作文訓(xùn)練：青春的彎路語言學(xué)名詞解釋語言學(xué)名詞解釋

/語言學(xué)名詞解釋語言學(xué)名詞解釋Definethefollowingterms:

1.???designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.

2.???function:theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.

3.???etic:atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.

4.???emic:atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator’singenuithorintuitionalone.

5.???synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

6.???diachronic:studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

7.???prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

9.???descriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.

10.???arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

11.???duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

12.???displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.

13.???phaticcommunion:onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.

14.???metalanguage:certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.

15.???macrolinguistics:heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,????????????????????????????????anthropologicallinguistics,et

16.???competence:languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

17.???performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

18.???langue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

19.???parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).

20．???Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.

21．???Coarticulation:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.

22．???Voicing:pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.

23．???Broadandnarrowtranscription:theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.

24．???Consonant:aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

25．???Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.

26．???Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.<th>isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated<t>.Both<th>and<t>areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.

27．???Vowl:aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

28．???Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.

29．???Placeofarticulation:intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.

31．???Complementarydistribution:therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.

32．???IPA:theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.

33．???Suprasegmental:suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.

34．???Suprasegmental:aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

35.???morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

36.???compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37.???inflection:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.

38.???affix:thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).

39.???derivation:differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.

40.???root:thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.

41.???allomorph:;anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.

42.???Stem:anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

43.???boundmorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s”.

44.???freemorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.

45.???lexeme:Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword(e.g.”doginthemanger”)

46.???lexicon:alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.

47.???grammaticalword:wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.

48.???lexicalword:wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.

49.???open-class:awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.

50.???blending:arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

51.???loanvoord:aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.

52.???loanblend:aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.

53.???leanshift:aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.

54.???acronym:ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

55.???loss:thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.

56.???back-formation:anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.

57.???assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

58.???dissimilation:theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.

59.???folketymology:achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous

60.???category:partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoftermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermofsubject,predicate,etc.

61.???concord:alsoknownasagreement,istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.

62.???syntagmaticrelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.

63.???paradigmaticrelation:arelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandheothersabsent.

64.???immediateconstituentanalysis:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituentswordgroups(orphrases),whichareintrunanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.

65.???endocentricconstruction:oneconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentre,orhead,ofthewhole.Henceanendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasaheadedconstruction.

66.???exocentricconstruction:aconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanytoanyofitsconstituents.

68.???surfactestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.

69.???c-command:oneofthesimilarities,orofthemoregeneralfeatures,inthesetwogovernmentrelations,istechnicallycalledconstituentcommand,c-commandforshort.

70.???governmentandbindingtheory:itisthefourthperiodofdevelopmentChomsky’sTGGrammar,whichconsistsofX-bartheme:thebasis,orthestartingpoint,oftheutterance.

71.???communicativedynamism:theextenttowhichthesentenceelementcontributestothedevelopmentofthecommunication.

72.???ideationalfunction:thespeaker’sexperienceoftherealworld,includingtheinnerworldofhisownconsciousness.

73.???interpersonalfunction:theuseoflanguagetoestablishandmaintainsocialrelations:fortheexpressionofsocialroles,whichincludethecommunicationrolescreatedbylanguageitself;andalsoforgettingthingsdone,bymeansoftheinteractionbetweenonepersonandanother..

74.???textualfunction:theuseoflanguagetheprovideformakinglinkswithitselfandwithfeaturesofthesituationinwhichitisused.

75.???conceptualmeaning:thecentralpartofmeaning,whichcontainslogical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.

76.???denotation:thecoresenseofawordoraphradethatrelatesittophenomenaintherealworld.

77.???connotation:aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.

78.???reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressapropostion,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.

79.???reference:theuseofanguagetoexpressaproposition,i.e.totalkaboutthingsincontext.

80.???sense:theliteralmeaningofawordoranexpression,independentofsituationalcontext.

81.???synonymy:isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.

82.???complentaryantonymy:membersofapairincomplementaryantonymyarecomplementarytoeachfieldcompletely,suchasmale,female,absent.

83.???gradableantongymy:membersofthiskindaregradable,suchaslong:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.

