-.z.Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

1.

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.

A.contact

B.munication

C.relation

D.munity

2.

Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary"

A.tree

B.typewriter

C.crash

D.bang

3.

Thefunctionofthesentence"Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________.

A.interrogative

B.directive

C.informative

D.performative

4.

InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay"碎碎（歲歲）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform"

A.Interpersonal

B.Emotive

C.Performative

D.Recreational

5.

Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstooverethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation"

A.Transferability

B.Duality

C.Displacement

D.Arbitrariness

6.

Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage"

—Aniceday,isn’tit"

—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.Emotive

B.Phatic

C.Performative

D.Interpersonal

7.

__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

A.Performance

B.petence

C.Langue

D.Parole

8.

Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethate*istshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.

A.culturaltransmission

B.productivity

C.displacement

D.duality

9.

__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.Psycholinguistics

B.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.Sociolinguistics

D.Appliedlinguistics

10.

__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.

A.Linguistictheory

B.Practicallinguistics

C.Appliedlinguistics

D.parativelinguistics

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

Languageisameansofverbalmunication.Therefore,themunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

12.

Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

13.

Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumanmunicationsystems.

14.

Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.

15.

Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.

16.

Onlyhumanbeingsareabletomunicate.

17.

F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.

18.

AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisane*ampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.

19.

Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.

20.

Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.

35.

Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage"Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature"（南開大學(xué)，2004）

36.

Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage"（第二外國語大學(xué)，2004）

VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

37.

Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific"（**海洋大學(xué)，1999）

1~5BACCC

6~10BACAC

11~15FFTFF

16~20FFFFF

31.

Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalmunication.

32.

Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofmunication.

33.

petence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.petenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedinpetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofpetence.

34.

Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.

35.

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncanbinetoformunlimitednumberofte*ts.Mostanimalmunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.

Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalmunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundbinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.

36.

Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.

37.

Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:e*haustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–etoaconclusion.

1.

Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

A.intonation

B.tone

C.pronunciation

D.voice

2.

Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).

A.allophone

B.phone

C.phoneme

D.morpheme

3.

Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.

A.analogues

B.tagmemes

C.morphemes

D.allophones

4.

Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.

A.glottis

B.vocalcavity

C.pharyn*

D.uvula

5.

Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.

A.wide

B.closing

C.narrow

D.centering

6.

Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.

A.minimalpairs

B.allomorphs

C.phones

D.allophones

7.

Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds"

A.Acousticphonetics

B.Articulatoryphonetics

C.Auditoryphonetics

D.Noneoftheabove

8.

Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation"

A.[n]

B.[m]

C.[b]

D.[p]

9.

Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels"

A.[i:]

B.[u]

C.[e]

D.[i]

10.

Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating"

A.Voiceless

B.Voiced

C.Glottalstop

D.Consonant

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.

12.

Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.

13.

Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.

14.

[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.

15.

Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

16.

Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.

17.

Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.

18.

Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.la*orlongvs.short.

19.

ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.

20.

Thema*imalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.

35.

Whatisacousticphonetics"（中國人民大學(xué)，2003）

36.

Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation"（南開大學(xué)，2004）

VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

37.

Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.E*ample:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（**海洋大學(xué)，1999）

(1)

voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop

(2)

lowfrontvowel

(3)

lateralliquid

(4)

velarnasal

(5)

voicedinterdentalfricative

~5

ACDAA

6~10DBABB

11~15TTTFF

16~20TTTFF

31.

Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.

32.

Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.

33.

plementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticconte*t.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeinplementarydistribution.

34.

Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.

V.35Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.Chapter3Le*icon

1.

Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.

A.le*icalwords

B.grammaticalwords

C.functionwords

D.formwords

2.

Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.

A.inflectional

B.free

C.bound

D.derivational

3.

Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.

A.three

B.four

C.five

D.si*

4.

InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.

A.prefi*es

B.suffi*es

C.infi*es

D.stems

5.

Thethreesubtypesofaffi*esare:prefi*,suffi*and__________.

A.derivationalaffi*

B.inflectionalaffi*

C.infi*

D.back-formation

6.

__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadye*istingwordsbysubtractinganaffi*whichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.

A.affi*ation

B.back-formation

C.insertion

D.addition

7.

ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.

A.acronymy

B.clipping

C.initialism

D.blending

8.

Thewordslikesatandsitareformedby__________.

A.blending

B.clipping

C.back-formation

D.acronymy

9.

Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.

A.agreement

B.agree

C.disagree

D.disagreement

10.

Allofthemaremeaningfule*ceptfor__________.

A.le*eme

B.phoneme

C.morpheme

D.allomorph

11.

Phonetically,thestressofapoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.

12.

Foreasinforetellisbothaprefi*andaboundmorpheme.

13.

Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffi*esareremoved.

14.

Inmostcases,prefi*eschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffi*eschangetheword-classofthebase.

15.

Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.

16.

Reduplicativepoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.

17.

Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.

18.

Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.

19.

Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.

20.

Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.35.

HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage"Whatarethey"（**大學(xué)，2003）

36.

WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishpounds"

37.

MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（**大學(xué)，2004）

I

II

(1)

acronym

a.

foe

(2)

freemorpheme

b.

subconscious

(3)

derivationalmorpheme

c.

UNESCO

(4)

inflectionalmorpheme

d.

overwhelmed

(5)

prefi*

e.

calculation1~5

AACBB

6~10BCADB

11~15FTFTT

16~20FTFFF31.

Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbybiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)

32.

Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.

33.

Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfi*edorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.

34.

Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffi*canbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.

37.

(1)c

(2)a

(3)e

(4)d

(5)bChapter4Synta*Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinear

B.onlyhierarchicalC.ple*

D.bothlinearandhierarchical2.

Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large

B.small

C.finite

D.infinite3.

The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.le*ical

B.morphological

C.linguistic

D.binational4.

Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right

B.wrong

C.grammatical

D.ungrammatical5.

A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator

B.particle

C.preposition

D.subordinator6.

Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive

B.grammatical

C.social

D.functional7.

Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.8.

Theheadofthephrase"thecityRome”is__________.

A.thecity

B.Rome

C.city

D.thecityRome9.

Thephrase"ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.

A.endocentric

B.e*ocentric

C.subordinate

D.coordinate10.

Thesentence"Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoe*posethemselves.”isa__________sentence.

A.simple

B.coordinate

C.pound

D.ple*11.

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticpetence.12.

Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandprehend.13.

Inaple*sentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14.

Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15.

Minorle*icalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfi*edandnewmembersareallowedfor.16.

InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesaremonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andau*iliaryphrase.17.

InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.18.

Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisapletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.19.

Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.20.

Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthele*icon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.35.

Whatareendocentricconstructionande*ocentricconstruction"（**大學(xué)，2004）36.

Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof"morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.（第二外國語大學(xué)，2004）VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.

DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:

Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.1~5DCDDD

6~10ADDBA11~15TTTTF

16~20FTFTT31.

Synta*:Synta*referstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarebinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.32.

ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.33.

Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.34.

Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmayefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicale*ampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Thee*ocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicale*amplesofthistype.36.

(1)more|beautifulflowers

(2)morebeautiful|flowers胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》（修訂版）測試題——第五章：意義1.

Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.Plato

B.Bloomfield

C.GeoffreyLeech

D.Firth2.

"Weshallknowawordbythepanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistview

B.conte*utalismC.thenamingtheory

D.behaviorism3.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue"A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractanddeconte*tualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarypilersarenotinterestedin.

4.

"CanIborrowyourbike"”_______"Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswith

B.isinconsistentwith

C.entails

D.presupposes5.

___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.Predicationanalysis

B.ponentialanalysis

C.Phonemicanalysis

D.Grammaticalanalysis6.

"Alive”and"dead”are______________.A.gradableantonyms

B.relationalantonymsC.plementaryantonyms

D.Noneoftheabove7.

_________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofe*perience.A.Reference

B.Concept

C.Semantics

D.Sense8.

___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy

B.Synonymy

C.Homonymy

D.Hyponymy9.

Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonyms

B.polysemies

C.hyponyms

D.synonyms10.

Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrules

B.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrules

D.semanticfeaturesII.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.

DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,fore*ample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.

12.

Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofe*perience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.13.

Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.14.

Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofe*perience.15.

Conte*tualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservableconte*ts.

16.

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.

17.

Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitsponents.

18.

Mostlanguageshavesetsofle*icalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.19.

"Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.

20.

Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.1~5ABDDB

6~10CACDAII.11~15FFTFT

16~20TFTTT胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》（修訂版）測試題——第七章：語言、文化和社會1.

_______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechmunities.A.Psycholinguistics

B.SociolinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics

D.Generallinguistics2.

Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatu