LessonSixDisappearingthroughtheSkylight

-------ByOshborneBennetHardisonJr.AimsToknowthefeaturesofscientificwriting.Toanalysethestructureofthetext.Tounderstandthedeepermeaningofthetext.Toappreciatethelanguagefeatures

TeachingContents1.Scientificwriting2.Structuralismandthemainideaofthetext.3.Detailedstudyofthetext4.Organizationalpattern5.Languagefeatures6.Exercises

TimeallocationWritingstyle(15min.)Introductionofthetext(20min.)Detailedstudyofthetext(100min.)Structureanalysis(15min.)Languageappreciation(15min.)Exercises(15min)

Scientificwriting

(Englishforscienceandtechnology)

1.technicaltermscylinderblock;carburettor;thermodynamics;etc.2.objective:relyingonfacts,notinvolveemotion,seldomusefiguresofspeech,exclamationtheuseofpresenttensetheuseofpassivevoiceScientificwriting3.sentences:a)completenocontractions(dep't--department)b)long1)compoundsentences2)appositions3)parenthesis4)logicalconnectorssuchas:however;but;also;yet;finally;while;as;notonly;justas...so;etc.ScientificwritingGenerallythistechnicalwritingtendstobeveryformal.Yetthecharacteristicsofanykindoflanguagestyleisnotabsolute.Inordertomeettheneedsoftheworkforpopularscience,manyscientificworkerstrytoadoptamorepopularstyle.Thentherecomesapopularscientificandtechnicalwritingstyle.Characteristicslimittheuseoftechnicaltermsexamples---tomakethewritingmorevividandappealingtothereadersCharacteristicsfiguresofspeech--tomakethesentencesfigurativesothatthereaderscaneasilyunderstandand

associatethemwithwhattheyarefamiliarwithnounpre-modifiersgametheory;humangrowthgenes;themepark;museumvillages;worldcar;etcStructuralism

Structuralismisamodeofthinkingandamethodofanalysispracticedin20th-centurysocialsciencesandhumanities.

自然科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)Structuralism

Methodologically,itanalyzeslarge-scalesystemsbyexaminingtherelationsandfunctionsofthesmallestconstituentelementsofsuchsystems,whichrangefromhumanlanguagesandculturalpracticestofolktalesandliterarytexts.Structuralism

Inthefieldoflinguistics，thestructuralistworkofFerdinanddeSaussurelongservedasmodelandinspiration.

Characteristicofstructuralistthinking,Saussure'slinguisticinquirywascentered

notonspeechitself

butontheunderlyingrulesandconventionsenablinglanguagetooperate.CharacteristicAnalyzingthesocialorcollectivedimensionoflanguageratherthanindividualspeech,hepioneeredandpromotedstudyofgrammarratherthanusage,rulesratherthanexpressions,modelsratherthandata,langue語言(language)ratherthanparole言語(speech).

FourproceduresLevi-Straussspecifiedfourproceduresbasictostructuralism.1）

Structuralanalysisexaminesunconsciousinfrastructures基層結(jié)構(gòu)ofculturalphenomena;2）

Itregardstheelementsofinfrastructuresas“relational,”notasindependententities實(shí)體Fourprocedures3）

Itattendssingle-mindedlytosystem;4）

Itpropounds(proposes)generallawsaccountingfortheunderlyingorganizingpatternsofphenomena.

Detailedstudyofthetext

DisappearingThroughtheSkylightisnotonlythetitleofthischapterbutalsothetitleofthebook.Thebookhasasub-title,“CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury”C.B.Hardison,Jr.Awell-knownforhisprofoundinsightsintothechangeinmodernculturebroughtaboutbymodernscienceandtechnology.Hisprovocativeviewsarestimulatingandinformative.ThebookAsforthecentralthemeofthisbook,thewritersays,“Thisbookisaboutthewaysculturehaschangedinthepastcentury,changingtheidentitiesofallthosebornintoit.Itsmetaphorfortheeffectofchangeoncultureis“disappearance”.ThebookInthe19thcentury,sciencepresentednatureasgroupofobjectssetcomfortablyandsolidlyinhemiddledistancebeforetheeyesofthebeholders.IntheworkofD’ArcyThompson,publishedaroundtheturnofthecentury,naturehasdisappeared.Ithasbecomeasetofgeometricandmathematicalrelationsthatlieunderthesurfaceofthevisible.InthiskeychapterThewriterputsforwardthecentralthemeof“disappearance”–naturedisappears,historydisappearsandeventhesolidbanksdisappears.HeputsforwardtheideaoftheuniversalizingtendencyofscienceandtechnologyInthiskeychapter3.Themodernmanisnolongerauniqueindividual,theproductofaspecialenvironmentandculture.Thehomogeneousworldhenowlivesinuniversalizeshim.Hebecomesacosmopolitan,acitizenoftheworld.InthiskeychapterInthiskeychapter4.Thedisappearanceofhistoryisaformofliberationandthisfeelingofliberationisoftenexpressedthroughplay.Theplayfulnessofsciencehasproducedgametheoryandvirtualparticles,inartithasproducedthepaintingsofPicassoandJoanMiroandsoon.Scienceiscommittedto…Scienceisengagedinthetaskofmakingitsbasicconceptsunderstoodandacceptedbyscientistsallovertheworld.Thisconceptofuniversalityanduniformityisoneofthebasicviewsoftheauthor.thermodynamics--(sing)熱力學(xué)scienceoftherelationsbetweenheatandmechanicalworkgenetics---science(branchofbiology)dealingwithhereditymutation–change,alternationachangeinthegeneticstructureofananimalorplantwhichcausesanewsortofanimalorplanttodevelop

