對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)重要語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)及其教學(xué)消殺制度消殺制度消殺制度衛(wèi)生消殺管理制度一、學(xué)校保健教師應(yīng)根據(jù)季節(jié)的變化和突發(fā)情況調(diào)整衛(wèi)生消殺工作的作業(yè)頻次。二、消殺區(qū)域包括：學(xué)校樓梯口、梯間及周?chē)?、教室、辦公室、廁所、垃圾箱等室外公共區(qū)域。三、消殺工作每周進(jìn)行一次，并填寫(xiě)記錄。四、殺蟲(chóng)方式以噴藥觸殺為主，消毒方法主要采取泡騰片化水后噴撒。五、消殺作業(yè)完畢，應(yīng)將器具、藥具統(tǒng)一清洗保管。六、消殺工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1、檢查教室和辦公室，有消殺痕跡。2、檢查公共區(qū)域，目視無(wú)蒼蠅滋生地。3、抽檢教室，辦公室，經(jīng)詢(xún)問(wèn)有消殺過(guò)程。七、消殺工作的管理與檢查1、消殺工作前，學(xué)校保健教師必須詳盡地告訴作業(yè)人員應(yīng)注意的安全事項(xiàng)。2、保健教師每周檢查一次消殺工作的進(jìn)行情況并將工作情況記錄于工作日記中。3、保健教師現(xiàn)場(chǎng)跟蹤檢查，確保操作正確。八、遇傳染病爆發(fā)時(shí)期，按照當(dāng)?shù)匦l(wèi)生防疫部門(mén)相關(guān)要求，結(jié)合學(xué)校發(fā)展情況及時(shí)完成消毒，清理、隔離等工作。

