GrammarandusageTo-infinitiveandVerb-ingformasanounPart1To-infinitive

1.todoasasubjectTostudyEnglishwellisdifficult.

不定式短語作主語時，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語。ItisdifficulttostudyEnglishwell.不定式作主語常見句型：

a)Itis+adj.(easy,important,difficult…)+不定式b)Itis+n.(apity,apleasure,one’sduty,ashame…)+不定式c)Ittakes/needs/requires+sometime(hours,months,days,patience…)+不定式Itrequirespatiencetobeagoodteacher.It’smydutytoteachyouhowtobeastudentofourSchool.

2.todoasapredictiveOurmostimportanttasknowistomakeaplan.當句子的主語是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主語是what引導的名詞性從句時，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當主語部分有實義動詞do時，to可以省略。Nowtheonlythingwecandoiswait.3.todoasanobjectYoushouldremembernottobelateagain(Tips:不定式否定為notto)a)可以直接用不定式作賓語的動詞很多，如agree,afford,tend,ask,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,intend,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,want,wish2005年天津卷12題：Idon’twant_____likeI’mspeakingillofanybody,butthemanager’splanisunfair.A.tosoundB.tobesoundedC.soundingD.tohavesoundedb)只有少數(shù)介詞如but,except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，但如果but或except所在句子里的謂語動詞含有do,does,did時，通常省略to。Wehavenochoicebuttowait.Cf.Wecandonothingbutwait.在有些動詞如tell,show,understand,teach,learn等后面做賓語時,前面通常加上疑問詞.Heshowedushowtodothework.Pleasstelluswhattodonext.4.todoasanobjectcomplementYoushouldgetthemtohelpyou.(Theywillhelpyou.)Theybelievedhimtobehonest.(Hewashonest.)(常用謂語動詞有:get,ask,force,order,tell,invite,allow,wish,want,like,expect,advise,beg等。)但在謂語動詞believe,find,think,feel,consider,suppose,imagine,prove等后面跟tobe…作賓補,不跟todo…

當不定式短語比賓補長時，往往將不定式放到賓補后，而用先行代詞it作形式賓語，常用動詞有feel,think,find,believe,consider,make等。WefounditdifficulttostudyEnglishwell.Theboss

made

her

worklonghours.

主語謂語賓語賓補She主語wasmade

謂語towork

主補longhours(byherboss).2005全國卷(I)No.18Whilewatchingtelevision,______.A.ThedoorbellrangB.ThedoorbellringsC.WeheardthedoorbellringD.Weheardthedoorbellrings2005福建卷No.23IfanyonehappenstodropinwhileI’mout,_____himorherleaveamessage.A.haveB.getC.askD.tellTips:有些動詞后面須接不帶to的不定式做賓語補足語,常用的動詞有:make,let,have,see;hear,watch,notice,feel;lookat,listento;help,observe等,但是句子變成被動語態(tài)后,不定式成為句子的主語補足語,需帶to.Iwouldrather____(go)swimming.Youhadbetter______(tidy)yourbedroom.Whynot______(visit)yourcousininJapan?gotidyvisitTips:有些句型后面須接不帶to的不定式。Shetoldme_______(be)cheerfuland______(look)onthebrightside.Wehadnothing______(do)but_____(watch)TV.tobelooktodowatchTips:

當兩個不定式and,or,expect,but,than或ratherthan連接起來時，第二個不定式符號省略。5.todoasanattributive①能帶不定式作賓語的動詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語。常見的有attempt,decision,promise,plan等Hehasnotkepthispromise_________(write)tohisparentsregularly.不定式可以在句子充當后置定語，修飾名詞。以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語：Shemadeadecision______(go)abroadforayear.towritetogo②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。常見的有ability,determination,anxiety,eagerness等Hiseagernesstofinishhishomeworkwasquiteclear.③序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級或被only,last,next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。Shewastheonlypersontosurviveaftertheearthquake.Tips:

不定式在作定語時，有時與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關系、同位關系、動賓關系，如果該不定式是不及物動詞，它后面需要加上適當介詞。He’salwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.(=Thefirstcomesandthelastleaves.)(主謂關系)Ihavenotimetolistentoyourexcuse.(同位關系)Shehasameetingtoattend.（=attendameeting)There’snothingtoworryabout.(=worryaboutnothing)(動賓關系)6.todoasanadverbial不定式可以作狀語，表示目的、結果、原因、條件等。Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately_____intimeforChristmas.inordertohavereceivedB.inordertoreceiveC.soastobereceivedD.soastobereceiving①soasto(不能放句首),to,inorderto作目的狀語Hehurriedtothestationonly___thatthetrainhadgone.A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound②在so…asto,such…asto,onlyto…結構中不定式作結果狀語，其中onlyto…用于表示意想不到的結果。③enoughto,too…to結構Theboyisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.=Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.④形容詞（glad,happy,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever等）+不定式結構作原因狀語I’mgladtomeetyou.7.作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度、看法、對整個句子進行解釋，如tobefrank（坦白地說），tobesure（確實）等。Totellyouthetruth,Ihateyou.不定式復合結構:以it為形式主語或形式賓語引導的復合結構，如前面的形容詞指行為的性質就用：forsb.todosth.這種復合結構在句中可作主、表、賓、定、狀等。Itisnecessaryforustogothere.(主語)Thereisnoneed

