考研外語沖刺試卷14

一、UseofEnglish

1、Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytotheeffectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe(1)_____alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave(2)_____thecharacterofwaritselfbythe(3)_____ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarII(4)_____aspecialmention.The(5)_____ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlier,anditspossibilitiesasa(6)_____ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth'sgravitationalpullhadbeen(7)_____bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.(8)_____,agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking(9)_____thesamelinesandinthe1930s,itwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket(10)_____ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100miles,theV-2rocket(11)_____thebeginningoftheSpaceAge,andmembersofitsdesignteamwere(12)_____inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar.

Technologyhadatremendoussocial(13)_____intheperiod19001945.Theautomobileandelectricpower,(14)_____,radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife,(15)_____aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution(16)_____livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand(17)_____

Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplane,thecinema,andradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore(18)_____.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears(19)_____1945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe(20)_____,althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems.

A.notified

B.observed

C.commented

D.detected

2、(2)

A.transformed

B.imitated

C.innovated

D.simulated

3、(3)

A.introduction

B.innovation

C.elimination

D.alteration

4、(4)

A.requires

B.entitles

C.furnishes

D.deserves

5、(5)

A.principle

B.discipline

C.strategy

D.doctrine

6、(6)

A.methods

B.means

C.equipment

D.medium

7、(7)

A.takenover

B.handedover

C.cardedout

D.pointedout

8、(8)

A.Simultaneously

B.Advantageously

C.Spontaneously

D.Instantaneously

9、(9)

A.across

B.at

C.along

D.with

10、(10)

A.capable

B.able

C.possible

D.suitable

11、(11)

A.spoiled

B.informed

C.labeled

D.marked

12、(12)

A.instrumental

B.mechanical

C.structural

D.integral

13、(13)

A.influence

B.connection

C.impact

D.conflict

14、(14)

A.ontheotherhand

B.asaresult

C.onthecontrary

D.forinstance

15、(15)

A.encouraging

B.urging

C.promoting

D.assisting

16、(16)

A.by

B.in

C.through

D.on

17、(17)

A.appliances

B.utilities

C.instruments

D.equipment

18、(18)

A.perceptive

B.accessible

C.complex

D.controversial

19、(19)

A.preceding

B.previous

C.subsequent

D.following

20、(20)

A.exploited

B.applied

C.adopted

D.processed

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Everybodyloathesit,buteverybodydoesitArecentpollshowedthat20%ofAmericanshatethepractice.Itseemssoarbitrary,afterall.Whydoesabarmangetatip,butnotadoctorwhosaveslives?

InAmericaalone,tippingisnowa$16billion-a-yearindustry.Consumersactingrationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhavetoforagivenservice.Tipsshouldnotexist.Sowhydothey?Theconventionalwisdomisthattipsbothrewardtheeffortsofgoodserviceandreduceuncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.Thebettertheservice,thebiggerthetip.

Suchexplanationsnodoubtexplainthepurportedoriginoftipping—inthe16thcentury,boxesinEnglishtavernscarriedthephrase"ToInsurePromptitude"(laterjust"TIP").ButaccordingtonewresearchfromCornellUniversity,tippingnolongerservesanyusefulfunction.

Thepaperanalysesdatafrom2,327groupsdiningat20differentrestaurants.Thecorrelationbetweenlargertipsandbetterservicewasveryweak:onlyatinypartofthevariabilityinthesizeofthetiphadanythingtodowiththequalityofservice.Customerswhoratedamealas"excellent"stilltippedanywherebetween8%and17%ofthemealprice.

Tippingisbetterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.InAmerica,thecustomhasbecomeinstitutionalized:itisregardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.InaNewYorkrestaurant,failingtotipatleast15%couldwellmeanabusefromthewaiter.Hairdresserscanexpecttoget15-20%,themanwhodeliversyourgroceries$2.InEurope,tippingislesscommon;inmanyrestaurants,discretionarytippingisbeingreplacedbyastandardservicecharge.InmanyAsiancountries,tippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.

Howtoaccountforthesenationaldifferences?Looknofurtherthanpsychology.AccordingtoMichaelLynn,theCornellpaper'sco-author,countriesinwhichpeoplearemoreextrovert,sociableorneurotictendtotipmore.Tippingrelievesanxietyaboutbeingservedbystrangers.And,saysMr.Lynn,"InAmerica,wherepeopleareoutgoingandexpressive,tippingisaboutsocialapproval,ffyoutipbadly,peoplethinklessofyou.Tippingwellisachancetoshowoff."Icelanders,bycontrast,donotusuallytip—ameasureoftheirintroversion,nodoubt.

Whilesuchexplanationsmaybecrude,thehardtruthseemstobethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoesnotbenefitthecustomer.Nor,inthecaseofrestaurants,doesitactuallystimulatethewaiter,orhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassesshisstaff.Servicepeopleshould"justbepaidadecentwage"whichmayactuallymakeeconomicsense.

Itisimpliedinthepassagethat______.

A.itisauniversalregularforthecustomerstopayatipforgoodservice

B.thereexiststhetippingcustomineachcountry

C.insomecountries,tippinghasbecomeanindustry

D.moreandmorepeopleareinfavoroftipping

2、

Whatcanweknowabouttheoriginof"tip"?

A.ItoriginatedfromtheEnglishinnservice.

B.Theoriginalpurposeoftipwastoensurethatwaitercouldgetmoremoney.

C.Thewaiterthreatenedthecustomerswithbadserviceifnotipsweregiven.

D.ItoriginatedinasmallEnglishvillage.

3、

Wecangettheinformationfromthearticlethat_______.

A.tippingisverypopularinEuropeancountries

B.inAsiancountriestippingneverexisted

C.tippingismorepopularinAmericathaninEurope

D.tippingispopularinAmericabecausetheAmericansaremuchricher

4、

PeoplewhodineinaNewYorkrestaurant______.

A.arenotexpectedtogiveanytiptothewaiterorwaitress

B.hadbettertipmorethan15%soasnottobeshamed

C.maybelookeddownuponwhenofferingaconsiderabletip

D.arethoughtofasgenerousiftheytip15%

5、

Theauthorthinksthat______.

A.tippingcanbenefitgreatlyacountry'seconomicgrowth

B.tippingcanensurethequalityofserviceacustomerreceives

C.tippingcanimproveacountry'sculturalenvironment

D.tippingisnotconductivetertiaryindustry

6、Likestreetcomerprophetsproclaimingthattheendisnear,scientistswhostudytheearth'satmospherehavebeenissuingpredictionsofimpendingdoomforthepastfewyearswithoutofferinganyconcreteproof.Sofareventheexpertshavehadtoadmitthatnosolidevidencehasemergedthatthisisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon.Andtheuncertaintyhasgivenskeptics-especiallyGingrichianpoliticians—plentyofammunitiontoargueagainsttakingthedifficult,expensivestepsrequiredtostaveoffalargelyhypotheticalcalamity.

Untilnow,adraftreportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternetassertsthattheglobaltemperaturerisecannowbeblamed,atleastinpart,onhumanactivity.Statementslikethishavebeenmadebeforebyindividualresearchers-whohavebeencriticizedforgoingtoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus.ButthisreportcomesfromtheInternationalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),arespectedUNsponsoredbodymadeupofmorethan1,300leadingclimateexpertsfrom40nations.Thisshiftinscientificconsensusisbasednotsomuchonnewdataasonimprovementsinthecomplexcomputermodelsthatclimatologistsusetotesttheirtheories.Unlikechemistsormolecularbiologists,climateexpertshavenowaytodolabexperimentsontheirspecialty.Sotheysimulatethemonsupercomputersandlookatwhathappenswhenhumangeneratedgases-carbondioxidefromindustryandautoexhaust,methanefromagriculture,chlorofluorocarbonsfromleakyrefrigeratorsandspraycans-arepumpedintothemodelsvirtualatmospheres.

Untilrecently,thecomputermodelsweren'tworkingverywell.Whenthescientiststriedtosimulatewhattheybelievehasbeenhappeningoverthepastcenturyorso,theresultsdidn'tmeshwithreality;themodelssaidtheworldshouldnowhewarmerthanitactuallyis.Thereasonisthatthecomputermodelshadbeenoverlookinganimportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatures:sulfurdioxidesthatareproducedalongwithCO2whenfossilfuelsareburnedincarsandpowerplants.Aerosolsactuallycooltheplanetbyblockingsunlightandmasktheeffectsofglobalwarming.Oncethescientistsfactoredinaerosols,theirmodelsbeganlookingmoreliketherealworld.Theimprovedperformanceofthesimulationswasdemonstratedin1991,whentheysuccessfullypredictedtemperaturechangesintheaftermathofthemassiveMountPinatuboeruptioninthePhilippines.Anumberofstudiessincehaveaddedtothescientistsconfidencethattheyfinallyknowwhattheyaretalkingabout-andcanpredictwhatmayhappenifgreenhousegasescontinuetobepumpedintotheatmosphereunchecked.

Gingrichianpoliticiansreluctanttoaddresstheproblembecause______.

A.theythinkitisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon

B.theeffortsmayturntobetoodifficultandexpensive

C.theythinkthepredicteddisasterisonlyhypothetical

D.somescientistshavegonetoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus

7、

AdraftreportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternet______.