84.???converseantonymy:aspecialkindofantonymyinthatmemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition,suchasbuy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.

85.???relationalopposites:converseantonymyinreciprocalsocialroles,kinshiprelations,temporalandspatialrelations.Therearealwaystwoentitiesinvolved.Onepresupposestheother.Theshorter,better;worse.etcareinstancesofrelationalopposites.

86.???hyponymy:arelationbetweentowwords,inwhichthemeaningofoneword(thesuperordinate)isincludedinthemeaningofanotherword(thehyponym)

88.???semanticcomponent:adistinguishableelementofmeaninginawordwithtwovalues,e.g<+human>

89.???compositionality:aprincipleforsentenceanalysis,inwhichthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.

91.???prepositionallogic:alsoknownasprepositionalcalculusorsententialcalculus,isthestudyofthetruthconditionsforpropositions:howthetruthofacompositepropositionsandtheconnectionbetweenthem.

92.???proposition;whatistalkaboutinanutterance,thatpartofthespeechactwhichhastodowithreference.

93.???predicatelogic:alsopredicatecalculus,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofsimple.

94.???assimilationtheory:language(sound,word,syntax,etc)changeorprocessbywhichfeaturesofoneelementchangetomatchthoseofanotherthatprecedesorfollows.

95.???cohorttheory:theoryoftheperceptionofspokenwordsproposedinthemid-1980s.Itsaaumesa“recognitionlexicon”inwhicheachwordisrepresentedbyafullandindependent”recognistionelement”.Whenthesystemreceivesthebeginningofarelevantacousticsignal,allelementsmatchingitarefullyacticated,and,asmoreofthesignalisreceived,thesystemtriestomatchitindependentlywitheachofthem,Whereveritfailstheelementisdeactivated;thisprocesscontinuesuntilonlyoneremainsactive.

96.???contexteffect:thiseffecthelppeoplerecognizeawordmorereadilywhentherecedingwordsprovideanappropriatecontextforit.

97.???frequencyeffect:describestheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsmorefrequentusageinlanguage.

99.???immediateassumption:thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprogressesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordinencountered.

100.???languageperception:languageawarenessofthingsthroughthephysicalsenses,esp,sight.101.???languagecomprehension:oneofthethreestrandofpsycholinguisticresearch,whichstudiestheunderstandingoflanguage.

102.???languageproduction:agoal-directedactivety,inthesensethatpeoplespeakandwriteinordetomakefriends,influencepeople,conveyinformationandsoon.

103.???languageproduction:agoal-directedactivity,inthesensethatpeoplespeakandwriteinordertomakefriends,influencepeople,conceyinformationandsoon.

105.???macroproposition:generalpropositionsusedtoformanoverallmacrostructureofthestory.

106.???modular:whichaassumesthatthemindisstructuiedintoseparatemodulesorcomponents,eachgovernedbyitsownprinciplesandoperatingindependentlyofothers.

108.???propositions:whateverisseenasexpressedbyasentencewhichmakesastatement.Itisapropertyofpropositionsthattheyhavetruthvalues.

109.???psycholinguistics:isconcernedprimarilywithinvestigatingthepsychologicalrealityoflinguisticstructure.Psycholinguisticscanbedividedintocognitivepsycholinguistics(beingconcernedaboveallwithmakinginferencesaboutthecontentofhumanmind,andexperimentalpsycholinguistics(beingconcernedsomehowwhthempiricalmatters,suchasspeedofresponsetoaparticularword).

110.???psycholinguisticreality:therealityofgrammar,etc.asapurportedaccountofstructuresrepresentedinthemindofaspeaker.Oftenopposed,indiscussionofthemeritsofalternativegrammars,tocriteriaofsimplicity,elegance,andinternalconsistency.

111.???schemataintext:packetsofstoredknowledgeinlanguageprocessing.

112.???storystructure:thewayinwhichvariouspartsofstoryarearrangedororganized.

113.???writingprocess:aseriesofactionsoreventsthatarepartofawritingorcontinuingdevelopmeng.

