會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1Chap勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理曼昆中英文雙語(yǔ)實(shí)用TheMarketsforFactorsofProduction

生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)Factorsofproductionaretheinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices.生產(chǎn)要素是指用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入。第1頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheMarketfortheFactorsofProductionThedemandforafactorofproductionisaderiveddemand.Afirm’sdemandforafactorofproductionisderivedfromitsdecisiontosupplyagoodinanothermarket.第2頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)要素的需求是派生需求。企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)要素需求，是從它向另一個(gè)市場(chǎng)供給物品的決策派生出來(lái)的。第3頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheDemandforLabor

勞動(dòng)需求Labormarkets,likeothermarketsintheeconomy,aregovernedbytheforcesofsupplyanddemand.與經(jīng)濟(jì)中的其它市場(chǎng)一樣，勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)也是由供求力量支配的。第4頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure1TheVersatilityofSupplyandDemandQuantityofApples0PriceofApplesDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantityofApplePickers0WageofApplePickers(a)TheMarketforApples(b)TheMarketforApplePickersPQLW第5頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)圖1.供給與需求的多樣化(a)蘋果市場(chǎng)(b)摘蘋果工人市場(chǎng)蘋果的數(shù)量工人數(shù)量QLPW00蘋果的價(jià)格摘蘋果工人的工資需求需求供給供給第6頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheDemandForLabor

勞動(dòng)需求Mostlaborservices,ratherthanbeingfinalgoodsreadytobeenjoyedbyconsumers,areinputsintotheproductionofothergoods.大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)服務(wù)不是作為最終產(chǎn)品供消費(fèi)者享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生產(chǎn)中。第7頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheProductionFunctionandTheMarginalProductofLaborTheproductionfunctionillustratestherelationshipbetweenthequantityofinputsusedandthequantityofoutputofagood.第8頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量生產(chǎn)函數(shù)說(shuō)明用于生產(chǎn)一種物品的投入量與該物品產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系。第9頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Table1HowtheCompetitiveFirmDecidesHowMuchLabortoHireCopyright?2004South-Western第10頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)表1.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性企業(yè)如何決定雇傭工人的數(shù)量第11頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure2TheProductionFunction

生產(chǎn)函數(shù)00501001502002503003500123456QuantityofApplePickers摘蘋果工人數(shù)量QuantityofApples蘋果數(shù)量12345第12頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheProductionFunctionandTheMarginalProductofLaborThemarginalproductoflaboristheincreaseintheamountofoutputfromanadditionalunitoflabor.MPL=Q/LMPL=(Q2–Q1)/(L2–L1)第13頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量——增加的一個(gè)單位勞動(dòng)所引起的產(chǎn)量增加量。MPL=Q/LMPL=(Q2–Q1)/(L2–L1)第14頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheProductionFunctionandtheMarginalProductofLaborDiminishingMarginalProductofLaborAsthenumberofworkersincreases,themarginalproductoflabordeclines.Asmoreandmoreworkersarehired,eachadditionalworkercontributeslesstoproductionthanthepriorone.Theproductionfunctionbecomesflatterasthenumberofworkersrises.Thispropertyiscalled

diminishingmarginalproduct.第15頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量邊際產(chǎn)量遞減隨著工人數(shù)量增加，勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量遞減。

隨著雇傭的工人越來(lái)越多，每個(gè)增加的工人對(duì)蘋果產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)越來(lái)越小。生產(chǎn)函數(shù)隨著工人數(shù)量增加而變得越來(lái)越平坦。這種性質(zhì)被稱為邊際產(chǎn)量遞減。.第16頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure2TheProductionFunction

生產(chǎn)函數(shù)00501001502002503003500123456QuantityofApplePickers摘蘋果工人數(shù)量QuantityofApples蘋果數(shù)量12345第17頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheValueoftheMarginalProductofLaborandtheDemandforLaborThevalueofthemarginalproductisthemarginalproductoftheinputmultipliedbythemarketpriceoftheoutput.VMPL=MPLXP

第18頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)勞動(dòng)邊際產(chǎn)量值與勞動(dòng)需求邊際產(chǎn)量值——一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量乘以該產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格。VMPL=MPLXP

