UnitlEnglishforScienceandTechnol$g^英語(yǔ) Safetymanagement安全管理Accidentcausationmodel事故致因模型 Unsafe@a不安全行為Unsafeconditio不安全狀態(tài)accident-pronessmode事故傾向模型safetycultui安全文化 OrganizationsafetycultUr業(yè)安全文化1、Allmoderntheoriesarebasedonaccidentcausationmodelswhichtrytoexplainthesequenceofeventsthatfinallyproducetheloss.所有的現(xiàn)代理論都是基于嘗試解釋事件發(fā)生次序并最終導(dǎo)致?lián)p失的事故致因模型。Thestrategicmanagement,leadership,motivation,andthepersonnel'svisibleandhiddenvaluesaresomeissuesthatarenowunderintensivestudy.現(xiàn)在正在加緊研究諸如戰(zhàn)略管理，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力，激勵(lì)及員工有形的和隱藏的價(jià)值等問(wèn)題。OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidthatorganizationabultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions-invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration-thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”.沙因已提出“企業(yè)文化”的一個(gè)廣義定義。他認(rèn)為企業(yè)文化是“一種基本的假設(shè)模式一一由某一組織發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)、或?qū)⒅l(fā)展的，用它來(lái)處理外部適應(yīng)和內(nèi)部整合的問(wèn)題。由于這一假設(shè)模式運(yùn)作非常有效，因此可將它教給新員工，以使他們?cè)谟龅筋愃茊?wèn)題的時(shí)候也能以正確的方式感受、思考和感覺”。杜邦10條Dubontcompany'ssafetyprinciplesAllinjuriesandoccupationalillnessescanbeprevented.Managementisresponsibleforsafety.Safetyisanindividual'sresponsibilityandaconditionofemployment.Trainingisanessentialelementforsafeworkplaces.AuditsmustbeconductedM須進(jìn)行檢查）Alldeficienci不足）mustbecorrectedpromptly.Itisessentialtoinvestigateallinjuriesandincidentswithinjurypotential.Off-the-jobsafetyisanimportantpartofthesafetyeffort.Itisgoodbusinesstopreventinjuriesandillnesses.Peplearethemostimportantelementofsafetyandoccupationalhealthprogram.Unit2System'slifec系統(tǒng)陡命周期Safety仃設(shè)61安全準(zhǔn)則Hazardanalysi危險(xiǎn)分析Performancereviews績(jī)效考核HazardControl危險(xiǎn)控制Systemsafetyconceptsarebasedontheideathatanoptimumdegreeofcaafbeyachievewithintheconstraintsofsystemeffectyeness.系統(tǒng)安全的概念是基于最佳安全程度的想法，這個(gè)想法在系統(tǒng)效力的約束下能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。2、Itinvolvestheapplicationofscientifiandmanagementprinciplesforthetimelyrecognition,evaluation,andcontrolofhazards.為了對(duì)危險(xiǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)及時(shí)地識(shí)別、評(píng)價(jià)和控制，它所采用的方法包括科技、管理的手段。3、Thesecriterianormallyprovideforcompliancewithacceptedsafetystandardssuchasthosecontainedingovernmentregulations.這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通常與人們所普遍遵循的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相適應(yīng)，如政府法規(guī)中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。4^Equipmentspecifications,maintenanceplans,trainingplans,proposedsystemprocedures,andotherdesignmaterialsarereviewedandevaluatedduringthedesignphase.在設(shè)計(jì)階段就應(yīng)該考慮和評(píng)價(jià)設(shè)備說(shuō)明書、維修計(jì)劃、培訓(xùn)方案、建議的系統(tǒng)程序和其他的設(shè)計(jì)材料。5、Forananalysistobemeaningful,itmustbelogical,accurate,descriptiveofthesystem,andbasedonvalidassumptions.為了使分析有意義，危險(xiǎn)分析必須符合邏輯，具有準(zhǔn)確性，系統(tǒng)描述完整，并且基于有效的假設(shè)。