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Tofightfortheconservationofforestecosystem,severalecologistsincludingDanielJanzenconvincedDelOro,anorangejuiceproducer,todonatepartoftheirforestlandtoanationalpark.Inreturn,DelOrowasallowedtothrowlargeamountsofwasteintheformoforangepeels(皮)ona3-hectarepieceoflandwithinthenationalparkatnocost.Dealingwithtonsofleftoverpeelsusuallyinvolvedburningthemorpayingtohavethempouredintoalandfill,sotheproposalwasveryattractive.

Butayearlater,anotherjuicecompanychallengedthedealincourt,arguingthattheircompetitorwas“pollutinganationalpark”.Theyendedupwinning,andthedealbetweenDelOroandthenationalparkfellthrough.

Thenin2013,whilediscussingpossibleresearchavenueswithTimothyTreuer,DanielJanzenmentionedtheorangestory.Feelinginterested,Treuerdecidedtostopbythatpieceoflandthathadbeencoveredwithfruitwaste15yearsearlier.Whathefoundshockedhim.

“WhileIwouldwalkoverexposedrockanddeadgrassinthenearbyfields,I'dhavetoclimbthroughundergrowthandcutpathsthroughwallsofvines(藤)intheorangepeelsiteitself.”saidTimothyTreuer.

Treuerandhisteamspentmonthspickingupsamples(樣品),analyzingandcomparingthem.Theyfoundgreatdifferencesbetweentheareascoveredwithorangepeelsandthosethatwerenot.Theareawithorangewastehadrichersoil.

Theeffectthattheorangepeelshadonthelandisprobablynotthatsurprisingtopeoplefamiliarwithcomposting(施肥),butwhatisreallyshockingisthatajudgeactuallythoughtthewasteoforange“mined”anationalparkandstoppeditfromgoingforward.NowthatTimothyTreuer'sstudyhasreceivedworldwideattention,thistypeof“ruining”isbeingseriouslyconsideredasawayofbringingforestsbacktolife.（1）WhatdidDelOrousuallydowithorangepeels?A.

Addthemtofuel.

B.

Throwthemintoanationalpark.C.

Bumorburythem.

D.

Makethemintocakes.（2）WhatcanweknowaboutthedealbetweenDelOroandthenationalpark?A.

Itlasted15years.

B.

ItwassignedbyTreuer.C.

Itwasmadeinabout1998.

D.

ItwasbrokenbyDelOro.（3）WhatwasTreuer'sfinding?A.

Orangepeelscontainmuchfibre.

B.

Orangepeelscanmakesoilricher.C.

Orangepeelsrotawayinashorttime.

D.

Orangewasteruinedthenationalpark.（4）Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthejudgementionedinthelastparagraph?A.

Disapproving.

B.

Positive.

C.

Worried.

D.

Admirable.【答案】（1）C（2）C（3）B（4）A【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文，文章主要講述了橘子皮對土壤的積極作用。（1）細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句話Dealingwithtonsofleftoverpeelsusuallyinvolvedburningthemorpayingtohavethempouredintoalandfill,可知，之前處理橘子皮一般要燒掉或花錢請人掩埋掉。故答案為C。（2）推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段Thenin2013,whilediscussingpossibleresearchavenueswithTimothyTreuer,DanielJanzenmentionedtheorangestory.Feelinginterested,Treuerdecidedtostopbythatpieceoflandthathadbeencoveredwithfruitwaste15yearsearlier.可以推斷出，15年前DelOro與nationalpark達成協(xié)議，往公園里傾倒橘子皮，但一年后由于其他果汁公司的挑戰(zhàn)終止了。故答案為C。（3）細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段Theyfoundgreatdifferencesbetweentheareascoveredwithorangepeelsandthosethatwerenot.Theareawithorangewastehadrichersoil.可知，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)被傾倒過橘子皮的地土壤更豐富。故答案為B。（4）推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段butwhatisreallyshockingisthatajudgeactuallythoughtthewasteoforange“mined”anationalparkandsloppeditfromgoingforward.可知，這位法官認為橘子皮毀壞了公園的發(fā)展，而作者在文中最后一句話thistypeof“ruining”isbeingseriouslyconsideredasawayofbringingforestsbacktolife.指出，研究表明，橘子皮實際上使森林恢復(fù)了生機，所以作者不贊成法官的觀點。故答案為A?！军c評】閱讀理解細節(jié)題解題技巧：1）語義轉(zhuǎn)換題--跳讀查找法：根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，然后進行比較和分析，便可確定最佳答案。2）生活應(yīng)用題--常識理解法：在讀懂文章的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合一定的生活常識進行判斷。3）細節(jié)排序題--首尾定位法：根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序。4）尋找信息題--題干定位法：尋找信息題一般為功能閱讀題，主要形式有廣告、公告、演出信息、航班時間表等。2．閱讀理解

Forcingwaitersandwaitressestosurviveontipsfromcustomersratherthannormalwagesisapointless,crude,anduniqueAmericancustomthat,inthepastseveralyears,ahandfulofprogressiverestaurantownershaveattemptedtodoawaywith.DannyMeyer,CEOofUnionSquareHospitalityGroup,isabouttojointheirranksandhasannouncedthatheplanstograduallystoptippingatthecompany's13restaurants.

What,exactly,iswrongwithtipping?AsBrianPalmerhasexplained,moreorlessit'severything.Tostart,leavingawaiter'spayinthehandsofcustomershasafeelingofclassism(階級歧視).Andintheory,handingrestaurantcustomersthepowertotipisatleastsupposedtomotivatebetterservice.Thisfailsinpracticebecausehumansturnouttobeprettyarbitrary(隨意的)abouttheirtippingbehavior.Researchhasshownthattheamountdinerstiphasverylittletodowiththeirlevelofsatisfaction.Allofthisdoesn'tencouragewaitersandwaitressestodoanythingbutturnoverasmanytablesaspossible.

Tippingisalsoveryunfairtokitchenstaff.Thelawallowsrestaurantstodividetipsbetweenfront-of-the-houseworkerslikewaiters,hosts,hostesses,andbartenders(調(diào)酒師),butnotcooks.Thiscreatesasysteminwhichthepeopleservingthefoodinarestaurantcanearnmorethanthepeoplepreparingit.

OneofthemostfascinatingpartsofMeyer'smoveisthat,unlikesomerestaurantownerswhohavetakenananti-tippingstand,hewon'tsimplyaddastandardextrachargetodiners'bills.Rather,UnionSquareHospitalityGroupmeanstoraisemenupricesenoughtofullycoverthecostofameal.IfMeyermanagestomoveawayfromtippingatallwithouthurtinghisprofits,itwouldalmostcertainlysetthestageforotherstofollowsuit.（1）What'sDannyMeyer'sattitudetowardsstoppingtipping?A.

Negative.

B.

Supportive.

C.

Objective.

D.

Doubtful.（2）WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?A.

Tippingmaydisturbtherestaurants'management.

B.

Tippingwillguaranteedinershighqualityservice.C.

Tippingcanarousethestaff'senthusiasmforwork.

D.

Tippingwillbringcustomersasenseofsatisfaction.（3）WhatcanweknowaboutUnionSquareHospitalitygroup?A.

BrianPalmerisinchargeofitnow.

B.

Itscooksearnmuchmorethanitsservers.C.

Restauranttippinghasbeentotallybannedthere.

D.

Dinerswillbechargedmoreforthedishesthere.（4）Whatisthetopicofthepassage?A.

Restaurants'gettingridoftipping.

B.

Difficultiesthatrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.

Thepopularityofno-tippingrestaurants.

D.

