/871RadioNavigation:

VORVeryHighFrequencyOmni-directionalRange/872VORNavigationVeryHighFrequencyOmnidirectionalRange(VOR)Mostcommongroundbasednavaid VOR VORTAC VOR/DME/873VORstationstransmitradiobeams,orRadials,whichradiateoutwardFROMthestationineverydirection,likespokesonawheel108.00-117.95MHz

VHFfrequencieshave“l(fā)ineofsight”limitation/874VOR–BASICOPERATIONVORGROUNDSTATIONREFERENCESIGNALVARIABLESIGNAL/875VOR–BASICOPERATIONINPHASE:REFERENCE-VARIABLESIGNAL(360)OUTOFPHASE:VARIABLESIGNAL(090)OUTOFPHASE:VARIABLESIGNAL(180)OUTOFPHASE:VARIABLESIGNAL(360-000)/876/877VORCLASSES/StandardServiceVolumesVORclassificationinA/FD“radioaidstonavigation”

AIM1-1-8TerminalVORLocatedatAirportsforinstrumentapproaches25n.m.1,000AGL-12,000AGLLowAltitudeVOR40n.m.1,000AGL-18,000AGLataltitudes>18,000AGLpossibleinterferenceHighAltitudeVOR40n.m.1,000AGL-14,500AGL100n.m.14,500AGL-18,000AGL130n.m.18,000AGL–45,000AGL100n.mFL450-FL600/878AirborneEquipment/879CourseIndex2odotsOmniBearingSelectorKnobTO/FROMIndicatorUnreliableSignalFlagCDINeedle/8710VORINDICATOREachdotis2degreesoffcourse5dotssensitivity;10degreesfull-scaledeflection/8711VORRADIALS/8712VORRADIALSvs.VORCOURSES/8713NavigationProcedures

Tune:selectfrequencyIdentify:listentoMorsecodesignalNavigate:SelectdesiredcourseonOBSCenterneedletodeterminelocationCheckTO-FROMwindow“TO”-selectedcoursewilltakeyougenerallyTOstation“FROM”-selectedcoursewilltakeyougenerallyFROMstation/8714IdentifyingaStation

Pull“Volume/Ident”knobListentoMorseCodeIdentifierCompareittodesiredstationonchartWrongcode-WrongstationNocode-Nostation“TEST”(_.…_)code-StationundermaintenanceVORcode:approx.every10secondsDMEcode:approx.every30seconds/8715InterpretingVORIndications Needlecenteredwith“FROM”inwindow AircraftisonradialOBScourseNeedlecenteredwith“TO”inwindow AircraftisonradialreciprocaltoOBScourse“FROMTOP-TOBOTTOM”NeedleNOTcentered(LorRofcenter)AircraftislocatedAWAYfromneedleNeedlerepresentsselectedcourselineEachdotis2degreesoffcourse5dotsensitivity:10degreesfull-scaledeflection/8716CONEOFCONFUSION:overthestationZONEOFAMBIGUITY:“ABEAM”thestationTheVORwillindicate“OFF”or“NAV”flagindicationswhenoverorabeamthestationorwhenoutofrangeandnotreceivingareliablesignal./8717StationPassageClosetothestationConeofconfusionCDIneedlefluctuatesFirstcompletereversalofTO/FROMisstationpassage/8718

TheTO/FROMIndicator/8719TheTO/FROMIndicator/8720TheTO/FROMIndicator/8721CDI/TO-FROMindicationsdependonaircraft’sPOSITIONONLY.VORindicationsareindependentofaircraftheading!/8722AllaircraftlocatedinaPOSITIONwhereflyinginthedirectionselectedontheOBSwouldtakethemawayfromthestationwillhaveaFROMindicationCDI/TO-FROM

indicationsdependon

aircraft’s

POSITION

ONLY,regardlessofheading!

AllaircraftlocatedinaPOSITIONwhereflyinginthedirectionselectedontheOBSwouldtakethemtowardthestationwillhaveaTO

indication/8723CDI/TO-FROMindicationswillalwaysbeasiftheaircraftwereactuallyheadinginthedirectionyouhavesetintheOBS

courseselector

(regardlessofyouractualheading)!/8724ReverseSensing

VORsystemdoesn’tknowaircraft’sheadingItsensesyourpositionrelativetoselectedcourseCDIcomparesyourpositiontoOBScourseIfreciprocalofcourseselectedReversesensingoccurs(everythingisbackward)Toavoidreversesensing,setOBStodesiredcourseANDflyaheadingthatcloselymatchesyourselectedcourseREMEMBER:TheVORindicatesyourpositionrelativetoselectedOBScourseasifyouwereactuallymakinggoodthatcourse!/8725REVERSESENSING/8726VORINTERSECTIONSOnlyoneVORreceiverisrequiredforinstrumentflightButhaving2helpssimplifyyourarrivalatintersections2centeredneedlestellsyouthatyou’vearrivedattheintersectionwith1receiver,trackyourcourseandtuneintheoff-airwayradialwithFROMNeedlewilldeflecttowardoffairwaystationuntilyouarriveatintersectionthenitwillcenterandmoveawayfromstationafteryoupasstheintersection/8727300Deg“TO”120Deg“FROM”

/8728VORORIENTATIONDIAGRAM/8729Thecourseline(depictedbytheredarrow)

dividestheleft/righthalvesofthecompassrose.

@90degreesfromtheselectedcourse(depictedbythegreenline)dividestheTO/FROMhalvesofthecompassrose.030FROMOr210TORIGHTNEEDLE030FROMOr210TOLEFTNEEDLE210FROMOr030TOLEFTNEEDLE210FROMOr030TORIGHTNEEDLE210FROMOr030TOCENTEREDNEEDLEOFForNAVFLAGRIGHTNEEDLE/8730VORorientationWHEREAREYOU?TO/8731VORorientationIsthiswhereyouthought?TO/8732VOROrientationWHERE?FROM/8733VOROrientationIsthiswhereyouthought?FROM/8734VORinterceptangleLookonthesamesideastheneedleforaheadingtointerceptLook30degreestotheleftfora30degreeintercept/8735/8736/8737/8738VOR–Intercepting/Tracking

RulesofThumb60:1=60NM@1degreeoffcourse=1NMoffcourseDistancevs.InterceptHeading(Angle) -0to5DMElessthan30degrees -5to10DME30–45degrees -10+DME45+degrees/8739/8740TimeandDistancetoStationWingtipBearingChangemethod: Getstationoffwingtipandflyacrossasetnumberofdegreesofbearingchange

(10makesthematheasier)

Time=60Xminutesflown /Degreesofbearingchange

Distance=TASXminutesflown /Degreesofbearingchange/8741/8742VORChecksWithinpreceding30daysforIFRVOT(VORTestfacility)-360FROMor180TODesignatedGroundCheckpointPublishedinAFD+/-4ofdesignatedradialDesignatedAirbornecheckpointPublishedinAFD+/-6ofdesignatedradialAirwaycheckpoint91.171(b)(4)+/-6ofairwayradialDualVORcheckTunebothtosamestation.4degreesofeachother/8743VOT:VORTESTSIGNAL

VORTestFacilities(VOTs)Availability/frequencylistedinA/FD1.Tunefrequency2.Identifydotsorcontinuoustone.3.Select360o. “From”shouldappear. Needlecentered(+/-4o).4.Select180o.

“TO”shoul