Uint3Ergonomicsproces人機(jī)進(jìn)程workefficienc工作效率安全人機(jī)工程 工作效率工作壓力 傷害率職業(yè)傷殘Similarly,anergonomicsprocessisaplaninwhichafacilitygathersallrelevantinformationonworkorganizationemployeecapabilitiesndlimitationsandwork-relatedMSDs,todevelopsolutionstobetteraccommodatetheseemployeesandreduceMSDratesandtheirassociatedcosts.同樣，人機(jī)工程進(jìn)程其實(shí)就是一個(gè)計(jì)劃。在這個(gè)計(jì)劃中企業(yè)需要收集所有關(guān)于工作安排、員工能力和制度約束以及與肌肉骨骼疾病相關(guān)的資料。這樣做是為了更好地滿足員工的需求、能有效降低肌肉骨骼疾病的發(fā)生率及其相關(guān)費(fèi)用。2、Asuccessfulergonomicsprocessneedstobeimplementedandrefinedacrossvarioustypesoforganizations,sothatawidevarietyofwork-relatedissuescanbeincorporated.一個(gè)成功人機(jī)工程/工效流程的順利實(shí)施和不斷完善，需要跨越多個(gè)部門。所以與工作有關(guān)的各種問(wèn)題都有可能被納入其中。3、TheelementfromwhichbasicergonomicsissuesariseistheWorkplace;thatis,theareainwhichthephysicalworkisbeingperformedandwhereemployeesbecomeinjuredduetomusculoskeletalstressors.人體工程學(xué)的基本問(wèn)題來(lái)自于工作場(chǎng)所，因?yàn)閱T工是在其中進(jìn)行體力工作，同時(shí)易因肌肉骨骼受壓而受傷。4、ThisincludesunderstandingergonomicsconceptsonagloballevelthatworksystemsdesignedwithinindividualscapabilitiemdlimitationsillimproveworkefficiencandproductivityandwillreducethenumbersandcostsofMSDs.這包括對(duì)人體工程學(xué)的概念有一個(gè)全面的了解：在個(gè)人的能力和限制范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行工作系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，將提高工作效率和生產(chǎn)力，還會(huì)降低肌肉骨骼疾病發(fā)生的次數(shù)，以及由此產(chǎn)生的花費(fèi)。5、Aprogressivemanagementstructureisonethathonestlyvaluesitsemployeesandcommunicatesthiscommitmentthroughcorporatepoliciesthattoutthisdedicationtoemployeeshealthandwell-being;thisincludestheimplementationofanergonomicsprocess.一個(gè)先進(jìn)的管理結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的：誠(chéng)實(shí)地評(píng)價(jià)雇員，通過(guò)制定滿足雇員健康和福利的企業(yè)政策向大家傳達(dá)承諾；這就包括工效進(jìn)程的執(zhí)行。6、Itiwithinthecommittethatallactivitiesinthefacilityhavingergonomicsimpactaredirected.Theformationofthecommitteeandtheirtrainingisnoeffortlessmatter,however.正是在委員會(huì)內(nèi)部，人機(jī)工程委員會(huì)施于企業(yè)內(nèi)部所有活動(dòng)的影響都是直接的。然而該委員會(huì)的組建和培訓(xùn)并不是不費(fèi)力的事。Justasergonomicsitselfiscomprisedofmultipledisciplines,anErgonomicsCommitteeshouldbecomprisedofmemberswithdiversebackgroundsandareasofexpertise.正如工效學(xué)本身是由多學(xué)科，人因工程委員會(huì)也應(yīng)由具有不同背景和專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的專家組成。8、ThisincludesidentifyingbothjobsandworkpracticesthathavehistoricallycausedMSDsandthosedestinedtoproducefutureproblemsifnotcorrected.這包括確定歷史上導(dǎo)致肌肉骨骼疾病發(fā)生的工作和操作上的行為，如果沒有被予以糾正，它們注定會(huì)產(chǎn)生新的問(wèn)題。Itistheresponsibilitytheteamtocontinuall^eepemployeesupdatedontheteam'sactivities.通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)活動(dòng)不斷保持其成員的進(jìn)步是團(tuán)隊(duì)義不容辭的責(zé)任Unit4HazardIdentificati危n險(xiǎn)辨識(shí)personalprotectiveequipment個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備Accidentinvestigati事故調(diào)查Safetyinspecti^^：檢查OccupationalSafetyandHealthActOSHA) 職業(yè)安全與衛(wèi)生條例whenyoudonotviewareportedhazardsanactualhazard,itiscriticaltoongoningprocesstoinformtheworkerthatyoudonotviewitasatruehazardandexplainwhy.