主謂一致習(xí)題主謂一致習(xí)題

/主謂一致習(xí)題主謂一致練習(xí)題1.?NeitherhenorI___fortheplan.a.were?????????????b.is???????????????c.are??????????????d.am2.?MyfamilyaswellasI___gladtoseeyou.a.was?????????????b.is???????????????c.are??????????????d.am3.?Myfather,togetherwithsomeofhisoldfriends,___therealready.a.willbe???????????b.hadbeen?????????c.hasbeen?????????d.havebeen4.?Therearetworoadsandeither___tothestation.a.isleading?????????b.areleading???????c.lead?????????????d.leads5.?Nineplusthree___twelve.a.aremaking????????b.ismaking????????c.make????????????d.makes6.?Twentymiles___alongwaytocover.a.seemtobe????????b.is???????????????c.are??????????????d.were7.?Veryfew___hisaddressinthetown.a.hasknown????????b.areknowing???????c.know???????????d.knows8.?Whenandwherethistookplace___stillunknown.a.has??????????????b.is???????????????c.were????????????d.are9.?Iknowthatall___gettingonwellwithher.a.were?????????????b.are??????????????c.is??????????????d.was10.Therestofthenovel___veryinteresting.a.seem?????????????b.is???????????????c.are?????????????d.were11.Ourfamily___ahappyone.a.are???????????????b.was?????????????c.are?????????????d.is12.Theboysittingbythewindowistheonlyoneofthestudentswho___fromthecountrysideinourschool.a.was??????????????b.were????????????c.is???????????????d.are13.Morethanoneanswer___tothequestion.a.hadgiven?????????b.weregiven????????c.hasbeengiven????d.havebeengiven14.Thestudentsinourschooleach___anEnglishdictionary.a.arehaving?????????b.had?????????????c.has??????????????d.have15.Thepairofshoes___wornout.a.hadbeen??????????b.havebeen????????c.were?????????????d.was16.Aprofessorandawriter___presentatthemeeting.a.hadbeen??????????b.were????????????c.is???????????????d.was17.Thosewho___singingmayjoinus.a.isfondof?????????b.enjoy????????????c.likes?????????????d.areliking18.There___aknifeandforkonthetable.a.are???????????????b.isseemingtobe???c.seemtobe????????d.seemstobe19.Over80percentofthepopulation___workers.a.willbe????????????b.are??????????????c.is???????????????d.was20.Thewholeclass___greatlymovedathiswords.a.is????????????????b.had?????????????c.were?????????????d.was21.Thewounded___goodcareofherenow.a.istaking??????????b.aretaking????????c.arebeingtaken?????d.istaken22.Deer___fasterthandogs.a.willrun???????????b.arerunning???????c.runs?????????????d.run23.Thepolice___aprisoner.a.aresearchedfor?????b.issearching??????c.aresearchingfor???d.issearchingfor24.Itwasreportedthatsix___includingaboy.a.hadkilled??????????b.waskilling???????c.werekilled???????d.waskilled25.TheUnitedNations___in1945.a.wasfound??????????b.wasfounded?????c.werefounded?????d.werefound26.I,who___yourgoodfriend,willshareyourjoysandsorrows.a.was???????????????b.are?????????????c.is???????????????d.am27.Betweenthetwobuildings___amonument.a.isstanding?????????b.standing?????????c.stands????????????d.stand28.Layingeggs___theantqueen’sfull-timejob.a.have??????????????b.has?????????????c.are??????????????d.is29.Peter,perhapsJohn,___playingwiththelittledog.a.seems?????????????b.were????????????c.are??????????????d.is30.Manyastudent___thatmistakebefore.a.hadmade??????????b.hasbeenmade????c.havemade????????d.hasmade31.TheArabianNights___wellknowntoEnglishlovers.a.isbeing????????????b.are?????????????c.were????????????d.is32.Yournewclothesfityou,butmine___me.a.don’tfitfor?????????b.doesn’tfitfor?????c.don’tfit?????????d.doesn’tfit33.Tom’steacherandfriend___MrSmith.a.has????????????????b.arebeing????????c.is???????????????d.are34.Allthatcanbeeaten___eatenup.a.havebeen???????????b.hadbeen????????c.hasbeen?????????d.arebeing35.Someperson___callingforyouatthegate.a.willbe?????????????b.isbeing?????????c.is???????????????d.are36.Oneachsideofthestreet___alotoftrees.a.aregrown???????????b.isstanding??????c.grow????????????d.stands37.Thenumberofthepeoplewho___cars___?increasing.a.own….are??????????b.own…is????????c.owns…is?????????d.owns…are38.NooneexceptJackandTom___?theanswer.a.areknows??????????b.isknowing???????c.knows???????????d.know39.Nothingbutcars___?intheshop.a.aregoingtosell?????b.weresold?????????c.aresold?????????d.issold40.Hereisamessageofimportancetoeverymanandwomanwho___.a.votes??????????????b.vote?????????????c.voting??????????d.arevoting41.Politics___oneofthesubjectsthatIstudy.a.are????????????????b.is???????????????c.were???????????d.was42.___alreadybeeninterviewed.a.Anumberofapplicantshave???????????????b.Anumberofapplicantshasc.Thenumberofapplicantshave?????????????d.Thenumberofapplicantshas43.