114.???communicativecompetence:aspeaker’sknowledgeofthetotalsetofrules,conventions,erningtheskilleduseoflanguageinasociety.DistinguishedbyD.Hymesinthelate1960sfromChomsley’sconceptofcompetence,intherestrictedsenseofknowledgeofagrammar.

115.???genderdifference:adifferenceinaspeechbetweenmenandwomenis”gendendifference”

118.???linguisticsexism:manydifferencesbetweenmeandwomeninlanguageusearebroughtaboutbynothinglessthanwomen’splaceinsociety.

119.???sociolinguisticsoflanguage:oneofthetwothingsinsociolinguistics,inwhichwewanttolookatstructuralthingsbypayingattentiontolanguageuseinasocialcontext.

120.???sociolinguisticsofsociety;oneofthetwothingsinsociolinguistics,inwhichwetrytounderstandsociologicalthingsofsocietybyexamininglinguisticphenomenaofaspeakingcommunity.

121.???variationistlinguistics:abranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestherelationshipbetweenspeakers’socialstartsandphonologicalvariations.

122.???performative:anutterancebywhichaspeakerdoessomethingdoessomething,asapposedtoaconstative,bywhichmakesastatementwhichmaybetrueorfalse.

123.???constative:anutterancebywhichaspeakerexpressesapropositionwhichmaybetrueorfalse.

124.???locutionaryact:theactofsayingsomething;it’sanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexicon,andphonology.Namely.,theutteranceofasentencewithdeterminatesenseandreference.

125.???illocutionaryact:theactperformedinsayingsomething;itsforceisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.

126.???perlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething,it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

127.???conversationalimplicature:theextrameaningnotcontainedintheliteralutterances,underatandabletothelisteneronlywhenhesharesthespeaker’sknowledgeorknowswhyandhowheviolatesintentionallyoneofthefourmaximsofthecooperativeprinciple.

128.???entailment:relationbetweenpropositionsoneofwhichnecessarilyfollowsfromtheother:e.g.”Maryisrunning”entails,amongotherthings,”Maryisnotstandingstill”.

129.???ostensivecommunication:acompletecharacterizationofcommunicationisthatitisostensive-infer-ential.

130.???communicativeprincipleofrelevance:everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.

131.???relevance:apropertythatanyutterance,orapropositionthatitcommunicates,must,inthenatureofcommunication,necessarilyhave.

133.???divisionofpragmaticlabour:theuseofamarkedcrelativelycomplexand/orexpressionwhenacorrespondingunmarkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternateexpressionisavailabletendstobeinterpretedasconveyingamarkedmessage(onewhichtheunmarkedalternativewouldnotorcouldnothaveconveyed).

134.???constraintsonHornscales:thehearer-basedo-Principleisasufficiencyconditioninthesensethatinformationprovidedisthemostthespeakerisableto..

135.???third-personnarrator:ofthenarratorisnotacharacterinthefictionalworld,heorsheisusuallycalledathird–personnarrator.

136.???I-narrator:thepersonwhotellsthestorymayalsobeacharacterinthefictionalworldofthestory,relatingthestoryaftertheevent.

137.???directspeech:akindofspeechpresentationinwhichthecharactersaidinitsfullestform.

138.???indirectspeech:akindofspeechpresentationinwhichthecharactersaidinitsfullestform.

139.???indirectspeech:akindofspeechpresentationwhichisanamalgamofdirectspeech.

140.???narrator’srepreaentationofspeechacts:aminimalistkindofpresentationinwhichapartofpassagecanbeseenasasummeryofalongerpieceofdiscourse,andthereforeevenmorebackgruondedthanindirectspeechrepresentationwouldbe.

141.???narrator”srepresentationofthoughtacts:akindofcategoriesusedbynoveliststorepresentthethoughtsoftheirofcharactersareexactlyasthatusedtopresentspeechacts.Forexample,,sheconsideredhisunpunctuality.

142.???indirectthought:akindofcategoriesusedbynovelisttorepresentthethoughtsoftheircharactersareexactlyasthatusedtopresentindirectspeech.Forexample,shethoughtthathewoulebelate.

143.???feeindirectspeech:afurthercategorywhichcanoccur,whichisanamalgamofdirectspeechandindirectspeechfeatures.