Tipsonrunningrestaurantssuccessfully.【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）D（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文，介紹了強迫服務(wù)員和侍者靠顧客的小費，而不是正常的工資維持生計是一種毫無意義、粗魯、獨特的美國風(fēng)俗，過去幾年，一些進步的餐館老板試圖消除這種風(fēng)俗。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“DannyMeyer,CEOofUnionSquareHospitalityGroup,isabouttojointheirranksandhasannouncedthatheplanstograduallystoptippingatthecompany's13restaurants.”可知DannyMeyer宣布他計劃逐步停止在該公司13家餐廳給小費，這表明他對停止給小費是支持的，故選B。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“l(fā)eavingawaiter'spayinthehandsofcustomershasafeelingofclassism(階級歧視)．Thisfailsinpracticebecausehumansturnouttobeprettyarbitrary(隨意的)abouttheirtippingbehavior.”和“Allofthisdoesn'tencouragewaitersandwaitressestodoanythingbutturnoverasmanytablesaspossible.”可知給服務(wù)員小費有一個階級歧視的感覺，由于人類的隨意性并不能達到預(yù)期效果，起不到鼓勵服務(wù)員的作用。這些都會擾亂飯店的管理，故選A。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Rather,UnionSquareHospitalityGroupmeanstoraisemenupricesenoughtofullycoverthecostofameal.”可知UnionSquareHospitalityGroup打算提高菜單價格，這樣顧客就會為飯菜多支付錢，故選D。（4）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第一段中的“DannyMeyer,……h(huán)asannouncedthatheplanstograduallystoptippingatthecompany's13restaurants.”點明了本文主要內(nèi)容，下文介紹了給小費的不良影響及DannyMeyer這一舉動的意義。本文是圍繞禁止給小費這一事件寫的，Restaurants'gettingridoftipping適合作為標題，故選A?！军c評】本題考點涉及推理判斷和主旨大意兩個題型的考查，是一篇文化類閱讀，考生需要根據(jù)上下文進行邏輯推理，概括歸納，從而選出正確答案。3．閱讀理解

ThisismysonMatthew'slastnightathomebeforecollege.Iknowthatthisisgoodnews.IfeelproudthatMatthewwillgotoagreatschool.Iknowthatthisisfinesthour.ButlookingatthesuitcasesonhisbedsendsmeoutoftheroomtoahiddencornerwhereIcan'tstopcrying.

Throughthesorrow,Ifeelarisingembarrassment."Pullyourselftogether!"Itellmyself.Thereareparentssendingtheirkidsofftobattlezones.HowdareIfeelsoshockedandupset?

Oneofthegreatgiftsofmylifehasbeenhavingmyboys,MatthewandJohnowen.Throughthem,Ihaveexploredthemysterious,complicatedbondbetweenfathersandsons.AsmywifeandIraisedthem,Ihavediscoveredtheloveandlossbetweenmyfatherandme.Aftermyparents'divorce，IspentweekendswithmydadinOhio.BythetimeSundaycamearound,Iwasunabletoenjoytheday'sactivitiesbecauseIwasalreadyafraidofthegoodbyeoftheevening.

Now，standingamongMatthew'saccumulationofpossessions,Irealizeit'smewhohasbecomeaboyagain.Allmysadnessandlongingtoholdontothingsareback,sweepingovermeastheydidwhenIwasachild.

Hisbedistidyandspare.Italreadyhasthefeelofaguestbed.InmymindIreplaywrappinghiminhisfavoriteblanket.Thatwasournightlyroutineuntiloneeveninghesaid,"Daddy,Idon'tthinkIneedablankettonight."Ithinkofallthetimeswelayamongthecoversreading.IlookatthebedandthinkofalltherecenttimesIwasannoyedathowlatehewassleeping.I'llneverhavetoworryaboutthatagain,Irealize.

Forhispart,Matthewhasbeenarock.Heistreatinghisleavingasjustanotherdayattheoffice.AndI'mglad.Afterall,someone'sgottobestrong.I'mproudthatheischargingintothefirstchapterofhisadultlifewithsuchconfidence.（1）Whatdoesthewritermeanby"Pullyourselftogether!"?A.

Getup.

B.

Cheerup.

C.

Pullup.

D.

Wakeup.（2）Wecaninferfromthepassagethat___________.A.

thewriterisaccustomedtosleepingearly

B.