第19頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheValueoftheMarginalProductofLaborandtheDemandforLaborThevalueofthemarginalproduct(alsoknownasmarginalrevenueproduct)ismeasuredindollars.Itdiminishesasthenumberofworkersrisesbecausethemarketpriceofthegoodisconstant.第20頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值邊際產(chǎn)量值（也被稱為邊際收益產(chǎn)量）以美元計(jì)算。如果產(chǎn)品價(jià)格不變，邊際產(chǎn)量值隨著雇傭工人數(shù)量的增加而遞減。第21頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheValueoftheMarginalProductandtheDemandforLaborTomaximizeprofit,thecompetitive,profit-maximizingfirmhiresworkersuptothepointwherethevalueofmarginalproductoflaborequalsthewage.VMPL=Wage第22頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)邊際產(chǎn)量值與勞動(dòng)需求為了實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)最大化，一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的、追求利潤(rùn)最大化的企業(yè)雇傭工人人數(shù)到勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值等于工資這一點(diǎn)上。

邊際產(chǎn)量值=工資第23頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheValueoftheMarginalProductandtheDemandforLabor

邊際產(chǎn)量值與勞動(dòng)需求Thevalue-of-marginal-productcurveisthelabordemandcurveforacompetitive,profit-maximizingfirm.對(duì)一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的、追求利潤(rùn)最大化的企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，邊際產(chǎn)量值曲線就是勞動(dòng)需求曲線。第24頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure3TheValueoftheMarginal

ProductofLabor0QuantityofApplePickers0Value

oftheMarginalProductValueofmarginalproduct(demandcurveforlabor)MarketwageProfit-maximizingquantity第25頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)圖3.勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值0摘蘋果工人數(shù)量0邊際產(chǎn)量值邊際產(chǎn)量值（勞動(dòng)需求曲線）市場(chǎng)工資利潤(rùn)最大化產(chǎn)量第26頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)FYI—InputDemandand

OutputSupplyWhenacompetitivefirmhireslaboruptothepointatwhichthevalueofthemarginalproductequalsthewage,italsoproducesuptothepointatwhichthepriceequalsthemarginalcost.第27頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)參考資料：投入需求與產(chǎn)量供給當(dāng)一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性企業(yè)雇傭的勞動(dòng)量到邊際產(chǎn)量值等于工資的一點(diǎn)時(shí)，它的產(chǎn)量也就達(dá)到價(jià)格等于邊際成本的一點(diǎn)。第28頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)WhatCausestheLaborDemandCurvetoShift?

什么引起勞動(dòng)需求曲線移動(dòng)？OutputPrice產(chǎn)品價(jià)格TechnologicalChange技術(shù)變革SupplyofOtherfactors其他要素的供給第29頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)TheSupplyofLaborThelaborsupplycurvereflectshowworkers’decisionsaboutthelabor-leisuretradeoffrespondtochangesinopportunitycost.Anupward-slopinglaborsupplycurvemeansthatanincreaseinthewagesinducesworkerstoincreasethequantityoflabortheysupply.第30頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)勞動(dòng)供給勞動(dòng)供給曲線反映了工人如何根據(jù)機(jī)會(huì)成本的變動(dòng)作出勞動(dòng)——閑暇權(quán)衡取舍的決策。向上傾斜的勞動(dòng)供給曲線意味著，工資上升使工人增加他們供給的勞動(dòng)量。第31頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure4EquilibriuminaLaborMarket

勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的均衡Supply供給Wage(priceoflabor)工資（勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格）QuantityofLabor勞動(dòng)量0第32頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)WhatCausestheLaborSupplyCurvetoShift?

什么引起勞動(dòng)供給曲線移動(dòng)？ChangesinTastes

嗜好變動(dòng)ChangesinAlternativeOpportunities

可供選擇機(jī)會(huì)的改變Immigration

移民第33頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)EquilibriumintheLaborMarket

勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的均衡Thewageadjuststobalancethesupplyanddemandforlabor.

工資調(diào)整使勞動(dòng)的供求平衡。Thewageequalsthevalueofthemarginalproductoflabor.