A.confirmshumansarepartlyresponsibleforglobaltemperaturerise

B.criticizessomeindividualresearchersforgoingtoofarfromscientifictruth

C.reportsarespectedUNsponsoredbody

D.arousestheinterestofmorethan1,500leadingclimateexperts

8、

Thenewfindingsaboutglobalclimatechangearebasedon______.

A.newdata

B.thevirtualmodels

C.labexperiments

D.scientists'observation

9、

Thecomputermodelsfailedtopicturerealitybecause______.

A.theyonlysimulatewhathashappenedoverthepastcentury

B.theyarewronglyprogrammed

C.scientistsdidn'ttakeaerosolsintoconsideration

D.toomanychemicalsareproducedalongwithCO2

10、

Thesimulatedcomputermodelsareprovedreliablewhen______.

A.animportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatureisincludedinthesimulations

B.anincreasingnumberofscientistsshowconfidenceinthecomputermodels

C.theysuccessfullypredictedtemperaturechangesafteravolcanoeruption

D.anumberofstudiesproducemorepositiveresults

11、Apatentisanexclusiverightgiventoaninventorforhisorherinvention.Inotherwords,apatentisamonopolyrightgiventotheinventorfortheinvention.Apatentconfersontheinventortherighttopriceandtoselltheinventioninanywayheorshedesires,intheUnitedStates,patentsaregrantedbythePatentOfficefor17years.Althougheconomistsgenerallycondemnmonopolyasaform.ofmarketorganizationsincemonopolyimposescostsontheeconomy,patentspresentamoresubtlecaseformonopolytheory.Specifically,canpatentmonopoliesbejustified?

Ingeneral,economistscomplainaboutthecostsofmonopolybecausetheybelievethatthesameindustrycouldbeorganizedcompetitively.Apatentmonopolygrantfor17yearspresentsadifferentproblem.Thatis,thepurposeofthepatentsystemistoencourageinvention.Theissueisnotmonopolyversuscompetitionbut,morefundamentally,inventionversusnoinvention.Istheworldbetteroffwiththeinvention,eventhoughitismonopolizedfor17years?Inotherwords,whatarethecostsandbenefitsofapatent?

Considerthesimplecaseofanewconsumerproductwithapositivedemand,suchasacamerautilizinganewexposureprocess.Thecostsofthepatentmonopolyaresimplythedeadweightcostsofmonopolymeasuredbythelostconsumers'surplusfromthe17-yearpatentmonopoly.Thiscostmustbeassessedcarefullyinthecontextofaninvention,however.Whatarethebenefitsofthepatentsystem?First,thereistheincreaseinconsumerwell-beingbroughtaboutimmediatelybyadesirableinvention.In17years,thepatentmonopolyends,andasecondsourceofbenefitsarises:Thepriceofcameraswillfalltoacompetitivelevel,andconsumerswillreapthebenefitsofthecameraatalowerprice.Insum,theoryofmonopolyhelpsustoassessthecostsandbenefitsofthepatent.Onecanquibbleaboutpatentmonopolies,arguing,forexample,thattheyaregrantedfortoolongatime.

Intheend,thepatentsystemcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.InthisrespectitisavaluableSystemfortheeconomy.Thepatentsystemalsounderscorestheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasasasourceofeconomicgrowthandprogress.

Thefirstparagraphmainly______.

A.focusesonbusinessmonopoly

B.tellsusaboutthepatentsysteminAmerica

C.discussesaspecialform.ofmarketorganization

D.defineswhatapatentisanditsfunction

12、

Thesecondparagraphsuggestsstrongly______.

A.thecontradictorynatureofthepatentsystem

B.theimportanceofthepatentsystem

C.thebenefitsofthepatentsystem

D.themonopolyofthepatentsystem

13、

Thecostsofthepatentmonopoly______.

A.aremeasuredbyhowmuchtheconsumershavelostin17years

B.aremeasuredbywhattheconsumershavelostin17years

C.canbedeterminedbythelostconsumerssurplusfromthe17yearpatentmonopoly

D.shouldbedeterminedinthecontextofaninvention

14、

Whatbenefitcanthepatentsystemofferwhenthepatentexpires?

A.Anincreaseinconsumerwell-being.

B.Areducedpriceforconsumers.

C.Higherproductivity.

D.Thepromotionofadesirableinvention.

15、

Thepatentsystemisvaluablefortheeconomyinthat______.