Matthewdoesn'tgetonwellwithhisfatherC.

Matthewisreadyforhisnewlife

D.

thewriterwasn'tbraveenoughtofacehisparents'divorce（3）Howdoesthewriterfeelabouthisson'sleavingforcollege?A.

Worried.

B.

Grateful.

C.

Relieved.

D.

Bittersweet.（4）Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleofthetext?A.

UnavoidableGoodbye

B.

SweetMemoriesC.

GloriousMoment

D.

UnconditionalLove【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）D（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇記敘文，作者的兒子即將去上大學(xué)，作者很不放心，感覺自己很孤獨，同時又為自己的兒子感到驕傲。作者明白這是兒子成長道路上的必經(jīng)之路，也是父子倆不可避免的分離。（1）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thereareparentssendingtheirkidsofftobattlezones.HowdareIfeelsoshockedandupset?”有父母還把他們的孩子送去戰(zhàn)場，我怎么能如此震驚和心煩呢？由此推斷出作者是在安慰自己，高興起來，故選B。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“I'mproudthatheischargingintothefirstchapterofhisadultlifewithsuchconfidence.”可知作者為自己兒子自信的開啟成人生活的第一篇章，感到自豪，由此推斷出Matthew對他的新生活做好了準備，故選C。（3）考查推理判斷。通過閱讀文章可知，作者的兒子去上大學(xué)，作者很不放心，感覺自己很孤獨，同時又為自己的兒子感到驕傲，由此推知作者對于兒子上大學(xué)，苦樂參半，故選D。（4）考查主旨大意。這篇文章講了作者的兒子即將去上大學(xué)，作者很不放心，感覺自己很孤獨，同時又為自己的兒子感到驕傲。作者明白這是兒子成長道路上的必經(jīng)之路，也是父子倆不可避免的分離，故選A?！军c評】本題考點涉及推理判斷，詞義猜測和主旨大意三個題型的考查，是一篇故事類閱讀，要求考生根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。4．閱讀理解

Americancollegestudentsarebecomingmoreadventuresomeastheystudyabroad,showinglessinterestsinEnglish-speakingdestinationssuchasGreatBritainandAustraliaandmoreinsuchcountriesasChina,India,ArgentinaandBrazil.

Britainremainedthemostpopularstudydestinationin2005,accordingtoannualfiguresfromtheInstituteofInternationalEducation,followedbyItaly,SpainandFrance.ButthenumberofAmericanstudentsstudyinginBritainandAustraliadescendedalittle,evenasthenumberofAmericanstudentsabroadroseby8%.Thegrowthcameinnon-EnglishspeakingEuropeancountriesandinAsia.ChinaisnowtheeighthmostpopulardestinationforAmericanstudents,attractingnearly6,400in2005,up35%fromthenumberoftheyearbefore.ArgentinaandIndiasawincreasesofmorethan50%.

AllanGoodman,presidentoftheInstituteofInternationalEducation,saidthatarangeoffactorscontributedtothetrend,fromgrowingawarenessofglobalizationaftertheterroristattacksonSeptember11,2001,toprogramssuchasformerPresidentBush'sNationalSecurityLanguageInitiative,whichtrainssoldiers,intelligenceofficersanddiplomatsinforeignlanguages.“WhatAmericansaredoingiswakingupanddiscoveringthere'saworldoutthere,”hesaid.

Otherfiguresshowedtheflowofstudentsintheoppositedirection,fromforeigncountriesintoAmericanuniversities.Theinstitutefoundthatinternationalenrollment(入學(xué))inAmericanhighereducationremainedsteadyatabout565,000.Thefiguresareofkeeninteresttouniversities,whichdependonforeignstudentsforteachingandresearchhelp,andtopolicy-makers,whoconsideritimportant,asfutureforeignleadersmaybefamiliarwiththeUnitedStates.Theyearof2005sawbigincreasesinstudentsfromSouthKorea,MexicoandTaiwanofChina.IndiasendsthemoststudentsandChinaisNo.2.OthercountriesthatshowlargepercentageincreasesinthenumberofstudentssenttotheUSincludeNepalandVietnam,whileJapan,TurkeyandMalaysiasawdeclines.About58%ofinternationalstudentsintheUScomefromAsia.（1）Whatdoestheunderlinedword“descended”inParagraph2means?A.