工資等于勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值。第34頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure4EquilibriuminaLaborMarketCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningWage(priceoflabor)0QuantityofLaborSupplyDemandEquilibriumwage,WEquilibriumemployment,L第35頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)均衡就業(yè)量,L圖4.勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的均衡供給工資(勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格)勞動(dòng)量0需求均衡工資,W第36頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)EquilibriumintheLaborMarket

勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的均衡Laborsupplyandlabordemanddeterminetheequilibriumwage.

勞動(dòng)供給和需求共同決定了均衡工資。Shiftsinthesupplyordemandcurveforlaborcausetheequilibriumwagetochange.

勞動(dòng)供給或勞動(dòng)需求曲線的移動(dòng)引起均衡工資變動(dòng)。第37頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure5AShiftinLaborSupplyCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningWage(priceoflabor)0QuantityofLaborSupply,SDemand2....reducesthewage...3....andraisesemployment.1.Anincreaseinlaborsupply...SWLWL第38頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)圖5.勞動(dòng)供給的移動(dòng)工資(勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格)W10勞動(dòng)量L1供給,S1

需求2.…工資下降…3.…以及就業(yè)增加。1.勞動(dòng)供給增加…S2W2L2第39頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)AShiftinLaborSupplyAnincreaseinthesupplyoflabor:Resultsinasurplusoflabor.Putsdownwardpressureonwages.Makesitprofitableforfirmstohiremoreworkers.Resultsindiminishingmarginalproduct.Lowersthevalueofthemarginalproduct.Givesanewequilibrium.

第40頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)勞動(dòng)供給的移動(dòng)勞動(dòng)供給移動(dòng):導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)過(guò)剩；引起工資下降的壓力；使企業(yè)多雇傭工人有利可圖；導(dǎo)致工人的邊際產(chǎn)量遞減；降低了邊際產(chǎn)量值；達(dá)到新的均衡。第41頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure6AShiftinLaborDemandCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningWage(priceoflabor)0QuantityofLaborSupplyDemand,D2....increasesthewage...3....andincreasesemployment.DWLWL1.Anincreaseinlabordemand...第42頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)圖6.勞動(dòng)需求的移動(dòng)工資(勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格）W10勞動(dòng)量L1供給需求,D12.…工資上升…3.…以及就業(yè)增加1.勞動(dòng)需求增加…D2W2L2第43頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)ShiftsinLaborDemandAnincreaseinthedemandforlabor:Makesitprofitableforfirmstohiremoreworkers.Putsupwardpressureonwages.Raisesthevalueofthemarginalproduct.Givesanewequilibrium.

第44頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)勞動(dòng)需求的移動(dòng)勞動(dòng)需求的移動(dòng):使企業(yè)雇傭更多工人有利可圖了；引起工資上升的壓力；提高了邊際產(chǎn)量值；得到新的均衡。第45頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Table2ProductivityandWageGrowth