145.???indirectthought:akindofcategoriesusedbynovelisttorepresentthethoughtsoftheircharactersareexactlyasthatusedtopresentindirectspeech.Forexample,shethoughtthathewouldbelate.

146.???feeindirectspeech:afurthercategorywhichcanoccur,whichisanamalgamofdirectspeechandindirectspeechfeatures.

149.???directthought:categoriesusedbynoveliststorepresentthethoughtsoftheircharactersareexactlythesameasthoseusedtorepresentaspeech..

???

150.???computersystem:themachineitselftogetherwithakeyboard,printer,screen,diskdrives,programs,etc.

151.???computerliteracy:thosepeoplewhohavesufficientknowledgeandskillintheuseofcomputersandcomputersoftware.

152.???computerlinguistics:abranchofappliedliguistics,dealingwithcomputerprocessingofhumanlanguage.

153.???Call:computer-assistedlanguagelearning(call),referstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofasecondorforeignlanguage.

154.???programndedinstruction:theuseofcomputerstomonitorstudentprogress,todirectstudentsintoappropriatelessons,material,etc.

155.???localareanetwork:arecomputerslinkedtogetherbycablesinaclassroom,lab,orbuilding.Theyofferteachersanovelapproachforcreatingnewactivitiesforstudentsthatprovidemoretimeandexperiencewithtargetlanguage.

156.???CD-ROM:computerdisk-readonlymemoryallowshugeamountofinformationtobestoredononediskwithquichaccesstotheinformation.Studentsandteacherscanaccessinformationquicklyandefficientlyforuseinandoutoftheclassroom.

157.???machinetranslation:referstotheuseofmachine(usuallycomputer)totranslatetextsfromonelanguagetoanother.

158.???concordance:theuseofcomputertosearchforaparticularword,sequenceofwords.orperhapsevenapartofspeechinatext.Thecomputercanalsoreceiveallexamplesofaparticularword,usuallyinacontext,whichisafurtheraidtothelinguist.Itcanalsocalculatethenumberofoccurrencesofthewordsothatinformationonthefrequencyofthewordmaybegathered.

159.???annotation:ifcorporaissaidtobeunannotated-itappearsinitsexistingrawstateofplaintext,whereasannotatedcorporahasbeenenhancedwithvarioustypeoflinguisticinformation,

160.???annotation:ifcorporaissaidtobeunannotated—itappearsinitsexistingrawstateofplaintext,whereasannotatedcorporahasbeenenhancedwithvarioustypeoflinguisticinformation.

162.???documentrepresentative:informationstructureisconcernedwithexploitingrelationships,betweendocumentstoimprovetheefficiencyandeffectivenessofretristrategies.Itcoversspecificallyalogicalorganizationofinformation,suchasdocumentrepresentatives,forthepurposeofinformationretri.

163.???precision:theproportionofretridocumentswhicharerelevant.

164.???recall:theproportionofretridocumentswhicharerelevant.

165.???appliedlinguistics:applicationsoflinguisticstostudyofsecondandforeignlanguagelearningandteaching,andotherareassuchastranslation,thecompilingofdictionaries,etc

166.???communicativecompetence:asdefinedbyHymes,theknowledgeandabilityinvolvedinputtinglanguagetocommunicativeuse.

167.???syllabus:theplanningofcourseofinstruction.Itisadescriptionofthecousrcontent,teachingproceduresandlearningexperiences.

169.???transfer:theinfluenceofmothertongueuponthesecondlanguage.Whenstructuresofthetwolanguagesaresimilar,wecangetpositivetransferoffacilitation;whenthetwolanguagesaredifferentinstructures,negativetransferofinferenceoccursandresultinerrors.

173.???discretepointtest:akindoftestinwhichlanguagestructuresorskillsarefurtherdividedintoindividualpointsofphonology,syntaxandlexis.

174.???integrativetest:akindoftestinwhichlanguagestructuresorskillsarefurtherdividedintoindividualpointsofphonology,syntaxandlexis.