Changed.

B.

Declined.

C.

Multiplied.

D.

Increased.（2）WhydomoreAmericanstudentsstudyinAsia?A.

Theyexpecttogetmoreteachingandresearchhelp.

B.

TheyloseconfidenceinEnglish-speakingcountries.C.

Theyareafraidthatterroristattackswillhappenagain.

D.

Theyprefertoexploreadifferentworldfromtheirown.（3）WhereweremostforeignstudentsinAmericafromin2005?A.

China.

B.

India.

C.

Argentina.

D.

Britain.（4）Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.

Therewere6,400AmericanstudentsstudyinginChinain2005.

B.

ChinesestudentstoAmericawilloverpassIndiansinthefuture.C.

InternationalenrollmentinAmericanhighereducationchangedalot.

D.

AsianstudentsaccountforalargepartofforeignstudentsinAmerica.【答案】（1）B（2）D（3）B（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了不同國家的人國外留學(xué)的情況。（1）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第二段中的“ButthenumberofAmericanstudentsstudyinginBritainandAustraliadescendedalittle,evenasthenumberofAmericanstudentsabroadroseby8%.”這句話的后半句的意思是“盡管美國學(xué)生在國外的人數(shù)增長了8%”，由此推知“但是在英國和澳大利亞學(xué)習(xí)的美國學(xué)生人數(shù)下降了一點，”故選B。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“WhatAmericansaredoingiswakingupanddiscoveringthere'saworldoutthere,”可知，現(xiàn)在越來越多的美國學(xué)生來到亞洲是因為他們更喜歡從自己的世界去探索不同的世界。故選D。（3）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Theyearof2005sawbigincreasesinstudentsfromSouthKorea,MexicoandTaiwanofChina.IndiasendsthemoststudentsandChinaisNo.2.”可知，在2005年美國多數(shù)的外國學(xué)生都來自印度。故選B。（4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“About58%ofinternationalstudentsintheUScomefromAsia.”可知，在美國，亞洲學(xué)生占外國學(xué)生的很大一部分。故選D?！军c評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和推理判斷三個題型的考查，是一篇社會現(xiàn)象類閱讀，要求考生準確捕捉細節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進行邏輯推理，選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解

HomeLaundryAutomaticDryerProduct

FullTwoYearWarranty（保修）

LimitedFiveYearWarrantyonCabinet（機箱）

WarrantyProvidesfor：

FIRSTTWOYEARSAmanawillrepairorreplaceanyfaultypartfreeofcharge.

THIRDTHRUFIFTHYEARSAmanawillprovideafreereplacementpartforanycabinetwhichprovesfaultyduetorust（生銹）.

WarrantyLimitations：

Warrantybeginsatdateoforiginalpurchase.

AppliesonlytoproductusedwithintheUnitedStatesorinCanadaifproductisapprovedbyCanadianStandardsAssociationwhenshippedfromfactory.

Productsusedonacommercialorrentalbasisnotcoveredbythiswarranty.

ServicemustbeperformedbyanAmanaservicer.

Adjustmentscoveredduringfirstyearonly.WarrantyDoesNotCoverItIf：

Producthasdamageduetoproductchange，connectiontoanimproperelectricalsupply>shippingandhandling,accident,fire,floods,lightningorotherconditionsbeyondthecontrolofAmana.

Productisimproperlyinstalled（安裝）orapplied.

Owner'sResponsibilities：

Providesalesreceipt.

Normalcareandrepair.

Havingtheproductreasonablyaccessibleforservice.

Payforservicecallsrelatedtoproductinstallationorusageinstructions.

Payforextraservicecosts,overnormalservicecharges,ifservicerisrequestedtoperformserviceoutsideservicer^normalbusinesshours.

InnoeventshallAmanaberesponsibleforconsequentialdamages（間接損壞）.

Thiswarrantygivesyouspecificlegalrights,andyoumayhaveotherswhichvaryfromstatetostateForexample,somestatesdonotallowtheexclusion（排除）orlimitationofconsequentialdamages,sothisexclusionmaynotapplytoyou.（1）AccordingtoWarrantyLimitations,aproductcanbeunderwarrantyif

.A.

usedintheU.S.A

B.

rentedforhomeuseC.

repairedbytheuserhimself

D.

shippedfromaCanadianfactory（2）AccordingtoOwner'sResponsibilities,anownerhastopayfor

.A.

theproductinstallation

B.

aservicer'sovertimeworkC.

thelossofthesalesreceipt

D.

amechanic'stransportation（3）Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothewarranty?A.

ConsequentialdamagesareexcludedacrossAmerica.

B.

Aproductdamagedinanaturaldisasteriscoveredbythewarranty.C.

Afaultycabinetduetorustcanbereplacedfreeinthesecondyear.

D.

Freerepairisavailableforaproductusedimproperlyinthefirstyear.【答案】（1）A（2）B（3）C【解析】【分析】本文這是一張保修單，屬于說明文，對家用自動干洗機的保修時限、保修服務(wù)范圍、購買者所負的責(zé)任、不屬于保修服務(wù)內(nèi)容以及對結(jié)果性損失不負任何責(zé)任諸方面進行了詳盡說明。(1)考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)“WarrantyLimitations：?AppliesonlytoproductusedwithintheUnitedStates”可知，根據(jù)保修限制，如果在美國使用，產(chǎn)品可以在保修期內(nèi)。故選A。(2)考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)“Owner'sResponsibilities：?Payforextraservicecosts,overnormalservicecharges”可知，根據(jù)業(yè)主的責(zé)任，業(yè)主必須為服務(wù)人員的加班工作支付費用。故選B。(3)考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)“FIRSTTWOYEARSAmanawillrepairorreplaceanyfaultypartfreeofcharge.”可知，一個有缺陷的櫥柜在第二年就可以被替換掉。故選C?！军c評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解題型的考查，是一篇生活類閱讀，要求考生準確掌握細節(jié)信息，結(jié)合題目要求，選出正確答案。6．閱讀理解

SinceEnglishbiologistCharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpeciesin1859,scientistshavevastlyimprovedtheirknowledgeofnaturalhistory.However,alotofinformationisstillofthespeculation,andscientistscanstillonlymakeeducatedguessesatcertainthings.

Onesubjectthattheyguessaboutiswhysome400millionyearsago,animalsintheseadevelopedlimbs(肢)thatallowedthemtomoveontoandliveonland.

Recently,anideathatoccurredtotheUSpaleontologist(古生物學(xué)家)AlfredRomeracenturyagobecameahottopiconceagain.

Homerthoughtthattidal(潮汐的)poolsmighthaveledtofishgaininglimbs.Seaanimalswouldhavebeenforcedintothesepoolsbystrongtides.Then,theywouldhavebeenmadeeithertoadapttotheirnewenvironmentclosetolandordie.Thefittestamongthemgrewtoaccomplishthetransition(過渡)fromseatoland.

Romercalledtheseearliestfour-footedanimals“tetrapods”.Sciencehasalwaysthoughtthatthiswasacredibletheory,butonlyrecentlyhastherebeenstrongenoughevidencetosupportit.

HannahByrneisanoceanographer(海洋學(xué)家)atUppsalaUniversityinSweden.Sheannouncedatthe2018OceanSciencesMeetinginOregon,US,thatbyusingcomputersoftware,herteamhadmanagedtolinkHomer'stheorytoplaceswherefossildeposits(沉積物)oftheearliesttetrapodswerefound.

AccordingtothemagazineScience,in2014,StevenBalbus,ascientistattheUniversityofOxfordintheUK,calculatedthat400millionyearsago,whenthemovefromlandtoseawasachieved,tideswerestrongerthantheyaretoday.Thisisbecausetheplanetwas10percentclosertothemoonthanitisnow.

