Chapter14ThreemainpartiesinBritain?p341Beliefsandpoliciesofthemainpartiesp342-343Writing:

Comparetheelectionmanifestosof2005ofthetwomainparties,regardingeducation(p344-345)Thebeliefsofthetwopartiesmayserveasthebaseforthecomparison(p342-343).Statementsandjudgmentsp350(SectionB2)HowdidBritainVotein2005?p346Pressuregroupsp348,p352-Differentfromthemainparties?-Allinterestscateredto?-Promotionalfunctionandprotectivefunction?-Strategiesto‘pressure’?p352-Advantagesanddisadvantages?P252-Howaretheydifferentfromtheshadowcabinet?MainPartiestheConservativePartytheLabourParty

theLiberalDemocrats

Formationofparties16th:religiousdifferencePuritans→Parliament&trade→Parliamentmen→Whigs→LiberalsAnglicanChurch→KingandChurch→Loyalists→Tories→Conservatives1922LaborParty(workingclass)replacedtheLiberalPartytobecomeoneofthetwomajorpartiesQuotationsAwiseToryandawiseWhig,Ibelieve,willagree.Theirprinciplesarethesame,thoughmodesofthinkingaredifferent.

-SamuelJohnsonIt’snotthevotingthat’sdemocracy,it’sthecounting.-TomStoppard(1937-,Britishplaywright)Oneparty,twoparties,multi-parties?Themorepartiesthereare,thelesslikelyitisthatanyoneofthemwillbestrongenoughinParliamenttooutvotealltheothers;butwhenthereareonlytwo,oneofthemisboundtohaveamajorityofseats.Thishelpstoensureastrongandstablegovernment.

P.S.Tregidgo

ABackgroundtoEnglishAbriefhistoryWilliamⅠ(1066-1087,inNormanRule),theGrandCouncil,composedofthebarons,requiredtoservewhensummonedTheGreatCharter(1215)andthebeginningofParliament:DiscontentedwithKingJohn’styrannyandmisgovernment,thebaronsforcedthekingtosignthecharter.Adocumentsetalegalrelationbetweenthekingandhisbaronsbydefiningtheirrespectiverights-thefirststepofconstitutionalexperiment.InthetimeofHenryⅢ,SimondeMontfortintroducedknightsandcitizensintotheGreatCouncil(noblesandclergymen),thecommons,latertostandfortheHouseofCommonsTheGloriousRevolution(1688).Aroyalcoupd’etat(政變),theToriesandtheWhigsconflictingandthenunited,DeclarationofRights,insuringfreeworshiptoallProtestantsandbindingthenewmonarchy(WilliamⅢandMary)-Englishmonarchy(nodivinerightfromGod)rulesbypermissionofParliamentsincethen

TheConservativePartyEmergedin1830sfromthe‘Tory’groupinginParliamentLater19thC.concernedwithdefendingtraditionalinstitutionssuchasthemonarchy,thearistocracyandtheEmpireAfter1918constantlyadapteditspoliciestosuitprevailingtrendsinBritishsocietyIn1930sstartedtosheditsaristocraticimageandwasledbybusinessmenIn1950’sacceptedLabourpoliciessuchasnationalisationandthewelfarestate(consensuspoliticsfrom1951to1979)UnderThatchermovedtowardsasetofpoliciesaimedatbusiness,theconsumer,andtheupwardlymobile,becomingassociatedwiththebusinessandcommercialsectionsofsociety–the‘NewRight’conservativesTheNewRightsupheldfamilyvaluesbuthadafreemarketapproachtotheeconomyJohnMajorstressedwelfareprovisionasnecessaryintheprocessofprivatisation

TheLabourPartyFormedin1906fromLabourRepresentationCommitteewithfinancialbackingoftradeunionstorepresentinterestsofworkingclass1n1918madefirmcommitmentto‘commonownershipofthemeansofproduction’1924firstLabourgovernmentcametopowerBy1929hadreplacedLiberalsasoneofthemajorpartiesIn1945GeneralElectiongainedspectacularvictory,anditsgovernmentintroducedseveralimportantsocialreforms:NHS,socialsecuritysystem,masseducation,nationalisationofseveralleadingindustriesWonpowerunderWilson1964-1970andinofficeagain1974-1979,spentmajorityoftimeinoppositionuntil1997In1995,abandonedClauseFourofitsconstitutionandendedthecommitmenttostateownership–theeraofNewLabourMorewomenandminoritiesingovernmentDownplayeddominanceoftradeunionsovertheparty