當(dāng)你沒有把報(bào)告上來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)視作一個(gè)真正存在危險(xiǎn)的時(shí)候，對(duì)于持續(xù)的生產(chǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，通知工人你并不認(rèn)為它是一個(gè)真正存在的危險(xiǎn)并解釋其原因，這就成為至關(guān)重要的了Also,ifahazardexists,youmustbeprioritizeitaccordingtotheonesthatcanbehandledquickly,whichmaytaketime,orwhichwillcostmoneyaboveyourbudget.此外，如果存在危險(xiǎn)，你必須根據(jù)處置它所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間，或花費(fèi)的高于預(yù)算資金等來(lái)考慮其被處理的先后順序。3、Identificaticandcontrolofhazardsshouldincludeperiodicsitesafetyinspectionprogramsthatinvolvesupervisorsand,ifyouhavethem,jointlabormanagementcommittees.識(shí)別和控制危險(xiǎn)，應(yīng)包括涉及主管的定期現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全檢查計(jì)劃，如果你有，還應(yīng)包括聯(lián)合勞動(dòng)管理委員會(huì)。4、Topreventindustrialaccidents,thepeople,machines,andotherfactorswhichcancauseaccidents,includingtheenergiesassociatedwiththem,mustbacontrolled為了防止工業(yè)事故發(fā)生，必須對(duì)人，機(jī)和其他可導(dǎo)致事故發(fā)生的因素以及與此相關(guān)的能量加以控制。5、Studytheworkenvironmentforwhatismovinginthevicinitoftheworker,whatisabouttomove,orwhatwillmoveasaresultofwhattheworkerdoes.研究工作環(huán)境下是什么在工人附近移動(dòng)，是什么樣的移動(dòng)，或由于工人操作什么將會(huì)移動(dòng)。6、Anytypeofworkthatinvolvesmaterialsorequipmentthatmaybeharmfulwithoutforcefulcontactisasourceofcontact-withaccidents.任何涉及到不包含強(qiáng)大能量源，有害的物質(zhì)或設(shè)備接觸都屬于接觸事故類型。7、Managementisnotasclosetotheactualworkbeingperformedasarethoseperformingthework.管理者工作并不像具體執(zhí)行工作的人員一樣能接觸到具體的操作。8、Thishazardidentificationtechniqueworkswellwheremanagementisopenandgenuinelyconcernedaboutthesafetyandhealthofitsworkforce.危害識(shí)別技術(shù)運(yùn)作良好的地方，其管理工作是開放的，是真正關(guān)注勞動(dòng)者安全和健康問(wèn)題的。Unit5OccupationalhealthandsafetymanagementsystOHSMS)職業(yè)健康安全管理體系1、Findingagreementuponcriteriforeffectiveness^methodsofmeasurementandevaluationisespeciallyhardwherebasicdisagreementexistsuponwhatanOHSMSis.發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠達(dá)成一致的有效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或測(cè)量、評(píng)價(jià)方法是特別困難的事，因?yàn)閷?duì)什么是職業(yè)健康安全管理體系存在基本分歧。SystemstheorysuggeststhatthereshouldbefourgeneralrequirementsforanOHSMS,althoughhowtheserequirementsaremetinpracticeallowsforconsiderablediversity.系統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為：對(duì)職業(yè)健康安全管理體系應(yīng)該有四個(gè)基本要求，但這些要求在實(shí)踐應(yīng)用中卻需滿足多樣化的需求。Incontrast,mandatorysystemshaveevolvedinanumberofEuropeancountrieswherelegislationrequiresadoptionofariskassessmentsystem.與此相反，強(qiáng)制性制度已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了許多歐洲國(guó)家，在這些國(guó)家法律規(guī)定建立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)。ThisapproachstemsfrommethodsofregulationfoundinEuropeaswellasAustralia,wherebusinesses,includingsmallerones,areencouragedorrequiredtocomplywithalessdemandingframeworkthan“managementsystems”.這種做法源于歐洲和澳大利亞現(xiàn)行的監(jiān)管方法。在那的企業(yè)，包括規(guī)模較小的，都鼓勵(lì)或要求遵守與管理系統(tǒng)”要求相比較低的框架。