A.itcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotexistpreviously

B.itgivesanincentivetotheinventortopublicizehisresearchfindings

C.ithighlightstheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideas

D.itisasourceofeconomicgrowthandprogress

16、Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat,sometimessnarlingat,andapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals,seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedogrecognizeitself,ordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionorthreat?Thisquestionisinterestingforanumberofmasons.Apartfromcuriosityaboutthelevelofanimals'understanding,researchonserfrecognitioninanimalshasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintotheevolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofserf-recognitionandintothelevelandkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalsoindicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentofself-recognition.Inaddition,workwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniquesthatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitableforusewithpreverbalchildren.

Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesofcleverexperiments,however,Galluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethiscapacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfortenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumberofserf-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsofthebodywhilewatchingtheresults,guidingfingersinthemirror,andpickingatteethwiththeaidofthemirror.Describingonechimp,Gallupsaid,"Margeusedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolookedatherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopofthecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthemirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril."

Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofserf-recognition.Thechimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehindtheirears,areasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwastemporarilyremovedfromthecage,andbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptsintouchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdorecognizethemselves,orareself-aware,fortheirattemptstotouchthemarksincreasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthisargument,Gallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnotdirectbehavior.tothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;thatis,theotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeanddohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheirappearance.

Themainideathispassagediscussesis_______.

A.whetherdogsrecognizethemselvesinmirrors

B.whetherthegroomingpracticesofchimpscanbealtered

C.whethernonhumanshaveaserf-concept

D.whatherchimpschangetheirbehavior.whenamirrorispresent

17、

Theevidenceindicates...(Line1,Para.2)maybeinterpretedtomeanthat______.

A.nearlyallanimalshavesomeself-concept

B.nearlyallanimalshavenoserf-concept

C.nearlyallanimalshaveanawarenessoftheusesofmirrors

D.nearlyallanimalshaveafearofmirrors

18、

Theauthorofthepassageprobably______.

A.prefersdogstochimps

B.hasdonemoreresearchwithchimpsthandogs

C.enjoyedtheexperienceinvolvedinworkingwithanimals

D.wantstoseemoreresearchonnon-humanawareness

19、

Theauthor'spurposeinthepassageis______.

A.tocomparedogsbehavior.tochimps'behavior

B.todefendauidea

C.toexplorerecentresearchonnonhumanserf-awareness

D.toevaluateahypothesis

20、

Thepurposeoftheexperimentintroducedinthelastparagraphis______.

A.toprovethatthechimpsarenotself-recognitive

B.toprovethatthechimpshavetheabilitytoremembertheirownappearance

C.toprovethatthechimpshaverealizedthatthefigurestheyseeinthemirrorarethemselves

D.toprovethatthechimpsarenon-human

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalistofexamplesorheadings.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedposition(41-45).Theremaybecertainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.(10points)

A.Humanbehavior

B.Cultureattributes

C.PhysiologyofHomosapiens

D.ClassificationofHomosapiens

E.Humansociety

F.StructureofHomosapiens

Human,commonnamegiventoanyindividualofthespeciesHomosapiensand,byextension,totheentirespecies.ThetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionaryforerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofasinglespecies.

(41)______.

Homosapiensisidentified,forpurposesofclassification,asananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinalcordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta;thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremities,acollarbone,andasinglepairofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead,stereoscopicvision,andaproportionatelylargebrain.ThespeciesbelongstothefamilyHominidae,thegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussedbelow.

(42)______.

ThedetailsofskeletalstructuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-thegorilla,chimpanzee,andorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationtoacompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shapedspinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyovertheareaofsupportprovidedbythefeet,thusgivingstabilityandbalanceintheuptightposition.

Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthehandtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationandgrasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementistheelongatedhumanthumb,whichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletotheotherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarilyestablishedbyerectposture,whichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolledbreathing,andbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursinassociationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisaprerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue.

(43)______.

ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximatelydoublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneoteny,whichistheprolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageofbrainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiodoftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unliketheearlyhumanadultskull,withitsslopingforeheadandprominentjaw,themodemhumanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturityaproportionatelylargesize,inrelationtotherestofthebody,ahigh-roundeddome,straight-planedface,andreducedjawsize,allcloselyresemblingthecharacteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensionsrequiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequently,thehumanfemalepelviswidensatmaturity,andthehumaninfantisbornprematurely.

(44)______.

Thephysiologicaladaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthedevelopmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityinbehavior.Thebrain'sgreatsize,complexity,andslowmaturation,withneuralconnectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflife,meantthatlearnedbehavior.couldlargelymodifystereotyped,instinctiveresponses.Newenvironmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslowgeneticselection;thus

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Technologyistheapplicationofscientificmethodandknowledgetoindustrytosatisfyourmaterialneedsandwants.Thisresultsinnewpro