___ismisusedinthesentence.a.Awordortwo????????b.Oneortwowords??c.Oneandtwowords?d.Manywords44.There___pricelessjewelleryondisplayattheexhibitionhall.a.are?????????????????b.have?????????????c.is????????????????d.has45.Iamtheonewho___wrong.a.am?????????????????b.is???????????????c.are???????????????d.havebeen46.Eachofthefootballers___over150pounds.a.weigh??????????????b.weighs????????????c.weights????????d.wereweighing47.Thereis___rice.a.few????????????????b.afew?????????????c.many??????????d.agreatdealof48.Halfofthematerial___away.a.hasbeentaken???????b.aretaken??????????c.havebeentaken?????d.weretaken49.Themanagerorhisassistant___planningtogo.a.was????????????????b.were?????????????c.be????????????????d.will50.There___inthisroom.a.aretoomanyfurnitures????????????????????b.aretoomuchfurniturec.aretoomuchfurnitures????????????????????d.istoomuchfurniture51.Hisbrotherratherthanhisparents___.a.aretobeblamed??????b.istoblame????????c.aretoblame?????d.istobeblamed.52.Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforit___amysterytous.a.hasbeenremained????b.havebeenremained?c.remain?????????????d.remains53.Toknowmerelythemainfacts___enough.a.are?????????????????b.be???????????????c.being??????????????d.is54.Wateringtheflowersandlookingafterthechildren___allIhavetodoeveryday.a.are?????????????????b.is????????????????c.was???????????????d.were55.Eachboyandeachgirl___anewbook.a.havegone????????????b.hasgone??????????c.havegot???????????d.hasgot56.AmericanandDutchbeer___bothmuchlighterthanBritish.a.are??????????????????b.is????????????????c.were??????????????d.was57.ItisnotIbutyouwho___thefirsttoruntothegoalinthatcompetition.a.is???????????????????b.was??????????????c.are???????????????d.isgoingto58.Everymeans___beentriedsincethen.a.has??????????????????b.have?????????????c.are????????????????d.is59.Oneandahalfbananas___onthetable.a.areleft???????????????b.isleft????????????c.haveleft????????????d.hasleft60.There___inthisroom.a.aretoomanyrooms?????????????????????????b.aretoomuchroom???????????????C..areplentyofrooms????????????????????????d.isplentyofroom.KEYS??1-10?DCCDD?BCBCB???11-20?DCCDD?BBDBC???21-30?CDCCB?DCDDD??31-40?DCCCC?CBCDA??41-50?BAACB?BDAAD???51-60?BCDAD?ACABD主謂一致練習(xí)題主謂一致練習(xí)題（1）1.?Eachofyou______responsiblefortheaccident.a.am???b.be???c.is???d.are2.?Eachmanandwoman______thesamerights.a.has???b.have???c.had???d.ishaving3.?Everymeans______triedbutwithoutmuchresult.a.hasbeen???b.havebeen???c.are???d.is4.?There______inthisroom.a.aretoomuchfurniture???b.istoomanyfurnituresc.aretoomuchfurnitures??d.istoomuchfurniture5.?Themanagerorhisassistant______planningtogo.a.were???b.are???c.was???d.be6.?NotonlyIbutalsoDavidandIris______fondofplayingbasketball.a.am???b.is???c.are???d.was7.?NeitherTomnorhisparents______athome.a.is????b.are???c.has???d.was8.?Eitherthedeanortheprincipal______themeeting.a.attends???b.attend???c.areattending???d.haveattended9.?______waswrong.a.Nottheteacherbutthestudents??????b.Boththestudentsandtheteacherc.Neithertheteachernotthestudents???d.Notthestudentsbuttheteacher10.????“______twentydollarsabigsumtoher?”?“Isupposeso.”a.Willbe???b.Is???c.Are???d.Were11.????Threehours______enoughforustofinishthetask.a.are??b.has??c.is??d.were12.????Mostofhissavings______intheXinHuaBank.a.hasbeenkept???b.isbeingkept???c.havekept????d.havebeenkept13.????Allthatcanbedone______.a.hasdone???b.hasbeendone???c.havedone???d.havebeendone14.????Oneorperhapsmorepages_______.a.ismissing???b.hasbeenmissed???c.aremissing???d.wasmissing15.????Morethanoneworker______dismissed.a.havebeen????b.are???c.hasbeen???d.has16.????Manyastudent______theimportanceoflearningaforeignlanguage.a.haverealized???b.hasrealize???c.havebeenrealized???d.hasbeenrealized17.????Thegasworks______nearthecity.a.is???b.are???c.were???d.be18.????Thesurroundingsofhishouse______cleannow.a.is???b.are???c.was???d.were19.????Thecommittee______overtheproblemamongthemselvesfortwohours.a.hasargued???b.hasbeenarguing???c.haveargued???d.havebeenarguing20.????Thepublic______generousintheircontributionstotheearthquakevictims.a.is???b.was???c.are???d.hasbeen21.????Cattle______onthehillside.a.grazes???b.isgrazing???c.wasgrazing???d.weregrazing22.????Herpolitics______neitherconservativenorliberal.a.is???b.are???c.was???d.hasbeen23.????Measles______akindofinfectiousillness.a.is???b.are??c.were???d.havebeen24.????ThePhilippines______tothesouth-eastofChina.???a.lies???b.lie???c.lay???d.lays25.????Maryisoneofthegirlswho______alwaysontime.a.is???b.am???c.are???d.was26.????Tomistheonlyoneofthestallmemberswho______tobepromoted.a.isgoing???b.aregoing???c.hasbeengoing???d.havebeengoing27.????Whatcausedtheaccident______ontheroad.a.werestone???b.werestones???c.wasstone???d.wasstones28.????Wiskyandsoda______?hisfavoritedrink.a.is???b.are???c.were???d.havebeen29.????