TheLiberalDemocratsAnamalgamationoftheoldLiberalPartyandtheSocialDemocraticParty,thelatterbeingabreakawaygroupfromLabourParty,formedin1981AdvocatespoliciesbasedonfreedomoftheindividualandsupportfortheadoptionofProportionalRepresentationatelectionsRemainsaminoritypartywhichdrawssupportfromvotersdissatisfiedwithToryorLabourApartyofprotestratherthanarealalternativeforgovernmentImageofpartymoderateandappealspredominantlytomiddle-classpeople,ofteninruralareasPARTY

%OFVOTESCASTMEMBERSELECTEDLabour40.7413Conservative31.7166LiberalDem18.352Others10.328Total100.0659GeneralElectionResult,2001PARTY

%OFVOTESCASTMEMBERSELECTEDConservative306Labour258LiberalDem57Others28Total659GeneralElectionResult,2010WhydidLabourwin1997Election?Internalreforms,forexample,somereductionintradeunionpower.JohnSmith’sdeathin1994allowedcreationofNewLabourbythemoremodernisingBlair-notably,abandonmentofClauseIVofitsconstitutionin1995.Abandonmentoftraditionalsocialist-orevensocialdemocratic-principlesandacceptanceofmarketeconomics,lowinflationandinterestrates,cutsintaxation,spendingandwelfare.Pre-electioncommitmenttomaintainexistingtaxlevelsforafive-yeartermandpresentspendinglevelsfortwoyears,‘welfaretowork’,toughlawandorderespeciallyforjuvenileoffenders.DifficultfortheConservativestocriticisewhatwere,largely,theirownpolicies

New,radicalproposalsforconstitutionalreformGordonBrown"I'veheardtheneedforchange...andthisneedforchangecannotbemetbytheoldpolitics,"hesaid."Andnowlettheworkofchangebegin.“BrownisrecognizedforhisfiscalprudenceandcommitmenttohelpingAfricawithforeignaid."Afterall,it'slargelytohiscreditasthefinanceminister...thatwe'vehadthelongestperiodofeconomicgrowthinthehistoryofBritain,andthat'sbecausehetookdecisionsearlyonwhichwereintendedtobebeneficialyearsahead."However,Brown'sforeignpolicygoalsandthedirectionheintendstopursueinIraqarefoggy.

UpdatedWed.Jun.27200712:52PMETCTV.caNewsStaffDavidCameronBirth9OCT.1966Inthe2010generalelectionheldon6May,theConservativesgainedapluralityofseats(相對多數(shù)票席位)inahung(勢均力敵的，沒有多數(shù)黨的)parliamentandCameronwasappointedPMon11May2010,attheheadofacoalitionbetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocrats.TheyoungestsincetheEarlofLiverpool198yearsearlierTheCameronMinistryisthefirstcoalitiongovernmentintheUnitedKingdomsincetheSecondWorldWar.EU:StayorLeave?http://www.telegraph.co.uk/david-cameron/2023/1/13Othersmallernationalparties-GreenPartylifeonEarthisunderimmensepressure,theenvironmentaroundusisthreatenedwithmassivedestructiontakeresponsibilitytoleadahealthylifestyleforhumanbeing-SinnFéinseekstheestablishmentofanewIrelandmergeNorthernIrelandwiththeRepublicofIreland-UlsterUnionistPartynationalismremainsathreattothepeacefulco-existenceofthepeopleofNIremainNorthernRepublicofIrelandaspartoftheUKPressureGroups

Apressuregroupcanbedescribedasanorganisedgroupthatdoesnotputupcandidatesforelection,butseekstoinfluencegovernmentpolicyorlegislationTheycanalsobedescribedas‘interestgroups’,‘lobbygroups’or‘protestgroups’.InBritain,thenumberofpoliticalpartiesisverysmall,whereasthenumberofpressuregroupsrunsintothousands;asthemembershipofpoliticalpartieshasfallen,thatofpressuregroupshasincreasedPressureGroupsPressuregroupsincreaseparticipationandaccesstothepoliticalsystem,therebyenhancingthequalityofdemocracyPressuregroupsimprovethequalityofgovernment.Consultationwithaffectedgroupsistherationalwaytomakedecisionsinafreesociety.Pressuregroupsareaproductoffreedomofassociation,whichisa