Aseriesofmutationshasresultedinlargegrainsofwheat.averyimportantchangeinthestructureororganizationprofoundmutationsincultureandattitudesdiscredit(fml)–-

refusetobelieveorhaveconfidenceincausethetruthtoseemdoubtfulHistheorieswerediscreditedbyscientists.Scientificdiscoverieshavediscreditedreligiousbelief.(question)corollary(fml)–acorollaryofsthisanidea,argumentorfactwhichisthedirectresultofit必然的結(jié)果=consequencethischangeistheinevitablecorollaryofthesocialrevolution.homogeneous---havingsimilarityinstructurebecauseofcommondescent=uniformTheworkingclassisnotquitesohomogeneousinitspoliticalpreference.Children…diminishesChildrenwhogrowupinthisworldfeelthatcountriesandpeoplearemoreorlessthesame.Astheirthoughtsandfeelingsareshapedbythissameness.Theirsenseofdifferencesamongculturesandpeoplebecomesweak.diversity–variety,differenceinnovation---makingchangeintroducingnewthingstechnicalinnovationsinindustrystreamline–makemoreefficient(bysimplifying,gettingridof,wastefulmethodetc)提高效率~productionstreamlined---adj.Havingnothinglikelytoimpedeprogress有效率的~controls/methods高效率管理/方法streamlining---designorconstructacontour(outline)thatofferstheleastresistanceinmovingthroughair,wateretc.流線型economics---thingrelatedtotheeconomyofautomobilemanufacturing,suchasproductioncosts,consumerappeal,saleprice,etcasset---avaluableordesirablethingbenefit財產(chǎn),資本,有價值的東西AnassetissomeoneorsththatisconsideredusefulorthathelpsapersonororganizationtobesuccessfulHeronly~wasagentlenature.Withallhisexperienceabroadhewasamajor~tothecompany.cylinder---汽缸block---mainpartofapetrolengine,consistingofthecylinderandvalves汽缸與閥carburetor---thatpartofaninternalcombustionengineinwhichpetrolandairaremixedtomakeanexplosivemixture(內(nèi)燃機(jī)中的)汽化器inevitable---thatcan’tbeavoided,thatissuretohappenequivalent–n.sththathasthesameuse,functionassthelseAgoodquiltcanbetheequivalentofatleastthreeblankets.behardputtoit(todosth)---finditdifficultHewashardputtoexplainwhathadhappened.Asin…automakingThisisanellipticalbalancedsentence.Thefullsentencemayread:“Thingsthatarehappeninginautomakingaresimilartothosehappeninginarchitecture.”Ifman….creatorThisshortbalancedtopicsentenceintroducesthesecondimportantviewofthewriter.Mancreatesmachinesandthemachinesthenturnaroundandchangethosewhocreatedthem.MancreatestheWorldCarandbydrivingthiskindofcarthemodernmanhimselfbecomesuniversalized.Heisbecomingacosmopolitan.cosmopolitan---oforfromallormanydifferentpartsoftheworldthe~gatheringsattheUnitedNationsAssembly聯(lián)合國各種世界性集會Theprice…ofthewordThedisadvantageofbeingacosmopolitanisthathelosesahomeintheoldsenseoftheword.Thebenefitofbeingacosmopolitanisthathebeginstothinktheoldkindofhomeprobablyrestrictshisdevelopmentandactivities.suspectTothinkitprobableorlikely;guess;supposeTheuniversalizing…Thecompellingforceoftechnologytouniversalizecannotberesisted.Barring..cultureExceptingagreatdisasterbroughtaboutbyanuclearwar,theuniversalizingpoweroftechnologywillcontinuetoinfluencemoderncultureandtheconsciousnessofpeoplewhoinhabitthatculture.barring:unlessthereshouldbe;exceptingPara.9Fromthisparagraphonwardsthewriterputsforwardanddevelopsthemainthemeofthischapterandthecentralthemeofhisbook---theinsubstantialityoftheworld,thedisappearanceoftraditionalconcepts,ofthematerialobjectsweusedtoseewithourordinaryeyes.Thisisspeciallyandclearlyreflectedinmodernartandarchitecture.FrancisPicabia*6image-1,2picabia*FrancisPicabiaMarcelDuchamp*6image-345duchampaesthetic---theappreciationofbeauty審美論，美學(xué)原則blasphemy---contemptuousorirreverenttalkaboutGodandsacredthings

褻瀆神明，對神不敬的話rehabilitation---restoring恢復(fù),improvementa~center傷殘恢復(fù)中心generate---produce,causetoexistoroccurproposition---apersonormattertobedealtwith要對付處理的人或事物atough~難對付的人或事物evade–get,keepoutofthewayof~ablow~one’senemies~anattack~payingincometaxplasticity---stateorqualityofbeingplastic可塑性，適應(yīng)性mainideaofpara.9WheneveryartistthoughtitwashisdutytoshowhiscontemptforandobjectiontotheEiffeltowerwhichtheyconsideredanirreverentarchitecturalstructure.Machinessoonoriginatednewideasandproblemsthatcouldnotbehandledbytheoldwaysofthinking,whichisaflexibleandpliablequalitythatwasbeyondhumanpowersandabsolutelynew.Inparagraph10Thewriterusesmanyrhetoricalquestionstointroducehiscentralthemeandtoemphasizehisargumentsontheinsubstantialityoftheworld.insubstantiality---非實(shí)在，無實(shí)體insubstantial---notsolidorreal,lackingsubstance~vision幻象undermine---weakengradually逐漸削弱或損壞Hishealthwas~dbysmoking.thingliness---object,aphysicalobjectmolecule---n.smallestunit分子molecular---adj.Molecularstructure分子結(jié)構(gòu)galaxy---anyofthelarge-scaleclustersofstarsinouterspace星系artifact/artefact---artificialproduct人工制品skepticismskepticism---doubtingstateofmind,scepticalattitudeofmind懷疑主義，懷疑態(tài)度consistent(with)---inagreementwithWhatyousaynowisnot~withwhatyousaidlastweek.radically---radical----fundamental,thoroughandcomplete根本的，基本的，徹底而完全的~reformsmakea~changeinascheme徹底改變計劃Itisaformofperception…Theworldofnaturethatmodernartrevealsnolongercontainsthematerialobjectswewerefamiliarwithinsteadtheworldisnowfilledwithimagesproducedbythemind.Thishasmadetheworldalmostemptyofhistorybecausehistoryhastobeassociatedwiththeobjectiveexistenceofmaterialthings.PabloPicasso1881-1973*6image-6.7picassoThreeMusiciansGuernicaJoanMiro1893-1983*6image-8mirovillageDadamock-heroic---嘲弄地模仿英雄風(fēng)格的（作品、詩歌）gametheory---theoryofgames策略運(yùn)籌法，博奕論virtual---beingsthineffectthoughnotcommonlycalledbythatnamethe~rulerofacountryblackholes*6image-11blackhole*genes–anyofseveralsmallpartsofthematerialswhichmakesupthecenter(nucleus)ofacell.Eachofthesepartscontrolsthedevelopmentofoneormorequalitiesinalivingthing,whichhavebeenpassedonfromitsparentsethics---thesciencewhichdealswithmorals倫理學(xué)cannibalism---theactorpracticeofeatingone’sownkind(espofpeoplewhoeathumanflesh)同類相殘byintroducing….Science,initsplayfulness,introduceshumangrowthgenesintocowsandthisforcesstudentsofethicstoredefinecannibalism.Doestheeatingofsuchcowswiththeirhumangenesconstitutecannibalism?fantastic---odd,strangeorwildinshape,meaningetcnotcontrolledbyreason~dream~story~fearspostmodernismneo-modernismjuxtaposition---theactofplacing,orthestateofbeingplaced,sidebysideorclosetogether并列，并置CollagecityAcitythatisarichmixtureofstyles.*6image-12-14*geometry---Themathematicsoftheproperties,measurement,andrelationshipsofpoints,lines,angles,surfaces,andsolids.facadism*6image-15facadism*gamesmanship–theartofwinningbyusingtherulestoone’sownadvantagewithoutactuallycheating制勝絕招l(wèi)inear–oforinlinessculpture---theartofshapingsolidfiguresoutofstone,wood,clay,metaletcvirtuosities---averyhighdegreeofskillinappreciationperformanceinoneofthearts藝術(shù)的鑒賞力，精湛的技巧lacy---oforlikelaceweaving---patternetch–todraw(apicture)bycuttinglinesonametalplatewithaneedleandthenusingacidtoeatoutthelinessothatonecanprintfromtheplateassertivenessassertive---havingorshowingpositiveassurance斷然的，確然無疑的bulldozer---powerfultractorthatpushesabroadsteelbladeorsheetinfront,usedforlevelinglandtrusses---frameworksupportingaroof-bridge構(gòu)架，support支架geodesic---(archit)havingastructurallystrongsurfacemadeupofshort,straight,lightweightbarsthatformagridofpolygons筑成圓頂?shù)?