______istoattendourevening.a.boththesingerandthedancer???b.Eitherthesingerordancers?c.Thesingerordancers??????????d.Thesingeranddancer30.????TheSmiths______theirbreakfastwhenthemorningpostcame.a.had????b.hasbeenhaving???c.arehaving???d.werehaving31.????Nooneexcepttwostudents______themeeting.a.hasbeenlatefor???b.havebeenlatefor???c.waslatefor???d.werelaterfor32.????Allbuthimandme______totheexhibition.a.amgoing???b.isgoing???c.aregoing???d.wasgoing33.????Interest,aswellasprospects,______importantwhenonelooksforajob.a.are???b.were???c.is???d.was34.????Thepresident,accompaniedbyhisassistants,______.a.havearrived???b.arearriving????c.hadarrived???d.hasarrived35.????Anumberofcars______infrontoftheparka.isparked???b.wasparked???c.areparked???d.hasparked36.????thenumberofarticlespublishedonsmoking______amazing.a.is???b.are???c.were???d.havebeen37.????Themajorityofdoctors______smokingisharmfultohealth.a.arebelieved???b.hadbelieved???c.hasbelieved???d.believe38.????Themajorityofthedamage______easytorepair.a.is???b.are???c.were???d.be39.????Four-fifthsofthecrop______.a.areruined???b.wasruined???c.wereruined???d.havebeenruined40.????Three-fourthsofthebuildings______.a.wasdestroyed???b.isdestroyed???c.weredestroyed????d.hasbeendestroyed41.????Earlytobedandearlytorise______amanhealthy,happyandwise.a.making???b.tomake???c.make???d.makes42.????Mathematics______thelanguageofscience.a.is???b.hasbeen???c.are???d.havebeen43.????Theyoung______thevitalforcesinoursociety.a.is???b.hasbeen???c.are???d.havebeen44.????Everyman,womanandchild______somehistory,enoughatleast,tosurviveintheworld.a.knows???b.know???c.isknown???d.areknown45.????Noneofthem______myfriends.a.is???b.are???c.was???d.hasbeen46.????Notonlythewholenation,butthewholeEurope,indeedthewholehumansociety______toalteritsattitudetoracialproblems.a.need???b.needs???c.hasaneed???d.haveaneed47.????Gettingtootherplanetsortothemoon_____manyproblems.a.involve???b.involves???c.involving???d.toinvolve48.????Inthatcountry,therich______richer,thepoor,poorer.a.become???b.?hasbecome???c.becomes????d.isbecoming49.????Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthan______becauseitisextremelydifficult.a.hasbeenputin???b.havebeenputin????c.beingputin???d.tobeputin50.????Notoneinonehundredchildrenexposedtothedisease______likelytodevelopit.a.shouldbe???b.mustbe???c.is???d.are主謂一致練習(xí)題（2）一、單項(xiàng)選擇（主謂一致專(zhuān)練）1.Neitherofthem______goingtothecinema.Bothofthem_____goingtothecinema.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;wasD.are;is2.Allbutone_____herejustnow.AllthatIwanttosay____this.A.was;wereB.was;isB.were;isD.were;were3.Anumberofstudents____goneforanouting.Thenumberofthestudents______increasingyear.A.have;hasB.is;haveC.has;haveD.have;is4.Someoftheoranges______turnedbad.Someofthemilk_______turnedsour(酸).A.have;hasB.have;haveC.has;haveD.have;is5.Eachstudent-____gotanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Thestudentseach______adictionary.A.have;hasB.has;haveC.have;haveD.has;has6.There_____apen,aninkbottle,andsomebooksonit.There________somebowls,platesandaspoononit.A.is;areB.are;areC.are;isD.is;is7.Eitherthejudgeorthelawvers________wrong.Eitheryouorhe_______toblame.A.is;areB.are;isC.are;areD.is;is8.Hisfamily______allverywell.Hisfamily_______a“fivegood”one.A.are;isB.is;isC.are;areD.is;are9.Mybluetrousers______wornout.Onepairoftrousers______notenough.A.is;areB.are;areC.is;isD.are;is10.OurLeaguesecretaryandmonitor______theleadineverything.OurLeaguesecretaryandthemonitor______goodfriends.A.take;areB.take;isC.takes;isD.takes;are11.Thegirlaswellashisparents_______abike.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheprofessor______surprisedatMary’sanswer.A.have;wasB.have;wereC.has;wasD.has;were12.Who_____thegirlsinginginthenextroom?Who______thesepeopleoverthere?A.are;areB.are;isC.is;areD.is;is13.Mostofthestudents_____boys.Mostofhismoney_____spentonbooks.A.are;isB.is;isC.are;areD.is;are14.Thepoliceman______standingatthestreetcorner.Thepolice_____searchingforhim.A.are;isB.are;areC.is;areD.is;is15.Theglasses______mine.Thatpairofglasses_____mybrother’s.A.are;isB.are;areC.is;areD.is;is16.Thenewsatsixo’clock_____nottrue.Thosepiecesofnews_____tobebroadcasted.A.are;isB.are;areC.is;areD.is;is17.GrandpaWangandhistwograndsons______takingawalkintheparknow.GrandpaWang,togetherwithhistwograndsons,____takingawalkintheparknow.A.are;areB.is;areC.is;isD.are;is18.NoonebutJane______thesecret.NobodybutMaryandI___intheclassroomatthattime.A.????know;wasB.?????knows;wasC.????know;wereD.????knows;were19.There_______nothingbuttwoloomsinthehall.There_____somethingwrongwiththemachine.A.was;isB.was;areC.were;isD.were;are20.Heisoneoftheboyswho_____neverlateforschool.Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswho_____neverlateforschool.A.is;areB.are;areC.are;isD.is;is21.Whattheyhavedone______ofgreatusetous.Whathesaysandwhathedoes___agree.A.????is;notB.?????is;donotC.????are;doesnotD.????are;not22.Everypictureexceptthesetwo_______.Everythingaroundus_____matter.A.????havebeensold;isB.?????havebeensold;areC.????hasbeensold;isD.????hasbeensold;are23.Awomanwithtwochildren______cominguptous.Mary,alongwithherparents,___movedtoParis.A.is;hasB.is;haveC.are;haveD.are;has24.onesixthofourclassmates_____frompeasantfamilies.Onefifthofhertime____devotedtowriting.A.????comes;isB.?????come;areC.????come;isD.????comes;are25.Only10percentofthestudentsintheclass_____Leaguemembers.About40%ofJim’sincome________totherent(租金).A.are;goesB.are;goC.is;goesD.is;go26.Itisthisteacherwho______leavingforLondon.Itisyouwho____next.A.are;areB.is;areC.are;isD.is;is27.Thepopulationoftheearth_____increasingfast.Onethirdofthepopulationhere_____workers.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;isD.are;are28.Thiskindofsnakes_____verydangerous.Thesekindsofmetal_____hardtofind.A.is;isB.are;isC.is;areD.are;are29.Halfofthevisitors_____fromEurope.Halfofthefruit_____bad.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;isD.are;are30.Everymanworkerandeverywomanworker_____freemedicalcare.AtChristmaseachboyandeachgirl_____givenapresent.A.????enjoy;isB.?????enjoy;areC.????enjoys;isD.????enjoys;are31.Manyaman______seenthewonderfulfilm.Manymen_____seenthewonderfulfilm.A.????has;hasB.?????has;haveC.????have;hasD.????have;have32.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearly_____agoodhabit.Singinganddancing_____twoofthethingsthathelikesbest.A.is;isB.are;isC.is;areD.are;are33.Such______AlbertEinstein,asimplemanofgreatachievements.Such______herwords.A.????were;wereB.?????was;wereC.????were;wereD.????was;was34.BesidesXiaoWang,WiaoMa_____willingtodothework.Thefactory,includingitsmachines_____burntlastnight.A.was;isB.were;isC.was;areD.were;are35.Ifanybody_____,askhimtowait._____thereanythingIcandoforyou?A.????come;IsB.?????come;AreC.????comes;AreD.???comes;Is主謂一致練習(xí)題（3）36.Chinese_____notsodifficulttolearn.TheChinesepeople________braveandhardworking.A.is;isB.are;isC.is;areD.are;are37.Little_____donetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.Much_____donetoagainstfightpollution.A.????hasbeen;havebeenB.?????have;hasC.????hasbeen;hasbeenD.????havebeen;havebeen38.Doyouknowthesingeranddancerwho_____standingatthegate?Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhich____Taiwan.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;isD.are;are39.Eachofthegirls____anorange.Each______hisduty.A.have;hasB.have;haveC.has;hasD.has;have40.Whenwearetoholdthesportsmeet____beendecided.Whetherhesucceedsorfails______matter.A.????have;don’tB.?????has;don’tC.????have;doesn’tD.????has;does’t41.Herclothes____nearlywornout.Hisphysics______weakerthanothers.A.is;isB.are;isC.is;areD.are;are42.Fivehundreddollars______morethanhecanafford.A.isB.are43.Foodandclothing____dailynecessitiesforpeople.A.isB.are44.TheUnitedNations___tryingtopersuadethetwocountries.A.isB.are45.Threekilometers____notalongdistance.A.isB.are46.Tosaysomething_______onething,todoit_____another.A.is;isB.are;are47.ReadingEnglishmagazinesandnovels____helpfultoyourstudyofEnglish.A.isB.are48.HelikeyouandXiaoLiu______verydiligent.A.isB.are49.Betweenthetwobuildings_____ahospital.A.standB.stands50.Howtogetridofthesethings____abigproblem.A.areB.is主謂一致練習(xí)題（1）答案1—5?????CAADC?6—10???CBADB?11—15???CDBCC?16—20???BABDC???21—25???DBAAC?26—30???ADADD?31—35???CCCDC?36—40???ADABC41—45???DDCAB??46—50???BBAAC主謂一致練習(xí)題（2、3）答案1—5ACDAB??6—10ABADD??11—15CCACA??16—20CDBAD21—25BCACA?26—30BACCC?31—35BCBAD??36—40CCBCD41—45BABAA??46—50AAABB

上課的正確姿勢(shì)上課的正確姿勢(shì)

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上課的正確姿勢(shì)怎樣的坐姿才算正確？石老師說(shuō)，前些年，不少學(xué)校提倡學(xué)生將雙手背在背后的坐姿其實(shí)并不科學(xué)，而曾經(jīng)流行過(guò)的雙手下垂這種坐姿不錯(cuò)，但不適合所有學(xué)生。石老師提倡目前普遍提倡的坐姿——肩膀放平，挺直腰背，雙手放在桌上，且右手在上，左手在下。石老師說(shuō)，這個(gè)坐姿可以防止孩子們?cè)谡n堂上做小動(dòng)作，而且他們上課舉手發(fā)言、拿筆、翻書(shū)都很方便?！俺酥?，一個(gè)好的坐姿，還要符合‘三一’原則。”石老師說(shuō)，“三一”就是眼離書(shū)本一尺遠(yuǎn)，胸離書(shū)桌一拳遠(yuǎn)，手離筆尖一寸遠(yuǎn)。在學(xué)校，有老師幫助孩子糾正坐姿；在家里，忙碌的家長(zhǎng)如何及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正孩子的錯(cuò)誤坐姿呢？石老師給家長(zhǎng)們出了個(gè)好主意。她說(shuō)，坐姿是否端正，直接影響著孩子的字體。當(dāng)家長(zhǎng)在檢查孩子作業(yè)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子的字歪歪扭扭，就該敦促孩子寫(xiě)作業(yè)時(shí)肩要放平，腰背要挺直，雙手要放桌上。錯(cuò)誤的坐姿會(huì)導(dǎo)致眼部光線不足，這樣長(zhǎng)時(shí)間近距離看書(shū)會(huì)造成用眼過(guò)度，容易引發(fā)視力下降。另外，專(zhuān)家還提醒說(shuō)，長(zhǎng)期坐姿不正確、極易導(dǎo)致“駝背”、“含胸”，孩子扭著腰寫(xiě)字，還可能造成腰椎側(cè)彎。久而久之，還會(huì)造成腰肌勞損、脊柱側(cè)凸、頸椎變形，甚至是椎間盤(pán)突出，脊柱疾病的治療難度很大，一旦過(guò)了成長(zhǎng)發(fā)育期，很難矯正。站姿坐姿步態(tài)?一、站姿?站立是人最基本的姿勢(shì)，是一種靜態(tài)的美。正確的站姿是：?1.頭正，雙目平視，嘴唇微閉，下頜微收，面帶微笑。?2.雙肩放松，雙臂自然下垂于身體兩側(cè)或放在身體前后。做到挺胸、收腹、立腰，有向上的感覺(jué)。?3.雙腿立直，身體重心應(yīng)在兩腿中間，防止重心偏左或偏右。?［四種站姿］?1.肅立。身體立直，雙手置于身體兩側(cè)，雙腿自然并攏，腳跟靠緊，腳掌分開(kāi)呈“V“字型。?2.直立。身體立直，右手搭在左手上，貼在腹部，兩腿并攏，腳跟靠緊，腳掌分開(kāi)呈“V“字型。?3.直立。身體立直，雙臂下垂，右手搭在左手上，貼在腹部，兩腳前后略分開(kāi)。?4.直立。身體立直，右手搭在左手上，貼在臀部，兩腿分開(kāi)，兩腳平行，比肩寬略窄些。?以上站姿，應(yīng)嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練，養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣。?在非正式場(chǎng)合，如果累了可以適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)一下，如：可以將一條腿向前跨半步或是向后撤半步，身體重心輪流放在兩條腿上。正確的站姿會(huì)給人以挺拔筆直、舒展俊美、莊重大方、精力充沛、信心十足、積極向上的印象。?［糾正不良站姿］?站立時(shí)不要過(guò)于隨便，不要探脖、塌腰、聳肩、雙腿彎曲或不停地顫抖，在莊重場(chǎng)合，雙手不可放在衣兜或插在腰間，這些站姿會(huì)給人留下不良印象。?二、坐姿?坐，也是一種靜態(tài)造型。端莊優(yōu)美的坐，會(huì)給人以文雅、穩(wěn)重、自然大方的美感。正確的坐姿要求端正、舒展大方。?1.入坐時(shí)要輕要穩(wěn)。走到座位前，轉(zhuǎn)身后，輕穩(wěn)地坐下。女子入座時(shí)，若是裙裝，應(yīng)用手將裙稍稍攏一下，不要坐下后再站起來(lái)整理衣服。?2.雙目平視，嘴唇微閉，下頜微收，面帶微笑。?3.雙肩平正放松，兩臂自然彎曲放在腿上，亦可放在椅子或沙發(fā)扶手上，掌心向下。?4.坐在椅子上，要立腰，上體自然挺直。?5.雙膝自然并攏，雙腿正放或側(cè)放，雙腿并攏或交疊（男士坐時(shí)可略分開(kāi)）。?6.坐在椅子上，應(yīng)至少坐滿(mǎn)椅子的三分之二，脊背輕靠椅背。?7.離座時(shí)，要自然穩(wěn)當(dāng)，右腳向后收半步，而后站起。?8.談話時(shí)可以有所側(cè)重，此時(shí)上體與腿同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)向一側(cè)。?［三種坐姿］?1.雙腿并攏，上體挺直，坐正，兩手扶在腿上，男士雙腿可略分開(kāi)。?2.女士坐姿。坐正，上身挺直，兩腿并攏，兩腳同時(shí)向左放或向右放，兩手疊放，置于左腿或右腿上。?3.女士坐姿。坐正，上身挺直，兩腿并攏，兩腳交叉，置于一側(cè)，兩手疊放，置于左腿或右腿上。?［糾正不良坐姿］?1.坐時(shí)不可前傾后仰，或是歪歪扭扭。?2.兩腿不可過(guò)于叉開(kāi)，也不可長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)地伸開(kāi)。?3.坐下后不可隨意挪動(dòng)椅子。?4.不可以將大腿并攏，小腿分開(kāi)，或雙手放于臀下。?5.腿腳不可不停地抖動(dòng)。?三、步態(tài)?步態(tài)屬于動(dòng)態(tài)美，凡是協(xié)調(diào)穩(wěn)健、輕松敏捷的步態(tài)都會(huì)給人以美感。?［正確的步態(tài)］?正確的步態(tài)，協(xié)調(diào)穩(wěn)健，輕松敏捷，可以表現(xiàn)出一個(gè)人朝氣蓬勃，積極向上的健美狀態(tài)，給人留下美好的印象。?1.雙目向前平視，微收下頜，面帶微笑。?2.雙肩平穩(wěn)，雙臂前后自然擺動(dòng)，擺放以30度左右為宜，雙肩不要過(guò)于僵硬。?3.上身挺直，頭正，挺胸，收腹，立腰，重心稍前傾。?4.注意步位。兩腳的內(nèi)側(cè)落地后的線跡應(yīng)在一條直線上。?5.步幅適當(dāng)。一般應(yīng)該是前腳的腳跟與后腳腳尖相距為一腳長(zhǎng)，但因性別不同和身高不同會(huì)有一定差異。步幅與服飾也有關(guān)，如：女士穿裙裝（特別是穿旗袍、西服裙、禮服時(shí)）和穿高跟鞋時(shí)步幅應(yīng)小些，穿長(zhǎng)褲時(shí)步幅可大些。?6.跨出的步子應(yīng)是全腳掌著地，膝和腳腕不可過(guò)于僵直。?7.停步、拐彎、上下樓梯時(shí)，應(yīng)從容不迫，控制自如。?［糾正不良步態(tài)］?走路最忌內(nèi)八字和外八字；其次是彎腰駝背、歪肩晃膀；走路不要大甩手，扭腰擺臀，左顧右盼；不要雙腿過(guò)于彎曲，走路不成直線；不要步子太大或太碎；不要上下顫動(dòng)；不要腳蹭地面。?

