太奇2013年管理類專 聯(lián)考輔基礎(chǔ)班英語九（閱讀PartAcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany'ssuccessandthe ofitsboss.Toworkoutwhatthat alitywas,theyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereysed,theresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasngandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldl,acompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover.Afewyearsbeforethis,however,ateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversity,ledbyNaliniAmbady,discoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturing,theywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas.Attheendofthestudy,theperceptionsgeneratedbythosewhohadwatchedonlytheclipswerefoundtomatchthoseofstudentstaughtbythesameprofessorsforafullsemester.Now,DrAmbadyandhercolleague,NicholasRule,havetakenthingsastepfurther.Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence.Theyshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1,000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthetheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivealitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.Thesetraitswerecompetence,dominance,likeability,facialmaturity(whethertheindividualhasanadult-lookingfaceorababy-face)andByauseful(thoughhardlyunexpected)coincidence,allthebusinessmenweremaleandallwerewhite,sotherewerenoconfusingvariablesofraceorsex.Thestudyevencontrolledforage,theemotionalexpressioninthephotosandthephysicalattractivenessoftheindividualsbyobtainingseparateratingsofthesefromotherstudentsandusingstatisticaltechniquestoremovetheireffects.Theresultsoftheirstudyshowthatboththestudents'assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetence,dominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany'sprofits.Sadly,thecharacteristicsoflikeabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofits,suggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccess,beingwarmdoesnotmattermuch(thoughthesetraitsarenotharmful).Butthisresultalsosuggestsyetanotherthingthatstockmarketystsmightcaretotakeintoaccountwhenpreparingtheirreports:thelooksofthechiefexecutive.ResearchbyscholarsfromYaleandUniversityofPittsburghdiscovered thealityofthebosswasrelatedtotheabookcouldnotbejudgedbyitsacompany’ssuccesshadnothingtodowiththeboss’somealitieshelpedthesuccessoftheFromthepassage,wecaninferthatNalini foundstillphotoscouldbeaseffectiveas intheconductedtwostudiesontheboss’looksandconductedresearchonprofessorsinresponsetotheYalechosebusinessmenrandomlyforabetterWhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtotheThefivealitytraitsallcontributedtothesuccessofaSomealitytraitsarenotdirectlyrelatedtoacompany’sTheleaderpotential alityareequallyimportantforaPhysicalattractivenesshasnothingtodowith ’s haveconsideredtheeffectsofotherhadlittletodowiththecompany’sfocusedonthebosses’physicalwereaffectedbyageandemotionalexpressionsintheBysaying“stockmarket…thelooksofthechiefexecutive”,theauthor stock ystsshouldconsiderlooksofthebossesintheirthelooksofthechiefexecutivedeterminetheperformanceofthestock ystsshouldputCEO’sphotosintotheirthereisalinkbetweentheCEO’sfacialfeaturesandthecompany’sIntheearlydaysoftheinternet,theideathatitrepresentedanentirelynewandseparaterealm,distinctfromtherealworld,wasseizeduponbybothadvocatesandcriticsofthenewtechnology.Advocateslikedtheideathatthevirtualworldwasaplacelessdatasphere,liberatedfromconstraintsandrestrictionsoftherealworld,andanopportunityforafreshstart.Forinstance,JohnPerryBarlow,aninternetactivist,issuedthe“DeclarationoftheIndependenceofCyberspace”inFebruary1996.Hethundered,“ernmentsoftheindustrialworld,Icomefromcyberspace,thenewhomeofmind.Cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders.Wearecreatingaworldthatallmayenterwithoutprivilegeorprejudiceaccordedbyrace,economicpower,militaryforce,orstationofbirth.”WhereMr.Barlowandothercyber-Utopiansfoundtheseparationbetweentherealandvirtualworldsexciting,however,criticsregardeditasacauseforconcern.Theyworriedthatpeoplewerespendingtoomuchtimeonline,communicatingwithpeopletheyhadneverevenmetin inchatrooms,virtualgameworldsand,morerecently,onsocial-networkingsitessuchasMySpaceand .AstudycarriedoutbytheStanfordInstituteforthetativeStudyofSocietyin2000,forexample,foundthatheavyinternetusersspenttimetalkingtofriendsandfamily,andwarnedthattheinternetcouldbe“theultimateisolatingBothgroupswerewrong,ofcourse.Theinternethasnotturnedouttobeathingapart.Unpleasantaspectsoftherealworld,suchastaxes,censorship,crimeandfraudarenowfeaturesofthevirtualworld,too.Gamerswhomakerealmoneysellingswords,goldandotheritemsinvirtualgameworldsmaynowfindthatthetaxmanwantstoknowaboutit.DesignersofvirtualobjectsinSecondLife,anonlinevirtualworld,areresortingtoreal-worldlawsuitsinordertoprotecttheirinlectualproperty.Atthesametime,however,someofthemostexcitingusesoftheinternetrelyoncouplingitwiththerealworld.Socialnetworkingallowspeopletostayintouchwiththeirfriendsonline,andplansocialactivitiesintherealworld.Thedistinctionbetweenonlineandofflinechatterceasestomatter.Alltheseapproachestreattheinternetasanextensionoranattaenttothephysicalworld,notaseparatespace.Ratherthanseeingtherealandvirtualreaasdistincting,inshort,itmakessensetoseethemascomplementaryandAccordingtothefirstparagraph,internetadvocatesbelieved internetstoodforprogressofthevirtualrealmwasaworldwithoutcyberspaceliberatedtherealcyberspacecanbeenteredbyanyoneforWhyisJohnPerryBarlowmentionedinParagraphToshowtheinfluenceoftheToadvocatetheequalityforThepassagesuggeststhatcriticsofthenew wereconcernedabouttheseparationofpeoplefromtherealworriedthatfriendswouldnevermeetwereconcernedthatpeopleweretooengagedinsocialwouldbelievetheinternetcouldisolatepeopleItcanbeinferredfrompassage virtualworldisfreefromthedarksidesoftherealthereisnodifferencebetweenchattingonlineandofflinepeople’sactivitiesonlinecanalsoaffecttheirrealworldpeoplewhomakerealmoneyinvirtualgameshavetopayFromthepassagewecanconcludethatthe supportsbothadvocatesandcriticsofthebelievesthattherealandvirtualworldsareisopposedtothefusionoftheinternetwiththephysicalarguesthatrealandvirtualworlds PartInthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignals,buteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords,evenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyinligent,wemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgone,orwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.13)Theseinventionsanddiscoveries—fire,speech,weaponsdomesticanimals,agriculture,andwriting—madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetoeaccustomedtohistechnique,andtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewas,ofcourse,animmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNile,theEuphrates,theTigris,andtheIndus,butattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime. Notes:ape猿。pastoralnomad田園式的游牧部落的人。theEuphrates幼發(fā)拉底河。theTigris底格里斯河。theIndus河。inquestion所談的(在名詞后作后置定語)。[A]Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopment