2022年研究生入學(xué)考試英語（一）試題及解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,

B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s;

theterm“plantneurobiology^^was_1_aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplant

behaviorcouldbe_2—tointelligenceinanimals.—3—plantslackbrains,thefiringof

electricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat

―4_consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.

Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtoanewopinionarticle.Plantbiologyiscomplex

andfascinating,butit_5—sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called_6—ofplants'

intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.

Beginningin2006,somescientistshave_7—thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthat

interactwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,_8—“aplantnervoussystem,_9_tothat

inanimals,vsaidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,"They_10_claimedthatplantshave

“brain-likecommandcenters^^attheirroottips.”

This_11_makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain,_12_itto

anarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals.

_13_,thesignalinginaplantisonly_14_similartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,

whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,Taizsaid.

“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold_15_ofcomplexityand

capacityisrequired,,,he—16—.“Sinceplantsdon'thavenervoussystems,the_17—that

theyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.”

Andwhat'ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan'trunawayfrom_18—,

soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhich_19_athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbea

very_20—evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.

1.[A]coined[B]discovered[C]collected[D]issued

2.[A]attributed[B]directed[C]compared[D]confined

3.[AJunless[B]when[CJonce[D]though

4.[A]copedwith[B]consistedof(C]hintedat[D]extended

5.[A]suffers[B]benefits[C]develops[D]differs

6.fA]acceptance[B]evidencefC]cultivation[D]creation

7.[A]doubted[B]denied[C]argued[D]requested

8.[AJadapting[B]forming[CJrepairing[DJtesting

9.[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive

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10.[AJjust[B]ever[CJstill[D]even

11.fA]restriction[B]experimentfC]perspective[D]demand

12.[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing

13.[AlHowever[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise

14.[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginarily

15.[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]local

16.[A]recalled[B]agreed[C]questioned[D]added

17.[AJchances[B]risks[CJexcuses[D]assumptions

18.[A]danger[B]failure[C]warning[D]control

19.[AJrepresents[B]includes[CJreveals(DJrecognizes

20.[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]easy

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C

orD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Textl

Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,and

othertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsare

everywhereanddon'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.They

crackandfrizzle.They"weep”outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreates

hugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportant

objects.Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,

celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,andthefirstartificialheart.

Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn't

alwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,

untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyofthe

Netherlands."It'slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,“she

says."Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.”

Andsometimes,it*snottheartist'sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPieroGilardi

begantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsof

rosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets^^-largerectanglesdecoratedwith

foampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthe

carpets-whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.

Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.It*sespecially

vulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andother

figuresweresplittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.

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SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi'ssculptures.Theyinfused

somewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthosechemicals

“sunscreens“becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildworn

polymerfibers.Sheisproudthatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeit

sometimesbeneathprotectivecases.

DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten's,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.

Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplasticsdesignedtodisintegrate,

areincreasinglycommon.

Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistant

professorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,

notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory-StoneAge,

IronAge,andsoon-afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,

shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhavea

strongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.”

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin.

[A]maintainingtheirplasticitems.

fB]obtainingdurableplasticartifacts.

[C]handlingoutdatedplasticexhibits.

[D]classifyingtheirplasticcollections.

22.VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare

[AJimmunetodecay.

[B]improperlyshaped.

[CJinherentlyflawed.

[D]complexinstructure.

23.MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi'sartworksto.

fA]keepthemfromhurtingvisitors.

[B]duplicatethemforfuturedisplay.

[C]havetheiringredientsanalyzed.

[D]preventthemfromfurtherdamage.

24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis.

[A]costly[B]unworthy

[C]unpopular[D]challenging

25.InFerreira'sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts.

[A]willinspirefuturescientificresearch.

[B]hasprofoundhistoricalsignificance.

[C]willhelpusseparatethematerialages.

[D]hasanimpactontoday'sculturallife.

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Text2

Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighup

theiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegree

haschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheir

educationaljourney.

Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbe

setupforlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,they

becamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28per

centofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles,apercentagewhichisdoublethe

averageamongOECDcountries.

Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,butratherstressthatadegree

isnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneand

thatotheroptionsareavailable.

Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZseekingto

learnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthe

degreemindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooften

provethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooare

seeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementforcertainroles.

Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirst

ofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduates

nowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,it

makessensetohavetwo.

ItisunlikelythatGenerationZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedto

beconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithasbeenestimated

thatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfillmentand

desirefordiversity,willworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglife

andhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbe

acorepartofGenerationZ*scareertrajectory.

Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:Iama

geographer*or'Iamaciassist.Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it'sasif

theyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewontdefinetheminthesameway.

26.theauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould

[A]becarefulinchoosingacollege

[B]bediligentateacheducationalstage

fC]reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducation

[D]postponetheirundergraduateapplication

27.ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflect

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[A]Millennial'sopinionsaboutwork

[B]theshrinkingvalueofadegree

[CJpublicdiscontentwitheducation

[D]thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility

28.Theauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat

[A]GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegree.

[B]Schoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkers.

[CJEmployersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegrees

[D]Parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation.

29.ItisadvisedinParagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould

[A]makeanearlydecisionontheircareer

[BJattendonthejobtrainingprograms

[C]teamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduates

[D]furthertheirstudiesinaspecificfield

30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.

fBlTheywillmakequalifiededucators.

[C]Depresswillnolongerappealthem.

[D]Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs.

Text3

Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNature

readersusedtodescribetheirexperienceofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticleson

partnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewho

respondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaid,theyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostall

saidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.

Suchanencouragingresultsisnotsurprising.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingout

visualartiststohelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.^Artistshelpscientists

reachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhanceleaming.^^One

respondentsaid.

Oneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthescenescamelast

monthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionofAntonio

Vivaldi'sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatest

climatepredictiondataforeachseason-providedbyMonashUniversity'sClimateChange

CommunicationResearchHub.Theperformancewasacreativecalltoactionaheadof

November'sUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.

Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.Fewerartistthanscientists

respondedtotheNaturepoll,however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimply

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assistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsidered

onlyasanobjectofstudy.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshavea

sharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother'swork.Such

anapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.

Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopenedits

CenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toexploretheroleoftechnologyinculture.The

foundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight-hencethe“visualstudies“inthe

name.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andtherefore

couldformthebasisofcollaboration.Asscienceandtechnologyprogressed,anddividedinto

moresub-disciplines,thecentrewassimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleading

researcherscouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.

Nature'spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakea

collaborationwork,bothsidesneedtoinvesttime,andembracesurpriseandchallenge.The

reachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearch

communication,andparticipants.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryand

invention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.

31.Accordingtoparagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave.

[A]caughttheattentionofcritics

[B]receivedfavorableresponses

[C]promotedacademicpublishing

ID]sparkedheatedpublicdisputes

32.ThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasonismentionedtoshowthat.

[AJartcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscience

fB]sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotions

[C]publicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfuture

[D]artiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovations

33.Someartistsseemtoworryaboutintheart-sciencepartnership.

[A]theirrolemaybeunderestimated

[B]theirreputationmaybeimpaired

[C]theircreativitymaybeinhibited

[D]theirworkmaybemisguided

34.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?

[AlItwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists

[B]Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances

fC]Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies

[D]Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists

35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborations.

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[A]arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectations

[B]willintensifyinterdisciplinarycompetition

[CJshoulddomorethancommunicatingscience

[D]arebecomingmorepopularthanbefore

Text4

ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand'sEmploymentRelationsAct2000

(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissals

mustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.

Personalgrievanceweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom

“unjustifieddismissals^^.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficient

safeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedays

whenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.

Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaid

managersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constraining

firmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboosting

productivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagers

mayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthe

jobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifya

dismissal.

Consequently-andparadoxically-lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinary

workersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.

Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusiness

ownersfromdismissingunder-performingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirm

productivityandthereforeonworkers5wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveon

NewZealand'sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthe

lowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry5spoorproductivitygrowth

record.

NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA'S

unjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofire

anemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthe

marginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrythe

burdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.

Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissal

regulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverall

well-being.

AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxby

excludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold^^fromtheprotection

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ofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers,Billtriedtopermit

firmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.

However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowing

thechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.

36.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto.

[A]punishdubiouscorporatepractices

[B]improvetraditionalhiringprocedures

[C]exemptemployersfromcertainduties

[D]protecttherightsofordinaryworkers

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph3thattheprovisionsmay.

[A]hinderbusinessdevelopment

[BJunderminemanagers9authority

[C]affectthepublicimageofthefirms

[DJworsenlabor-managementrelations

38.WhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldbetheProductivityCommissionsupport?

[A]Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.

[BlEnforcingemploymentprotectionlaws.

[C]Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.

[DJDismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.

39.WhatmightbeaneffectofERA'Sunjustifieddismissalprocedures?

[AJHighlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs.

[B]Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.

[C]Societyseesariseinoverallwell-being.

fD]Employersneedtohirenewstaff.