植樹(shù)工程的施工工序植樹(shù)工程的施工工序植樹(shù)工程的施工工序一、定點(diǎn)、放線

????(一)行道樹(shù)的定點(diǎn)放線道路兩側(cè)成行列式栽植的樹(shù)木，稱(chēng)行道樹(shù)。要求栽植位置準(zhǔn)確，株行距相等(在國(guó)外有用不等距的)。一般是按設(shè)計(jì)斷面定點(diǎn)。在已有道路旁定點(diǎn)以路牙為依據(jù)，然后用皮尺、鋼尺或測(cè)繩定出行位，再按設(shè)計(jì)定株距，每隔10株于株距中間釘一木樁(即不是釘在所挖坑穴的位置上)，作為行位控制標(biāo)記，以確定每株樹(shù)木坑(穴)位置的依據(jù)。然后用白灰點(diǎn)標(biāo)出單株位置。

????由于道路綠化與市政、交通、沿途單位、居民等關(guān)系密切，植樹(shù)位置的確定，除和規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)部門(mén)的配合協(xié)商外，在定點(diǎn)后還應(yīng)請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)人員驗(yàn)點(diǎn)。

????(二)公園綠地的定點(diǎn)自然式樹(shù)木種植方式，不外乎有兩種：一為單株作孤賞樹(shù)，多在設(shè)計(jì)圖上標(biāo)有單株的位置。另一種是群植，圖上只標(biāo)明范圍，而未明確株位的樹(shù)叢、片林。其定點(diǎn)、放線方法有以下三種：

????1．平板儀定點(diǎn)：范圍較大，測(cè)量基點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確的綠地，可以用平板儀定點(diǎn)。即依據(jù)基點(diǎn)，將單株位置及片株的范圍線，按設(shè)計(jì)，依次定出，并釘木樁標(biāo)明；樁上應(yīng)寫(xiě)清樹(shù)種、株數(shù)。注意定點(diǎn)前先應(yīng)清除障礙。

????2．網(wǎng)格法：適用范圍大而地勢(shì)平坦的綠地。

????按比例在設(shè)計(jì)圖上和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)分別劃出等距離的方格(一般以20×20米最好)。定點(diǎn)時(shí)，先在設(shè)計(jì)圖上量好樹(shù)木對(duì)其方格的縱橫座標(biāo)距離，再按現(xiàn)場(chǎng)放大的比例，定出其相應(yīng)方格的位置；釘上標(biāo)以樹(shù)種、坑(穴)規(guī)格的木樁或撒灰線標(biāo)明。

????3．交會(huì)法：適用于范圍較小，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)內(nèi)建筑物或其它標(biāo)記與設(shè)計(jì)圖相符的綠地。