Thecreaturesstrandedinthepoolswouldhavebeenunderthepressureof“survivalofthefittest”,explainedMattiasGreen,anoceanscientistattheUK'sUniversityofBangor.AshetoldScience,“Afterafewdaysinthesepools,youbecomefoodoryourunoutoffood...thefishthathadlargelimbshadanadvantagebecausetheycouldflip(翻轉(zhuǎn))themselvesbackinthewater.”

Asisoftenthecase,however,thereareotherswhofindthetheorylessconvincing.CambridgeUniversity'spaleontologistJenniferClark,speakingtoNaturemagazine,seemedunconvinced.“It'sonlyoneofmanyideasfortheoriginofland-basedtetrapods,anyorallofwhichmayhavebeenapartoftheanswer,”shesaid.（1）Whofirstproposedthetheorythatfishmighthavegainedlimbsbecauseoftidalpools?A.

AlfredRomer.

B.

CharlesDarwin.

C.

HannahByrne.

D.

StevenBalbus.（2）Whyweretidesstronger400millionyearsagothantheyaretodayaccordingtoStevenBalbus?A.

Therewerelargeroceans.

B.

Earthwasclosertothemoon.C.

Themoongaveoffmoreenergy.

D.

Earthwasundergreaterpressure.（3）Theunderlinedword“stranded”inParagraph8probablymeans“________”.A.

found

B.

settled

C.

abandoned

D.

trapped（4）Whatisthefocusofthearticle?A.

Theargumentsoverascientifictheory.

B.

Theproposalofanewscientifictheory.C.

Somenewevidencetosupportaprevioustheory.

D.

Anewdiscoverythatquestionsaprevioustheory.【答案】（1）A（2）B（3）D（4）C【解析】【分析】本文為一篇說明文，一些新的證據(jù)驗證了先前人們的猜測理論：即海洋中的動物是因為潮汐的作用導(dǎo)致魚類發(fā)展出四肢，遷徙到陸地的。(1)考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Recently,anideathatoccurredtotheUSpaleontologist(古生物學(xué)家)AlfredRomeracenturyagobecameahottopiconceagain.”和第四段中的“Homerthoughtthattidal(潮汐的)poolsmighthaveledtofishgaininglimbs.”可知，是AlfredRomer最先提出了魚類可能因為潮汐而發(fā)展出四肢的理論。故選A。(2)考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第七段中的“…tideswerestrongerthantheyaretoday.Thisisbecausetheplanetwas10percentclosertothemoonthanitisnow.”過去的潮汐比現(xiàn)在強。這是因為地球這顆行星以前比現(xiàn)在離月球近了10%?？芍?，選B。(3)考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第四段中的“Seaanimalswouldhavebeenforcedintothesepoolsbystrongtides.”可知，Homer認為海洋生物因為潮汐被迫進入水池；第八段中的“Thecreaturesstrandedinthepoolswouldhavebeenunderthepressureof‘’survivalofthefittest,explainedMattiasGreen,“結(jié)合兩處可知，魚兒是被迫進入池中，故選D。(4)考查主旨大意?？v觀全文可知，英國生物學(xué)家達爾文的《物種起源》極大地提高了科學(xué)家對自然的認識。但仍有不少沒有根據(jù)的猜測。其中的一個猜測就是為什么在4億年前，海洋中的動物有了四肢，從而讓他們遷徙到陸地上生活。一個世紀以前，美國古生物學(xué)家AlfredRomer提出的一個想法，即潮汐可能導(dǎo)致魚類發(fā)展出四肢，這再次成為一個熱門話題。針對此許多科學(xué)家進行的實驗提供了許多新的證據(jù)來證實它。故選C?！军c評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和主旨大意三個題型的考查，是一篇科技類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。7．閱讀理解

ManyforeignstudentsreportfeelinglonelyorunwelcomeinAustralia.ThosefeelingsareamongthereasonswhyAustraliaistakingacloselookatitsinternationaleducationindustry.Butwhereverinternationalstudentsgo,makingfriendsmaynotalwaysbeeasy.ElisabethGareisofBaruchCollegeinNewYorksurveyed454internationalstudents.Theywereattendingfour-yearcollegesandgraduateschoolsintheAmericanSouthandNortheast.