40.ItcanbeinferredthattheCihigh-incomethreshold^^inAustralia.

[A]hassecuredmanagers?earnings

[B]hasproducedundesiredresults

fC]isbeneficialtobusinessowners

[D]isdifficulttoputintopractice

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo

extrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.

(10points)

(41)TeriByrd

Iwasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyears.Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimed

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tobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.Thisclaimwas

false.Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionswhosebottomlineis

muchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.

Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,they

donotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequatetimefortransparencywiththese

institutions,andiCspasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourculture.

(42)KarenR.Sime

Asazoologyprofessor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.

Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.

Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomzoovisitswerethe

crucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostly

studentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesor

nationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,they

cannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractive

experience.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos'treatmentof

animalswiththeireducationalpotential.

(43)GregNewberry

EmmaMarris'sarticleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionatewho

worktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Sheusesoutdated

researchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganization

committedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.

Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowthey

careforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.

ButtheyaretheexceptionnotthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalinazoo

willgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.

(44)DeanGallea

Asafellowenvironmentalistanimal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian.I

couldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethat

well-runzoosandtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivitysoserveahigherpurpose.

Wereitnotforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautifulwildcreaturesclosetohomemany

morepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekoutdisturb

andevenhuntthemdown.

Zoosareinthatsensesimilartonaturalhistoryandarcheologymuseumsservingto

satisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatureswhileleavingthevastmajority

undisturbedintheirnaturalenvironments.

(45)JohnFraser

EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Our

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studiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkaboutthemselvesand

natureandthedatapointsextractedfromourstudies.

Zoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosin

connectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoicefor

conservationandenvironmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityforpeoplefromall

backgroundstoencounterarangeofanimalsfromdronebeestospringbokorsalmontobetter

understandthenaturalworldwelivein.

A.Zooswhichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimalsshouldnotbesubjectedtounfair

criticism.

B.Topressurezoostospendlessontheiranimalswouldleadtoinhumaneoutcomesfor

thepreciouscreaturesintheircare.

C.Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zoosplayasignificantroleinstarting

youngpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.

D.Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlife

conservation.

E.Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthebest

alternative.

F.Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals'

wellbeing.

G.Marrisdistortsourfindingswhichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensable

linkbetweenmanandnature.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TheManWhoBrokeNapoleon'sCodes-MarkUrban

Between1807and1814theIberianPeninsula(comprisingSpainandPortugal)wasthe

sceneofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:between

Napoleon'sFrencharmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeento

exacerbatetheemperofsdifficulties,andthemarshalssentfromParistotrytokeepthemin

check;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirth.

(46)Itwasalso,andthisisunknowneventomanvDCODICwellreadabouttheDeriod、abattle

betweenthosewhomadecodesandthosewhobrokethem.

IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccryptographicbattleafewyearsagowhenIwas

readingSirCharlesOman'sepicHistoryofthePeninsularWar.InvolumeVhehadattached

anappendix,TheScovellCiphers.(47)Itlistedmanydocumentsincodethathadbeen

capturedfromtheFrencharmyofSpain,andwhosesecretshadbeenrevealedbytheworkof

oneGeorgeScovell,anofficerinBritishheadquarters.OmanratedScovelFssignificance

highly,butatthesametime,thegeneralnatureofhisHistorymeantthat(48)hecouldnol

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analyzecarefullywhatthisobscureofficermayormaynothavecontributedtothatgreat

slrugglebelweennationsorindeedlellusanylhingmuchaboulihemanhimself.Iwaskeen

toreadmore,butwassurprisedtofindthatOman'sappendix,publishedin1914,wastheonly

consideredthingthathadbeenwrittenaboutthissecretwar.

Ibecameconvincedthatthisstorywaseverybitasexcitingandsignificantasthatof

EnigmaandthebreakingofGermancodesintheSecondWorldWar.Thequestionwas,could

itbetold?

StudyingScovelfspapersatthePublicRecordOffice,London,Ifoundthathehadleft

anextensivejournalandcopiousnotesabouthisworkinthePeninsula.Whatwasmore,

manyoriginalFrenchdispatcheshadbeenpreservedinthiscollection,whichIrealizedwas

priceless.(49)Thesemayhavebeenmanyspiesandintelligenceofficersduringthe

NapoleonicWars,butitisusuallyextremelydifficulttofindthematerialtheyactually

providedorworkedon.

AsIresearchedScovelPsstoryIfoundfarmoreofpiterestbesidesofhisintelligence

work.HisstatusinLordWellington'sheadquartersandtherecognitiongiven