????以建筑物的兩個(gè)固定位置為依據(jù)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)圖上與該兩點(diǎn)的距離相交合，定出植樹(shù)位置。位置確定后必須做明標(biāo)志。孤立樹(shù)可釘木樁，寫(xiě)明樹(shù)種。刨坑(挖穴)規(guī)格[坑(穴)號(hào)]，樹(shù)叢要用白灰線劃清范圍。線圈內(nèi)釘上木樁，寫(xiě)明樹(shù)種、數(shù)量，坑(穴)號(hào)，然后用目測(cè)的方法定出單株小點(diǎn)，并用灰點(diǎn)標(biāo)明。用目測(cè)定單株點(diǎn)時(shí)，必須注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

????(1)樹(shù)種、數(shù)量要符合設(shè)計(jì)圖。

????(2)樹(shù)種位置注意層次，宜中心高邊緣低或呈由高漸低的傾斜的林冠線。

????(3)樹(shù)叢內(nèi)注意配置自然，切忌呆板，尤應(yīng)避免平均分布、距離相等，鄰近的幾棵不要定成機(jī)械的幾何圖形或一條直線。

????二、刨坑(挖穴)

????刨坑(挖穴)的質(zhì)量，對(duì)植株以后的生長(zhǎng)有很大的影響。除按設(shè)計(jì)確定位置外，應(yīng)根據(jù)根系或土球大小、土質(zhì)情況來(lái)確定坑(穴)徑大小(一般應(yīng)比規(guī)定的根系或土球直徑大20～30厘米)；根據(jù)樹(shù)種根系類(lèi)別，確定坑(穴)的深淺?？?穴)或溝槽口徑應(yīng)上下一致，以免植樹(shù)時(shí)根系不能舒展或填土不實(shí)。

????操作方法有手工操作和機(jī)械操作兩種：

????1．手工操作：主要工具有鋤或鍬、十字鎬等。具體操作方法，以定點(diǎn)標(biāo)記為圓心，以規(guī)定的坑(穴)徑(直徑)先在地上劃圓，沿圓的四周向下垂直挖掘到規(guī)定的深度。然后將坑底(刨)松、弄平。栽植露根苗木的坑(穴)底，挖(刨)松后最好在中央堆個(gè)小土丘。以利樹(shù)根舍展，挖(刨)完后，將定點(diǎn)用的木樁仍放在坑(穴)內(nèi)。以備散苗時(shí)核對(duì)。

????2．挖坑(穴)機(jī)械操作：挖坑(穴)機(jī)的種類(lèi)很多，必須選擇規(guī)格合格的。操作時(shí)軸心一定要對(duì)準(zhǔn)定點(diǎn)位置，挖至規(guī)定深度，整平坑底，必要時(shí)可加以人工輔助修整。

????3．注意事項(xiàng)，主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：

????(1)位置要準(zhǔn)確；

????(2)規(guī)格要適當(dāng)；

????(3)挖(刨)出的表土與底土應(yīng)分開(kāi)堆放于坑(穴)邊。因表層土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量較高，植樹(shù)填土?xí)r，應(yīng)先填入坑(穴)下部，底土填于上部和作開(kāi)堰用。如部分土質(zhì)不好應(yīng)把壞土分開(kāi)堆放。行道樹(shù)挖穴(刨坑)時(shí)，土應(yīng)堆于與道路平行的樹(shù)行兩側(cè)，不要堆在行內(nèi)，以免影響栽樹(shù)時(shí)瞄直的視線?？友ǖ纳?、下口大小應(yīng)一致；

????(4)在斜坡上挖穴(刨坑)應(yīng)先將斜坡整成一個(gè)小平臺(tái)，然后在平臺(tái)上挖穴(刨坑)?？?穴)

????的深度以坡的下沿口開(kāi)始計(jì)算；

????(5)在新填土方處刨坑(挖穴)，應(yīng)將坑(穴)底適當(dāng)踩實(shí)；

????(6)土質(zhì)不好的，應(yīng)加大坑(穴)的規(guī)格，并將雜物篩出清走；遇石灰渣，爐渣，瀝清，混凝土等對(duì)樹(shù)木生長(zhǎng)不利的物質(zhì)，則應(yīng)將坑(穴)徑加大1～2倍，將有害物清運(yùn)干凈，換上好土；

????(7)刨坑(穴)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)電纜、管道等，應(yīng)停止操作，及時(shí)找有關(guān)部門(mén)配合解決；

????(8)綠地內(nèi)挖自然式樹(shù)木栽植穴時(shí)，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有嚴(yán)重影響操作的地下障礙物時(shí)，應(yīng)與設(shè)計(jì)人員協(xié)商，適當(dāng)改動(dòng)位置，而行例式樹(shù)木一般不再移位；

????(9)綠籬等株距很近的可以創(chuàng)(挖)成溝糟。

????三、掘苗(起苗)

????起掘苗木的質(zhì)量，直接影響樹(shù)木栽植的成活和以后的綠化效果，掘苗質(zhì)量雖與原有苗木的質(zhì)