5、First,itisgroundedintheliteraturethatdiscussesalternativeapproachestomanagingOHSanddifferentcontrolstrategies,anditreflectstheprincipaldebatesinthatliterature.首先，它植根于一種文化，對(duì)管理職業(yè)健康與安全采取不同控制策略的文化中。它反映了在特定文化中最大的爭(zhēng)議。6、TheideathattheremaybedifferentlevelsofOHSMhasbeeninterpretedanotherwayinAustraliawhereperformancelevelsinsomeprogramsareexplicitldevelopmental(thebusinessgraduatingupanascendingladderasitdemonstratescompliancewiththerequirementsofeachsuccessivelevel).澳大利亞的另一種方式可以用來(lái)解釋OHSM有不同等級(jí)的觀點(diǎn)，在澳一些方案的執(zhí)行水平在顯著提高（業(yè)務(wù)已經(jīng)上升了一個(gè)臺(tái)階，因?yàn)樗砻髋c每個(gè)連續(xù)的級(jí)別相一致）。7、while,ingeneral,thisreportadvocatescareindefiningOHSMSwithrespecttotheproblemsoutlinesabove,forthepurposeofthisprojectaninclusiveipproachtothephenmenaistobeadopted.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，考慮到前文所提到的許多問(wèn)題，這篇報(bào)告倡導(dǎo)應(yīng)專注于職業(yè)健康安全管理體系的定義，采納一個(gè)包容性的方法就是為了解決上述問(wèn)題。Uint6Physicalhazard物理危害Time-weightedaverage時(shí)間加權(quán)平均HazardCommunicationStandard危險(xiǎn)通識(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Industrialhygienehasbeendefinedas"thatscienceorartdevotedtotheanticipation,recognition,evaluation,andcontrolofthoseenvironmentalfactorsorstresses,arisinginorfromtheworkplace,whichmaycausesickness,impairedhealthandwell-being,orsignificantiiscomfortandinefficiencamongworkersoramongthecitizensfthecommunity."工業(yè)衛(wèi)生被定義為它是針對(duì)環(huán)境因素或壓力的預(yù)期、辨識(shí)、評(píng)價(jià)和控制的一門科學(xué)和藝術(shù)。這些環(huán)境因素產(chǎn)生于工作場(chǎng)所，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病，損害健康或在工人和社會(huì)公民中引起顯著的不適和降低效率”Theindustrialhygienist,althoughbasicallytrainedinengineering,physics,chemistry,orbiology,hasacquiredbyundergraduateand/orpostgraduatestudyandexperience,aknowledgeoftheeffectsuponhealthofchemicalandphysicalagentsundervariouslevelsofexposure.雖然工業(yè)衛(wèi)生學(xué)家在工程、物理、化學(xué)或生物學(xué)方面已獲得過(guò)培訓(xùn)，通過(guò)本科、研究生期間的學(xué)習(xí)和積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，已經(jīng)掌握了暴露于各級(jí)環(huán)境下化學(xué)和物理制劑對(duì)健康影響的知識(shí)。Noiseisaserioushazardwhenitresultsintemporaryorpermanenthearingloss,physicalormentaldisturbance,anyinterferencewithvoicecommunications,orthedisruptionofajob,rest,relaxation,orsleep.噪聲是一種嚴(yán)重的危害，因它會(huì)造成臨時(shí)或永久性聽力喪失，身體或精神紊亂，干擾語(yǔ)言溝通，或?qū)ぷ?、休息、放松或睡眠產(chǎn)生障礙。6、Thechanceofdevelopingheatstressincreaseswithincreasedhumidity,hotenvironments,andtheuseofpersonalprotectiveequipment.熱應(yīng)力顯現(xiàn)的可能性隨著濕度的增加、熱環(huán)境以及個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備的使用而增大。Ionizingradiationhastheabilitytochangeordestroytheatomic(chemical)structureofcells,non-ionizingradiationdoesnot.電離輻射有能力改變或破壞細(xì)胞的原子(化學(xué))結(jié)構(gòu)，非電離輻射則沒有。Althoughnon-ionizingradiationisnotashazardousasionizing,thereareexposuresthatcancausesevereinjuries.雖然非電離輻射電離不如電離輻射危險(xiǎn)，但有導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重傷害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。9、Itemssuchassanitatioandhousekeepingitemsregardingpotablewater,removalofindustrialwasteandsewage,foodhandling,andpersonalcleanlinesshavethepotentialtoexacerbatethepotentialriskofbiologicalhazards.