forhim

toleave.(定語)Mysuggestionisforyoutodothejob.(表語)如果該形容詞是指行為的性質，同時又指行為的人，則用ofsb.todosth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有：right,wrong,brave,careful,careless,clever,wise,stupid,cruel,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,silly等。It’sverykindofyoutocometoseeme.Itwasfoolishofhimtobelieveher.Ithinkitwiseofhernottoaccepttheiroffer.Tips:連接代（副）詞+不定式（包括whether,what,which,whom,where,when,how,（不包括why/if），在句中起名詞作用，通常跟在tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain等動詞后作主、賓或表語。NoonecantellmewheretofindJohn.Whentohavetheexamisstillunknown.Theproblemishowtogetenoughmoney.不定式的進行式、完成式和被動式①不定式的進行式：tobe+V-ing,用來表示謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正在進行。Somestudentspretendedtobereading

Englishwhentheteachercamein.②不定式完成式：tohave+V-ed構成，用來表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。2005年江蘇卷No.25---IsBobstillperforming?---I’mafraidnot.Heissaid_______thestagealreadyashehaseanofficial.A.tohaveleftB.toleaveC.tohavebeenD.tobeleft2006年四川卷No.26TheChineseareproudofthe29thOlympicGames_____inBeijingin2008.A.holdB.holdingC.heldD.tobeheldThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動語態(tài)。③不定式的被動式分為一般式被動tobeV-ed和完成式被動tohavebeenV-edThequestionisdifficulttoanswer.=Thequestionisdifficultformetoanswer.=Itisdifficultformetoanswerthequestion.Heishardtogetalongwith.=Itishardtogetalongwithhim.表語主語賓語不定式賓語補足語定語狀語Homework:P.9Fillintheblankets,usingto-infinitives.P.92C1Answerthequestionsusingto-infinitives.

Thankyouforattention

Part2Verb-ingformasanoun1.動名詞的句法功能：動名詞由動詞加ing構成，與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動名詞主要起名詞作用，在句中擔任主語、表語、賓語和定語。①作主語，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代詞it作為形式主語，而把動名詞后置。Seeingisbelieving.(眼見為實)Collectingstamps

isagoodhobby.(單個動名詞短語作主語時，動詞用單數(shù))動名詞作主語還有以下一個習慣表答法：Itisno/notany/oflittle/use(good)/useless+動名詞：做某事沒用(不好)It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’snogoodspittinginpublic.Itisoflittlegoodstayinguptoolate.②作表語：通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容，注意它與謂語動詞進行時的區(qū)別Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.(此句為SVC結構)可改為：Collectingstampsishishobby.Cf.Heiscollectingstamps.(iscollecting是謂語動詞進行時，此句為SVO結構)不能改為：Collectingstampsishe.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldnotrisk_____thegoodopportunity.A.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglostIcan’tstand_____withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses_____talkingwhilesheworks.A.working;stoppingB.towork;stoppingC.working;tostopD.Towork;tostop③作賓語A.作及物動詞的賓語

(stand,admit,dislike,imagine,delay,consider,mind,understand,avoid,enjoy,practise,miss,finish,keep,suggest,appreciate,escape,miss)---Thereisastoryhereinthepaperabouta110-year-oldman.---Mygoodness!Ican’timagine___thatold.A.tobeB.tohavebeenC.beingD.havingbeen

Tips:有些動詞（continue,prefer,begin,hate,like,start,love）后面既可以接不定式作賓語，也可以接動名詞作賓語，意義差別不大。通常認為用動名詞泛指一般的傾向性，用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動作。IlikeswimmingbutIdon’tliketoswiminwinter.Iprefertodriveratherthanbedriven.Ipreferdrivingtoriding.有些動詞，如forget,remember,regret,mean,等，后面接動名詞表示的動作先于謂語動詞動作，不定式表示的動作后于謂語動詞。2005年北京卷No.30Whenaskedbypolice,hesaidthatheremembered_____atheparty,butnot______.A.toarrive,leavingB.toarrive,toleaveC.arriving,leavingD.arriving,toleaveB.作介詞的賓語2005年浙江卷No.3Thepresidentspokeatthebusinessmeetingfornearlyanhourwithout______hisnotes.A.bringingupB.referringtoC.lookingforD.tryingonbeusedtodoing習慣于做；lookforwardtodoing盼望做；devoteone’slifetodoing致力于做；spendtime(in)doing花時間做；befondofdoing喜愛做；begoodatdoing擅長做；beproudofdoing為做…而自豪；betiredofdoing對做…感到厭倦；feellikedoing欲想做；goondoing繼續(xù)做（原來的事）；keepondoing不停地做；whataboutdoing做…怎么樣；thinkofdoing考慮做；beinterestedindoing對做…感興趣；havesomedifficulty/trouble(in)doing做某事有困難；bebusy(in)doing忙于做；insteadofdoing做…而不做…2005年江蘇卷No.23EverybodyinthevillagelikesJackbecauseheisgoodattellingand______jokes.A.turningupB.puttingupC.makingupD.showingup④作定語動名詞可作前置定語，表示所修飾的詞的用途或目的，可用for改寫；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，可用定語從句改寫。swimmingpool,waitingroom,walkingstickasleepingcar=acarforsleepingasleepingchild=achildwhoissleeping⑤作同位語That’sthequeen’sfull-timejob,