethecontrolofbothpartiesarisesaftertheissueoftheLetterofAcceptancewhichrendersitimpossible（指physical）

orunlawful（指legal）

foreitherpartytofulfillhiscontractualobligations,orunderthelawgoverningtheContractthepartiesarereleased（frustrated，77版FIDIC）fromfurtherperformance,thenthesumpayablebytheEmployertotheContractorinrespectoftheworkexecutedshallbethesameasthatwhichwouldhavebeenpayableunderClause65(andClause69，77版FIDIC)iftheContracthadbeenterminatedundertheprovisionsofClause65.Clause66（ReleasefromPerfor23Clause67（SettlementofDisputes）90+28天內(nèi)（within）→仲裁（77版）84+56天當(dāng)天或之后（onorafter）（友好解決）→仲裁（87版）DRB（92版）vsDAB（99版）；

Mediation/Reconciliation（ADR）；Abrahamson信的主要內(nèi)容：雙方都蒙受損失，出面協(xié)調(diào)，互為妥協(xié)，愿當(dāng)律師！和解問題：友好解決爭(zhēng)端與仲裁的前后置？案例（Pakistan供貨商與分包商的爭(zhēng)端解決）Clause67（SettlementofDispu24十三、國(guó)際仲裁

逆編者釋義原則（ContraProferentumRule）。99版第20款/77版和87版第67款（仲裁與重大索賠的關(guān)系），銀皮書第20款（“索賠、爭(zhēng)端和仲裁”，與99版紅皮書思路相同）。仲裁規(guī)則，ICC、UNCITRAL和AAA、CIETAC等。仲裁地點(diǎn)vsApplicableLaw仲裁員vs律師。律師的收費(fèi)與你的選擇（轉(zhuǎn)變觀念！價(jià)格與價(jià)值）小時(shí)收費(fèi)+SuccessFee+RetainerScheme。仲裁可能出現(xiàn)的多種結(jié)局。案例(AustinRoad,1億vs9,500萬(wàn)vs80萬(wàn)，JV股份50%:50%的問題）。不得再訴訟的仲裁條款（附后供參考，案例）。十三、國(guó)際仲裁逆編者釋義原則（ContraProfere25

Clause20（Claims,DisputesandArbitration）（基于國(guó)際通用的FIDIC合同）20.6(d)ArbitrationAlldisputesarisingoutoforinconnectionwiththeContractandit’sattachmentsasdefinedintheClause2oftheSpecialConditionsofContractshallbefinallysettledundertherulesofarbitrationofInternationalChamberofCommercebythreearbitratorsappointedinaccordancewiththesaidrules.ThelocationofarbitrationshallbeinBern,Switzerland.FortheavoidanceofdoubtitisconfirmedthatthedecisionofthearbitratorsshallbefinalandbindingandneitherPartyshallhaveanyrighttoappealfromanydecisionofthearbitratorstoanyCourtinordertoreviewanydecisionofthearbitrators.

Clause20（Claims,Dispu26鑒于仲裁耗時(shí)較長(zhǎng)（統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示平均一年半），有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的承包商通常加入如下補(bǔ)充：

(e)FastTrackArbitrationThePartiesagreetocooperatetoprocureaspeedyconclusionoftheArbitrationadopting“FastTrack”principlesandagreethattheSix(6)

monthdeadlineinArticle24(1)fortheissuancebytheTribunalofitsAward（完成全部舉證并獲簽認(rèn)后）shallbereducedtoFour(4)monthsandtheywishthatitshouldonlybeextendedinexceptionalcircumstances.TothisendthePartiesagreethattheperiodinArticle5(1)（AnswertotheRequest/Counterclaims,原文為30天內(nèi)）oftheICCRulesshallbereducedtowithinFifteen(15)days,thattheperiodinArticle18(2)（TermofReference/ProceduralTimetable,原文為兩個(gè)月內(nèi)）forestablishingtermsofreferenceshallbereducedtowithinOne(1)month.鑒于仲裁耗時(shí)較長(zhǎng)（統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示平均一年半），有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的承包商通常加27Clause69（DefaultofEmployer）IntheeventoftheEmployer:(a)failingtopaytheContractortheamountdueunderanycertificateoftheEngineeraftertheexpiringofthetimestatedinSub-Clause60.10withinwhichpaymentistobemade…(b)interferingorobstructingor…(c)becomebankrupt…(d)givingnoticetotheContractor…itisimpossibleforhimtomeethiscontractualobligations.TheContractorshallbeentitledtoterminatehisemploymentundertheContract…theEmployershallbeunderthesameobligationstotheContractorinregardtopaymentasiftheContracthadbeenterminatedundertheprovisionsofClause65…theEmployershallpaytotheContractortheamountofanylossordamagetotheContractorarisingoutoforinconnectionwithorbyconsequenceofsuchtermination.Clause69（DefaultofEmployer）28十四、記錄索賠的時(shí)限典型條款

Clause53(ProcedureforClaims)，87版FIDIC為例

53.1NotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoftheContract,iftheContractorintendstoclaimanyadditionalpaymentpursuanttoanyClauseoftheseConditionsorotherwise,heshallgivenoticeofhisintentiontotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer,within28daysaftertheeventgivingrisetotheclaimhasfirstarisen.索賠很重要??！如何書面記錄索賠，又不激怒對(duì)方？Claim—demandone’sdueBaggageClaim——LuggageReclaimwording—havesufferedloss,financialcompensationExGratiaPayment十四、記錄索賠的時(shí)限典型條款29十五、索賠與反索賠——索賠時(shí)證據(jù)的嚴(yán)肅性索賠過(guò)程十分注重evidence,substantiation,verification。因此，alotofpaperwork。Clause53.3（SubstantiationofClaims）

Within28days,orsuchotherreasonabletimeasmaybeagreedbytheEngineer,…theContractorshallsendtotheEngineeranaccountgivingdetailedparticularsoftheamountclaimedandthegroundsuponwhichtheclaimisbased…TheContractorshall,ifrequiredbytheEngineersotodo,copytotheEmployerallaccountssenttotheEngineerpursuanttothisSub-Clause.IBARulesontheTakingofEvidenceinInternationalArbitration(29May2010)十五、索賠與反索賠——索賠時(shí)證據(jù)的嚴(yán)肅性索賠過(guò)程十分注重30索賠（仲裁）涉及到兩大問題法律問題（IssueofLaw）——靠律師事實(shí)問題（IssueofFact）——靠自己證據(jù)（Evidence）可找出事實(shí)（Fact），但證據(jù)和事實(shí)與真相（Truth）沒有關(guān)系。在提供不了任何證據(jù)的情況下，有責(zé)任舉證的一方會(huì)敗訴。一種現(xiàn)象：仲裁庭總是相信證據(jù)文件多的一方——

留好證據(jù)文件是最基礎(chǔ)的索賠管理。證據(jù)的提供在國(guó)際仲裁中十分重要，務(wù)求要比對(duì)手握有更多或稍多的有力證據(jù)，如果做不到，就必須抓住一縱即逝的和解機(jī)會(huì)。形成、保留與搜集證據(jù)可能是一個(gè)耗時(shí)及昂貴的過(guò)程（例如聘用翻譯vs有雙語(yǔ)工作能力的專業(yè)人員），因?yàn)榕禄ㄥX或費(fèi)事而忽略證據(jù)工作，最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致仲裁（索賠）的失敗。索賠（仲裁）涉及到兩大問題法律問題（IssueofLaw31案例——11萬(wàn)美元/尼盧比的

repatriationfeesvsevidence要證明事實(shí)與條款相符（FaitAccompli），螺絲~螺母咬合原則。奧地利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家FriedrichA.vonHayek（諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主）說(shuō)：“從好人假設(shè)出發(fā)，只會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)出壞制度；從壞人假設(shè)出發(fā)，才會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)出好制度”。因此，需要假設(shè)人人都?jí)牡暮弥贫?。英?guó)人也有類似的說(shuō)法。成敗源于細(xì)節(jié)vswaxseal，案例，HansRijiniveld。勿以惡小而為之，勿以善小而不為。案例——11萬(wàn)美元/尼盧比的

32十六、文字交往為準(zhǔn)

石油大亨DavidRockfeller的故事（借款US$500無(wú)收據(jù)vsUS$1,000vs一個(gè)月(你期望對(duì)方的還款時(shí)間)vs更正反駁）口頭指令轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闀嬷噶?，F(xiàn)IDIC合同77版和87版最長(zhǎng)都是7天+7天=14天（最短？天），對(duì)承包商自我保護(hù)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

99年版第3.3款用instruction：更縮短為2天+2天=4天（最短？天）。銀皮書第1.3款和第3.4款，但取消了定量規(guī)定，對(duì)承包商欠公平！法律上對(duì)一天的定義。拒絕簽收vs證據(jù)獲取vs條款保障。十六、文字交往為準(zhǔn)石油大亨DavidRockfeller33十七、再分析一個(gè)索賠成功案例項(xiàng)目背景私人項(xiàng)目ShangWan，合同額

6,200萬(wàn)港幣，ICE合同的香港版（pro-Employer）房地產(chǎn)調(diào)控“800套政策”+亞洲金融危機(jī)2,256萬(wàn)港幣索賠（36.4%）+(382萬(wàn)港幣律師+91萬(wàn)仲裁庭）法律費(fèi)用（7.6%）plus1,561萬(wàn)應(yīng)付驗(yàn)工計(jì)價(jià)款（25%，本該得的）/采取財(cái)產(chǎn)保全措施。我寫過(guò)一封信，希望1,600萬(wàn)港幣（其中1,561萬(wàn)為應(yīng)付驗(yàn)工計(jì)價(jià)款）友好解決，只比合同總價(jià)多了0.6%。對(duì)沖前的數(shù)，結(jié)果是（-784+3,040）→∑2,256+1,561+382+91

共實(shí)際拿回4,290萬(wàn)港幣（69%）仲裁裁決：

ThetimeforcompletionoftheWorkswassetatlarge.仲裁結(jié)果出來(lái)后再起事端：訴訟——公關(guān)十七、再分析一個(gè)索賠成功案例項(xiàng)目背景34FinalAwardofArbitration（Excerpt）TIMEATLARGEvsThefugitiveisatlarge逍遙法外IFINDasaFACTthatareasonabletimeforcompletionoftheWorksis24thJune1998（原合同工期：1996年5月23日～1997年5月22日,順延了13個(gè)月）…theContractorisentitledtorelyontheeffectsofnon-paymentandlatepaymentofInterimPayment.Asnotedabove,theevidenceofPeterYaudemonstratethatthefinishingtradeswereaffectedbythecashflowproblemsandinparticulartherewasaconsiderableslowdowninprogressofwork……IHOLDasamatterofLAWthatonaproperconstructionoftheContract,Clause24.2（LossandExpensesCausedbyDisturbanceofRegularProgressoftheWorks）enablestheClaimanttomakeaclaimfordamagesorforabreachofContract.FinalAwardofArbitration（Ex35CONTRACTUALMATTERSTheClaimantcontendsthattheextensionoftimeclauseshouldbeconstruedstrictlycontraproferentumagainsttheRespondent.IHOLDasamatterofLAWthattheArchitectisunderanobligationtograntanextensionoftimetotheClaimantifitknowsofdelayingevents,notwithstandingtheClaimant’sfailuretogiveanoticeforthwithasrequiredbyClause23（ExtensionofTime）ofStandardFormofBuildingContract.IFINDasaFACTthattheArchitectwasorshouldhavebeenawareofthedelayingeffectsontheelevenmattersidentifiedbytheClaimantabove.IalsoFINDasaFACTthattheRespondentdelayedtheClaimantinitscompletionoftheWorksduetothenon-paymentandthelatepaymentofInterimPayment.ThereasonforthisfindingisdealtwithinmoredetailSectionintheconsiderationofthetimeatlargeissue.CONTRACTUALMATTERSTheClaiman36THECLAIMANTISALSOENTITLEDTOINTERESTTheRespondenthasurgedmetoconsiderwhatinformationwasavailabletotheArchitectinexercisingmydiscretioninrelationtotheawardingofinterest.Ineedtoconsidertheperiodforwhichinterestshouldbepayable.Theclaimanthasincurredcoststhroughouttheprolongedperiod（注意比較與delay的說(shuō)法不同）onsitebutonlyfairlyrecentlythatsufficientinformationhasbeenmadeavailableforthosecoststobeascertained.TakingallthesemattersintoconsiderationIbelievethatitwouldbereasonabletoawardinterestfromthedateofPracticalCompletionuptothedateofpublicationofthisaward.Thisisaperiodof610days.THECLAIMANTISALSOENTITLED37HEADOFFICEOVERHEADSTheRespondenthassaidthattheClaimanthasfailedtodischargeitsburdenofproofinrespectofthisheadofclaim.TheRespondenthasalsosaidthatitisnecessarytheClaimanttodemonstratethattherewereotherworksavailableanditwaspreventedfromTenderingandobtainingthisworkduetoprolongationinrespectofthesework.Mr.FrankiLuigaveevidencethatHeadOfficeOverheadswereincurredduringtheprolongationperiodthattheClaimantwasonsite.Howevertheevidenceoftheannualturnoverdidnotarisefromaproperindependentaudit.IFINDasaFACTthatthereisnoreliableevidencetosupporttheClaimant’scontentionthatithasincurredHeadOfficeOverheadsduringthisperiodofprolongationonsitealthoughasamatterofcommonsense,itmusthaveincurredsomelosses.Itisnotformetospeculatewhatthoselossesmightbe.HEADOFFICEOVERHEADSTheRespo38附BuildingContract

foruseintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion

23ExtensionofTimeUponitbecomingreasonablyapparentthattheprogressoftheWorksisdelayed,theMainContractorshallforthwithgivewrittennoticeofthecauseofthedelaytotheArchitect,andifintheopinionoftheArchitectthecompletionoftheWorksislikelytobeorhasbeendelayedbeyondtheDateforCompletionstatedintheAppendixtotheseConditionsorbeyondanyextendedtimepreviouslyfixedundereitherthisclauseorclause33(1)(c)（戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)賠償）

oftheseConditions,(a)byforcemajeure,or(b)byreasonofinclementweatherorthesubsequenteffectsofsuchinclementweather;forthepurposeofthissub-clause“inclementweather”isdefinedasrainfallinexcessoftwentymillimetersinatwentyfourhourperiod(midnighttomidnight)asrecordedattheHongKongObservatoryorthehoistingofTyphoonSignalN.8orhigher,or附BuildingContract

fo39(c)byreasonoflossordamageoccasionedbyanyoneormoreoftheContingenciesreferredtoinclause20[A]or[B]oftheseConditions,or(d)byreasonofcivilcommotion，localcombinationofworkmen，strikeorlockoutaffectinganyofthetradesemployedupontheWorksoranyofthetradesengagedinthepreparation，manufactureOrtransportationofanyofthegoodsormaterialsrequiredfortheWorks，or(e)byreasonofArchitect’sinstructionsissuedunderclauses1(2)，11(1)or21(2)oftheseConditions，or(f)byreasonoftheMainContractorNothavingreceivedinduetimenecessaryinstructions,drawings，detailsorlevelsfromtheArchitectforwhichhespecificallyappliedinwritingonadatewhichhavingregardtotheDateforCompletionstatedintheappendixtotheseConditionsortoanyextensionoftimethenfixedunderthisclauseorclause33(1)(C)oftheseConditionswasneitherunreasonablydistantfromnorunreasonablyclosetothedateonwhichitwasnecessaryforhimtoreceivethesame,or(c)byreasonoflossor40(g)bydelayonthepartofNominatedSub-ContractorsorNominatedSupplierswhichtheMainContractorhastakenallpracticablestepstoavoidorreduce，or(h)bydelayonthepartofartists，tradesmenorothersengagedbytheEmployerinexecutingworknotformingpartofthisContract，or(i)byreasonoftheopeningupforinspectionofanyworkcoveredupOrofthetestingofanyofthework,materialsorgoodsinaccordancewithclause6(3)oftheseConditions(includingmakinggoodinconsequenceofsuchopeninguportesting)，unlesstheinspectionortestshowedthatthework，materialsorgoodswerenotinaccordancewiththisContract,or(j)*(i)bytheMainContractor'sinabilityforreasonsbeyondhiscontrolandwhichhecouldnotreasonablyhaveforeseenatthedateofthisContracttosecuresuchlabourasisessentialtothepropercarryingoutoftheWorks，or國(guó)際工程變更索賠與反索賠及案例分析課件41*(ii)bytheMainContractor'sinabilityforreasonsbeyondhiscontrolandwhichhecouldnotreasonablyhaveforeseenatthedateofthisContracttosecuresuchgoodsand/ormaterialsasareessentialtothepropercarryingoutoftheWorks，orbyreasonofcompliancewiththeprovisionsofclause34oftheseConditionsorwithArchitect‘sinstructionsissuedthereunder，thentheArchitectshallsosoonasheisabletoestimatethelengthofthedelaybeyondthedateortimeaforesaidmakeinwritingafairandreasonableextensionoftimeforcompletionoftheWorks.ProvidedalwaysthattheMainContractorshalluseconstantlyhisbestendeavourstopreventdelayandshalldoallthatmayreasonablyberequiredtothesatisfactionoftheArchitecttoproceedwiththeWorks．國(guó)際工程變更索賠與反索賠及案例分析課件4224LossandExpenseCausedbyDisturbanceof

RegularProgressoftheWorks(1)IfuponwrittenapplicationbeingmadetohimbytheMainContractortheArchitectisoftheopinionthattheMainContractorhasbeeninvolvedindirectlossand/orexpenseforwhichhewouldnotbereimbursedbyapaymentmadeunderanyotherprovisioninthisContractbyreasonoftheregularprogressoftheWorksorofanypartthereofhavingbeenmateriallyaffectedby：

(a)TheMainContractornothavingreceivedinduetimenecessaryinstructions,drawings,detailsorlevelsfromtheArchitectforwhichhespecificallyappliedinwritingonadatewhichhavingregardtotheDateforCompletionstatedintheappendixtotheseConditionsortoanyextensionoftimethenfixedunderclause23orclause33(1)(c)oftheseConditionswasnetherunreasonablydistantfromnorunreasonablyclosetothedateonwhichitwasnecessaryforhimtoreceivethesame;or24LossandExpenseCausedby43(b)Theopeningupforinspectionofanyworkcovereduporthetestingofanyofthework，materialsorgoodsinaccordancewithclause6(3)oftheseConditions(includingmakinggoodinconsequenceofsuchopeninguportesting)，unlesstheinspectionortestshowedthatthework，materialsorgoodswerenotinaccordancewiththisContract;or(c)AnydiscrepancyinordivergencebetweentheContractDrawingsand/ortheContractBills;or(d)Delayonthepartofartists,tradesmenorothersengagedbytheEmployerinexecutingworknotformingpartofthisContract;or(e)Architect'sinstructionsissuedinregardtothepostponementofanyworktobeexecutedundertheprovisionsofthisContract;

國(guó)際工程變更索賠與反索賠及案例分析課件44andifthewrittenapplicationismadewithinareasonabletimeofitbecomingapparentthattheprogressoftheWorksorofanypartthereofhasbeenaffectedasaforesaid,thentheArchitectshalleitherhimselfascertainorshallinstructtheQuantitySurveyortoascertainthe