周國平散文讀后感周國平散文讀后感

/周國平散文讀后感周國平散文讀后感篇一：周國平散文>讀后感

似乎每一個(gè)假期，學(xué)校都回布置讀書的任務(wù)。好像是我們這些學(xué)生除了寒暑假之外，就不會(huì)有時(shí)間看書了似的。當(dāng)然，假期所讀的書與平時(shí)讀的完全不在同一檔次，畢竟，誰有本事在讀完一本科幻小說或是漫畫之后能寫出合乎要求的讀后感？于是乎，我的同學(xué)們只好拿起平時(shí)只放在書架上沖樣子的名著讀了起來。

我卻幸運(yùn)得多了。多虧我的未雨綢繆，厚厚的一本《周國平散文》，讓我利用每天中午的時(shí)間一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)蠶食，到放假時(shí)只剩下幾十頁了。我只需趁熱打鐵，將之讀完即可。

周國平這個(gè)名字，很多人都覺得陌生。倒是和他一字之差的周和平老師更有些知名度。周國平先生是一位典型的讀書人，著書立說和翻譯外國哲學(xué)著作似乎就是他工作的全部。他的書或是文章，無非兩個(gè)方面：散文隨筆和哲學(xué)論著。前者描繪了一個(gè)文人的精神家園，后者反映了他的學(xué)術(shù)生活。我讀到的，自然是他文人的一面。

周國平的隨筆散文，真正映了“隨”和“散”這兩個(gè)字。每篇文章都透著淡然，好像是從心中自然而然地流淌出來一般。他的文章更多地關(guān)注自己而不是家國大事，好像就一直停留在“修身、齊家、治國、平天下”的“修身”境界。這看似不夠偉大，用套話說就是“缺少社會(huì)責(zé)任感”。不過如果以他所制定的修身圓滿的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，天下之大，那些正行治國之事的“偉人們”又有幾個(gè)是做到了修身、甚至嘗試過修身呢？官吏腐敗問題是哪一個(gè)國家都不可避免要面臨的問題?？扇绻覀冦∈亍靶奚睚R家治國平天下”的方略，循序漸進(jìn)的話，哪里還會(huì)有貪官污吏得勢(shì)的道理？

每個(gè)人在社會(huì)上都有自己的任務(wù)和位置。如果不細(xì)心叩問自己的心靈，如何能發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)早已為自己預(yù)留的位置？對(duì)于我們，人生的大半都是未知，都需要探索；可是如果在邁出探索的步伐之前，連自己的目的地都不清楚；或是在行進(jìn)途中漸漸迷失了方向，那又有什么資格口稱自己是在探索人生呢？前進(jìn)的步伐一刻也不能停下，了望的目光更是一刻也不能松懈。周國平用他的散文教給我們把握出世入世的度：即不能不問世事，那是不可能且自私的；也不能沉浸于俗世，迷失了自我。

如果把攀登人生的高峰類比于登山，那么最佳的狀態(tài)應(yīng)該是：肉體在不懈的攀登，步步為營(yíng)，深陷崇山的掩映之中，靈魂則跳出山外，以旁觀者的清澈目光為前進(jìn)指明方向，永遠(yuǎn)不迷失。這顯然是神仙的境界，凡人想要達(dá)到無疑是奢談。我們只有退而求其次，在每次出發(fā)之前先問問自己夠不夠堅(jiān)定；定期停下來修整，總結(jié)過去并展望未來，看看自己的路線是否偏移?！罢J(rèn)識(shí)你自己”，這是指導(dǎo)精神生活的圣經(jīng)。

我希望自己能夠秉持這圣經(jīng)，不忘審視自己。學(xué)習(xí)的范疇，不只是我們現(xiàn)在體會(huì)到的那么淺薄，我希望自己有一天可以明白更多。

篇二：周國平散文讀后感

周國平是我很喜愛的作家?？此臅歉呷龝r(shí)候的事，現(xiàn)在回想起來，他的書陪伴我整個(gè)的高三生活，用思考與哲理給我浮躁的心情增添一股沉靜的清泉。周國平的散文集《安靜》，對(duì)比昔日的“>守望”和“朝圣”，似乎來得更為純粹和徹底。我喜歡《安