intheUnitedStates.Copyright?2004South-Western第46頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)表2.美國(guó)的生產(chǎn)率與工資增長(zhǎng)第47頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)P(yáng)roductivityandWageGrowtharoundtheWorld第48頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)世界各國(guó)與地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)率與工資增長(zhǎng)第49頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)ThreeDeterminantsofProductivityPhysicalCapitalWhenworkersworkwithalargerquantityofequipmentandstructures,theyproducemore.HumanCapitalWhenworkersaremoreeducated,theyproducemore.TechnologicalKnowledgeWhenworkershaveaccesstomoresophisticatedtechnologies,theyproducemore.第50頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)生產(chǎn)率的三個(gè)決定因素物質(zhì)資本當(dāng)工人用于工作的設(shè)備和建筑物越多時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)的就越多。人力資本當(dāng)工人受教育越多時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)的就越多。技術(shù)知識(shí)當(dāng)工人使用越先進(jìn)的技術(shù)時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)的就越多。第51頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)OtherFactorsofProduction:LandandCapitalCapitalreferstothestockofequipmentandstructuresusedforproduction.Theeconomy’scapitalrepresentstheaccumulationofgoodsproducedinthepastthatarebeingusedinthepresenttoproducenewgoodsandservices.第52頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)其它生產(chǎn)要素:土地和資本資本是指生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的設(shè)備與建筑物的存量。經(jīng)濟(jì)中的資本表現(xiàn)在正用于生產(chǎn)新物品和勞務(wù)的過(guò)去生產(chǎn)的物品的積累。第53頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)OtherFactorsofProduction:LandandCapitalPricesofLandandCapitalThepurchasepriceiswhatapersonpaystoownafactorofproductionindefinitely.Therentalpriceiswhatapersonpaystouseafactorofproductionforalimitedperiodoftime.第54頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)其它生產(chǎn)要素:土地和資本土地和資本的價(jià)格購(gòu)買價(jià)格是一個(gè)人為了無(wú)限期地?fù)碛心切┥a(chǎn)要素而支付的價(jià)格。租賃價(jià)格是一個(gè)人為了在一個(gè)有限時(shí)期內(nèi)使用那些生產(chǎn)要素而支付的價(jià)格。第55頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)EquilibriuminMarketsforLandandCapitalTherentalpriceoflandandtherentalpriceofcapitalaredeterminedbysupplyanddemand.Thefirmincreasesthequantityhireduntilthevalueofthefactor’smarginalproductequalsthefactor’sprice.第56頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)土地和資本市場(chǎng)的均衡土地與資本的租賃價(jià)格是由供給和需求決定的。

企業(yè)會(huì)一直增加租用量，直到要素的邊際產(chǎn)量值等于要素的價(jià)格時(shí)為止。第57頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)Figure7TheMarketsforLandandCapitalQuantityofLand0RentalPriceofLandDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantityofCapital0RentalPriceofCapitalQP(a)TheMarketforLand(b)TheMarketforCapitalPQ第58頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)圖7.土地和資本市場(chǎng)土地量資本量QQPP00土地的租賃價(jià)格資本的租賃價(jià)格需求需求供給供給(a)土地市場(chǎng)(b)資本市場(chǎng)第59頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)EquilibriuminMarketsforLandandCapitalEachfactor’srentalpricemustequalthevalueoftheirmarginalproduct.Theyeachearnthevalueoftheirmarginalcontributiontotheproductionprocess.第60頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)土地和資本市場(chǎng)的均衡每種要素的租賃價(jià)格一定等于那種要素的邊際產(chǎn)量值。每種要素各自賺到了它們對(duì)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的邊際貢獻(xiàn)的價(jià)值。第61頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)LinkagesAmongtheFactorsofProductionFactorsofproductionareusedtogether.Themarginalproductofanyonefactordependsonthequantitiesofallfactorsthatareavailable.第62頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系在大多數(shù)情況下，生產(chǎn)要素組合在一起使用。任何一種要素的邊際產(chǎn)量依賴于其它要素的可獲得量。第63頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)LinkagesAmongtheFactorsofProduction

生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系A(chǔ)changeinthesupplyofonefactoralterstheearningsofallthefactors.任何一種生產(chǎn)要素的變化都會(huì)改變所有要素的收入。第64頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)LinkagesAmongtheFactorsofProduction

生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系A(chǔ)changeinearningsofanyfactorcanbefoundbyanalyzingtheimpactoftheeventonthevalueofthemarginalproductofthatfactor.通過(guò)分析某個(gè)事件對(duì)那種要素邊際產(chǎn)量值的影響來(lái)找出任何一種要素收入的變化。第65頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)SummaryTheeconomy’sincomeisdistributedinthemarketsforthefactorsofproduction.Thethreemostimportantfactorsofproductionarelabor,land,andcapital.Thedemandforafactor,suchaslabor,isaderiveddemandthatcomesfromfirmsthatusethefactorstoproducegoodsandservices.第66頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)的收入是在生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)上分配的。三個(gè)最重要的生產(chǎn)要素是勞動(dòng)、土地和資本。要素需求（例如勞動(dòng)）是一種派生需求，它產(chǎn)生于用這些要素生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的企業(yè)。第67頁(yè)/共74頁(yè)SummaryCompetitive,profit-maximizing