StudentsfromEnglish-speakingcountriesandfromnorthernandcentralEuropeweremorelikelytobehappywiththeirfriendships.But38%oftheinternationalstudentssaidtheyhadnoclosefriendsintheUnitedStates.AndhalfofthestudentsfromEastAsiasaidtheywereunhappywiththenumberofAmericanfriendstheyhad.Thirtypercentsaidtheywishedtheirfriendshipscouldbedeeperandmoremeaningful.

ProfessorGareissays,“StudentsfromEastAsiahaveculturesthataredifferentonmanylevelsfromthecultureintheUnitedStates.Therearealsolanguageproblems,andmaybesomesocialskills,suchassmalltalks,whicharepossiblynotasimportantintheirnativecountries,whereit'snotasimportanttostartfriendshipswithsmalltalks.ManyEastAsianstudentsblamedthemselvesfortheirlimitedfriendshipswithAmericans,fornotspeakingthelanguagewellenoughandfornotknowingtheculturewellenough.”

VOA'sStudentsUnionbloggerJessicaStahldidherownsurveytofindouthowAmericanstudentsandforeignstudentsrelatetoeachother.Morethan100students,abouthalfofthemAmerican,answeredheronlinequestions.Halfoftheinternationalstudentsand60%oftheAmericanssaidtheyrelatedaswellorbettertotheothergroupthantotheirowngroup.

ProfessorGareissays,“Internationalstudentswhomakefriendswithhostnationalsare,overall,moresatisfiedwiththeirstayinthehostcountry.Theyhavebetterlanguageskills,betteracademicperformanceandbetterattitudestowardthehostcountry.”（1）Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.

MakingFriendsIsNotAlwaysEasyforForeignStudents

B.

StudentsfromEastAsiaAreNotGoodatMakingFriendsC.

InternationalEducationIndustryinAustraliaandAmerica

D.

TheRelationbetweenForeignStudentsandHostCountries（2）ProfessorGareistendstothinkthat

.A.

cultureshockshouldbeblamedformanylevelsofAmericanculture

B.

foreignstudentsdon'tknowsmalltalksmeanalottoAmericansC.

foreignstudentsshouldlearnsomebasicsocialskillsfirstofall

D.

foreignstudentshavedifficultymakingfriendsfordifferentreasons（3）HowdidJessicaStahlcarryouthersurvey?A.

BydoingquestionnairesfromStudentsUnion.

B.

ByaskingquestionsontheInternet.C.

Byformingthestudentsintogroups.

D.

BydoingasurveythroughVOA（4）Whichofthefollowingstatementswillthewriterprobablyagreewith?A.

Internationalstudentsliketomakemorefriendsintheirowngroup.

B.

Internationalstudentsaremorelikelytoremaininthehostcountryaftergraduation.C.

Studentswhomakemorefriendsathomehavebetteracademicperformance.

D.

Studentswhomakefriendsintheirhostcountriesfeelhappierwiththeirexperience.【答案】（1）A（2）D（3）B（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新聞報道，很多學(xué)生覺得在澳大利亞感到孤獨和不受歡迎，而事實是留學(xué)生在任何地方都有可能因為文化、習(xí)俗等各方面原因而交不到朋友。(1)考查主旨大意。這篇文章主要講了《高等教育紀事報》最近一篇報道稱，許多外國學(xué)生稱在澳大利亞感到孤獨或不受歡迎。這些感受是澳大利亞密切關(guān)注其國際教育產(chǎn)業(yè)的原因之一。但不管國際學(xué)生去哪，交朋友可能不總是那么容易。故選A。(2)考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“ProfessorGareissays,‘StudentsfromEastAsiahaveculturesthatarediffer