，geodesicdomeabound–existinlargenumbersoramounts,beplentifulTropicalplantsaboundinthejungle.bleary–dimorblurredLeonardo’sself-portrait*6image-16leonardo’sself-potrait**6image-17leonardomonalisa*havingmadeoneorder…Havingmadeonesetofharmoniousarrangements,thispowerisquitecapableofputtingitasideandcreatinganentirelydifferentonejustasachildplayingwithhisTinkertoysetmightbuildonestructureandthenplayfullywithoutanyill-willdestroyitandbuildanothernewone.malice–illwill,evilintent,desiretoharmanotherortodomischiefneoclassic---designatingorofarevivalofclassicstyleandforminart,literatureetcasinEnglandfrom1660–1740granite–averyhard,crystalline,plutonicrock,greytopinkincolor,consistingoffield-spar,quartz,andsmalleramountsofotherminerals花崗巖ponderous–veryheavyslot-machine–machineworkedorstartedbyinsertingacoinortokeninaslotavendingmachine自動售貨機(jī)agamblingdevice吃角子老虎機(jī)terminal---adevicethroughwhichausercancommunicatewithacomputervault–asecureroom,oftenwithindividualsafe-depositboxes,forthesafekeepingofvaluablesormoneyasinabankInacomputer…Inacomputermoneybecomesaseriesofelectricalpulsesrepresentingnumericaldigits.Thesefiguresarehandledandprocessedbythevariouscomputers.medium–mediatransaction---abusinessdealThat,perhaps,establishes…That,perhaps,showshowfarlogicallymodernaestheticcango.Thesolidbanscanbecomealmostabstractandinvisible.Thisisperhapsthefurthestlimitofhowsolidobjectivethingsmaybedisappearing.haze---adispersionoffinesand,smoke,dustintheairthatreducesvisibilityaslightconfusionorvaguenessofmindtheme---thedisappearanceandtheinsubstantialityoftheworldThethesis---Theresultisdescribedpreciselyinaphrasethatisalreadyfamiliar:thedisappearanceofhistory.naturedisappears,historydisappearsandeventhesolidthings,suchasbanksdisappearOrganizationalpatternSect.Ipara1-8Scienceiscommittedtotheuniversals.Thebasicconceptsofscienceareunderstood,acceptedandadoptedbyscientistsallovertheworld.Thisuniversalizingeffectisreflectedinautomaking,architectural,dressandmusicalstyles.Theyalltendtobecomeworldstyles.Themodernmanisnolongerauniqueindividual.Hebecomesacosmopolitan,acitizenoftheworld.“Ifmancreatesmachines,machinesinturnshapetheircreators”.OrganizationalpatternSect.II.Para9-15SciencehasshowntheinsubstantialityoftheworldTheworldisnotmadeupofsolidmaterialobjectsthatweseewithoureyes.Thisisthebasisofthewriter’scentralthemeof“disappearance”,“insubstantialityoftheworld”.OrganizationalpatternBeautifulartreflectstheinnerneedofaman’ssoul.Modernartdoesnotdepictthematerialobjectsinnatureweseebutthingsthatweseeinourminds.Thedisappearanceofhistoryfreesthemindfromtraditionalconcepts.OrganizationalpatternThefeelingofliberationisoftenexpressedthroughplay.Theplayfulnessofsciencehasproducedgametheoryandvirtualparticles,inartithasproducedthepaintingofPicassoandJoanMiroandsoon.OrganizationalpatternModerncultureisfu