衛(wèi)生設(shè)施和家庭飲用水方面的項(xiàng)目，工業(yè)廢物和污水的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，食品處理和個(gè)人清潔等有可能會(huì)加劇潛在的生物危害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Whenrepetitivemotioninjuriesoccur,theyoftenresultfromcontinuoususeofabodypartofteninanunnaturalpostureemployingmoreforcethanisnormalforthebodypart.重復(fù)性的運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷經(jīng)常發(fā)生，多是因以一種不自然的姿勢(shì)頻繁使用身體某部位而引發(fā)的，對(duì)這個(gè)部位來(lái)說(shuō)承受了比平常更多的能量。Themajorityoftheoccupationalhealthhazardsarisefrominhalingchemicalagentsintheformofvapors,gases,dusts,fumesandmists,orbyskincontactwiththesematerials.多數(shù)職業(yè)健康危害由吸入以蒸汽、氣體、粉塵、煙霧形式存在的化學(xué)制劑而產(chǎn)生，或通過(guò)皮膚接觸這些材料也可產(chǎn)生。Torecognizeoccupationalfactorsorstresses,ahealthandsafetyprofessionalmustfirstknowaboutthechemicalsusedasrawmaterialsandthenatureoftheproductsandbyproductsmanufactured.為了識(shí)別職業(yè)因素或壓力，健康和安全專家必須首先了解作為原料使用的化學(xué)品、產(chǎn)品及副產(chǎn)品。Unit7Riskassessmen風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估 Preventivemeasure預(yù)防措施HealthandSafetyCommissioi(HSC)健康安全委員會(huì)1、Inresponsetotherecognition[thatitsstructurehaslimitationsingprovtilditigtheholdsorganisationtogether]muchmanagementthinkingoverthelasttwodecadeshasfocusedontheconceptofcorporateculture.作為對(duì)這種認(rèn)識(shí)一一企業(yè)文化在像膠水一樣將組織聚合時(shí)所發(fā)揮的作用有限”的回應(yīng)，許多管理者在過(guò)去的二十年里一直專注于對(duì)它的研究。2、Itisgenerallythoughtthatawell-developedindbusiness-specifcilture[intowhichmanagersandemployeesarethoroughlysocialisecwillleadtostrongerorganisationalcommitment,moreefficientperformanceandgenerallyhigherproductivity.人們普遍認(rèn)為：在一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)的、具有特定企業(yè)文化其中的管理者和員工被徹底同化了)的企業(yè)中，將產(chǎn)生較強(qiáng)的組織承諾、高效的執(zhí)行力和較高的生產(chǎn)率。3、Themaintenanceofthedominatingcorporateculturewithinanyorganization,therefore,issupportedbyongoinganalysesoforganizationalsystems,goal-directebdehaviour,attitudesandperformanceoutcomes.因此，在任何組織內(nèi)對(duì)主導(dǎo)企業(yè)文化的維護(hù)是由組織系統(tǒng)的持續(xù)分析、以目標(biāo)為導(dǎo)向的行為、態(tài)度和表現(xiàn)結(jié)果來(lái)支持的。4、Thisisnotsurprisinggiven[thatorganisationsaredynamic,multi-facetedhumansystemsthatoperateindynamicenvironments(inwhichwhatexactlysuitsatonetimeandoneplace)cannotbegeneralisedintoadetaileduniversaltrutharguesthatdifferingjub-culturesactuallyserveausefulfunction],astheyareavaluableresourcefordealingwithcollectiveignorancedeterminedbysystemicuncertaintybecausetheyprovideadiversityofperspectivesandinterpretationofemerging(safety)problems.組織是動(dòng)態(tài)的，在動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境中運(yùn)行的多面人文系可能適合于某一時(shí)間、某一場(chǎng)所，但不可能成為一個(gè)普遍適用的真理。這就表明不同的次文化實(shí)際上能發(fā)揮有用的功能，以上觀點(diǎn)是不足為奇的。因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诮鉀Q由系統(tǒng)不確定性累積形成的問(wèn)題時(shí)是有價(jià)值的資源，對(duì)出現(xiàn)的（安全）問(wèn)題提供了新的觀點(diǎn)和解釋。5、Gaininginternationalurrencyoverthelastdecade,itislooselyusedtodescribethecorporateatmosphereorculture[inwhichsafetyisunderstoodtobe,andisacceptedas,thenumberonepriority].在寬松的企業(yè)環(huán)境或文化中認(rèn)為：安全是第一優(yōu)先考慮的，這種觀點(diǎn)在過(guò)去的十年中得到了廣泛流行，并且也被接納。6、Assuchthedominantcorporatecultureandtheprevailingcontextsuchasdownsizingandorganisationalcorporaterestructuringwillexertaconsiderableinfluenceonitsdevelopmentandvice-versaasbothinter-relateandreinforceeachother.就這點(diǎn)而論起主導(dǎo)作用的企業(yè)文化和當(dāng)時(shí)縮減規(guī)模、重組的背景對(duì)其發(fā)展將會(huì)產(chǎn)生較大的影響。反之亦然，兩者既相互關(guān)聯(lián)，又相互促進(jìn)。7、Allthesedefinitionsarerelativelysimilarinthattheycanbecategorisedintoanormativebeliefsperspectivinsofaraseachisfocusedtovaryingdegreesonthewaypeoplethinkand/orbehaveinrelationtosafety.所有這些定義都比較相似，就定義的角度而言它們都可以被劃分到規(guī)范信念一類中。每個(gè)定義所關(guān)注的均是與安全相關(guān)的人們思維和域行為方式的程度不同。8、Likewise,withtheexceptionoftheHSCthesedefinitionstendtoreflelthfeilteviewsafetyculture"is"ratherthansomethingthatorganisalion"has“同樣地，除健康安全委員會(huì)以外，這些定義趨向于反映這樣一種觀點(diǎn)：安全文化是什么”而不是組織有什么“。Ithasbeenarguedtha【bothviewsarecommensurateinthatmanagerialfunctionaliststrategiesemergefrominterpretativec】nOexts有人認(rèn)為這兩種意見是與管理功能主義戰(zhàn)略在解釋性背景下顯露出來(lái)相稱的。Giventheprominenceofth￡（Hsdefinitioninguidingreseachers,onearearequiringprecision[thatappearstohavebeenoverlookedbyallconcerned]isthe“product為fthesafetycultureconstruct.由于在指導(dǎo)性研究中突出了健康安全委員會(huì)的定義，一個(gè)似乎被所有人忽略了的細(xì)節(jié)之處就是安全文化建設(shè)的產(chǎn)品”。10、Nonetheless,thedegreetowhichmembersconsistentlyonfrontothersabouttheirunsafeacts,thedegreetowhichmembersreportunsafeconditionsthespeedwithwhichmembersimplementremedialactions,thedegreetowhichmembersgiveprioritytosafetyoverproductionareallobservableexamplesofmembersdirectingtheireffortstoimprovesafety.然而，對(duì)成員一直面臨不安全行為的關(guān)注程度，成員報(bào)告不安全條件的積極性，成員實(shí)施補(bǔ)救行動(dòng)的速度，成員對(duì)安全給予優(yōu)先考慮的可能性都是成員之間通過(guò)觀察別人努力改善安全的例子。11、Giventhat[themaintenanceoforganisationabulturesaresupportedbyongoinganalysesoforganisationahystems,goal-directedbehaviour,attitudesandperformanceoutcomes],thedefinitiongivenforthesafetyculture“product”providesadependentvariablewithwhichtoassesssafetycultureimprovementinitiatives.鑒于企業(yè)文化的秉持是由組織系統(tǒng)、目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向行為、態(tài)度和執(zhí)行力來(lái)支持的，把安全文化說(shuō)成產(chǎn)品”就提供了一個(gè)用以評(píng)估安全文化改善措施的因變量。12、Despitenotions【thatculturecannoteasilybecreatedorengineered,In,pthetisecreationorenhancementofasafetycultureisdependentuponthedeliberatemanipulationofvariousorganisationalcharacteristicthoughttoimpactuponsafetymanagementpractices.盡管在實(shí)踐中安全文化不容易被創(chuàng)建或設(shè)計(jì)，但它的創(chuàng)造或強(qiáng)化依賴于各種組織有意識(shí)地對(duì)安全管理實(shí)踐施加影響的有意識(shí)操作。Uint8NeedsMoveMountainsandPeopl人的需要層次理論Thesestatements,however,donottelluswhatmotivationreallyisnordotheytellushowwecanmeasureorevenunderstandmotivation.但是，這些說(shuō)明并沒有告訴我們什么是真正的動(dòng)機(jī)，也沒有告訴我們?nèi)绾魏饬可踔寥绾蝸?lái)理解它。But,possiblyabetterdefinitionis“motivationpresumesvaluing,andvaluesarelearnedbehaviors;thus,motivation,atleastinpart,isleaibegctaiightcan.但是或許一個(gè)更好的定義為：激勵(lì)重視價(jià)值，價(jià)值是博學(xué)的行為。因此，至少在某