年英語雙學位《美國文學史及選讀》期末考試題型及復習要點期末考試題型及分值：1．作家、作品配對題（10*1分=10分）2．作品選讀題（填空題、簡答題5*5分=25分）3.文學術(shù)語、文學人物解釋題（4*5分=20分）4.論述題（3*15分=45分）認真閱讀教材的中文版的《序言》熟悉教材中以下復習要點中各位作家的選文BenjaminFranklin:RememberBenjaminFranklinasinventor,statesmanandwriter.Rememberhimas‘fatheroftheUnitedStates’.WritingfeaturesTheAutobiography:ItisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Thenarrativeislucid,thestructureissimple,theimageryishomely.本杰明·富蘭克林：本杰明·富蘭克林是發(fā)明家、政治家和作家。他是“美國之父”。寫作特點自傳：這是清教徒的簡單、直接和簡潔的方式。敘事清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，意象樸實。EdgarAllanPoeRememberPoeasfatherofmodernshortstoryandfatherofdetectivestory.Rememberhisimportantworks.Rememberhiscriticalworks:ThePoeticPrincipleandThePhilosophyofComposition.BeabletolistsomeofhisfamousshortstoriesandsomeofhisfamouspoemssuchasTheRaven,AnnabelLee,ToHelen.TellthestoryTheCaskofAmontilladoinyourownwords.Whatisthethemeofthisshortstory?BefamiliarwithhispoemToHelen.埃德加愛倫坡Poe是現(xiàn)代短篇小說之父和偵探小說之父。他的重要著作。他的批評作品：詩歌原則和寫作哲學。能夠列出一些他著名的短篇小說和一些著名的詩歌，如《烏鴉》、《AnnabelLee》、《海倫》等。?講述一桶白葡萄酒用你自己的話。這個短篇小說的主題是什么？對海倫熟悉他的詩。RalphWaldoEmersonKnowsomethingabouttranscendentalism.RememberEmersonastheleaderofthisphilosophy:Transcendentalismreferstoakindofattitudethatbelievesintherecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses.Majorconcepts1)Powerofintuition.2)Spiritfirst,mattersecond.3)NatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.4)Individualasthemostimportantelementinsociety/self-reliant5)Religionasanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversal“oversoul”6)Commerceasdegrading/paylessattentiontothematerialworldThe“over-soul”ascalledbyEmersonwasanall-pervadingunitaryspiritualpowerofgoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent,fromwhichallthingscameandofwhicheveryonewasapart.Generally,theover-soulreferredtospiritofGodasthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.Emerson’sNatureiscalled‘manifestooftranscendentalism’.TheAmericanScholar(1837)isregardedas“America’sSecondDeclarationofIndependence/DeclarationofIntellectual(Cultural)Independence”Befamiliarwiththeessay‘Self-reliance’.拉爾夫瓦爾多愛默生?知道一些關(guān)于超驗主義。記得愛默生作為這一哲學的領(lǐng)袖：超驗主義指的是一種態(tài)度，相信人的直覺認識真理的能力的識別，或?qū)崿F(xiàn)知識超越感官。主要概念?1）直覺的力量。2）?精神第一，物質(zhì)二。?3）自然象征精神或上帝。?4）個體在社會/自立的最重要的元素?5）宗教作為一種情感交流個人靈魂和宇宙的“超靈”6）商務(wù)?降級/較少關(guān)注物質(zhì)世界?“結(jié)束”艾默生稱作是一種無孔不入的整體精神力量的善良的靈魂，無所不在，無所不能，這一切來的都是一部分。一般來說，過度的靈魂提到上帝的靈魂是宇宙中最重要的東西。?愛默生的自然是被稱為“超驗主義”宣言。?美國學者（1837）被譽為“美國的第二次申報知識/獨立宣言（文化）獨立”?熟悉文章“自力更生”。HenryDavidThoreauRememberThoreau’masterpiece.TellthemaincontentsofWaldeninyourownwords.亨利戴維梭羅記得梭羅的杰作。告訴瓦爾登湖的主要內(nèi)容用自己的話。NathanielHawthorneIntroduceTheScarletLetterinyourownwords.TheinfluenceofPuritanismonTheScarletLetter.Analyzethemaincharacters.Tellthesymbolicmeaningsoftheletter‘A’.ListHawthorne’smajorworks.納撒尼爾霍桑介紹紅字用你自己的話。D:Language:brief,direct,andplain;E:Poem:short,alwaysonoriginalimagesorsymbolsF:Conventionalmeters,iambictetrameter,off-rhymes.G:Shortpoeticlines,condensedbyusingintensemetaphorsandbyextensiveuseofellipsis.狄金森熟悉她的三在教科書和他們的詩的主題。知道狄金森的詩性特征的東西：她的詩沒有標題，因此每一首詩的第一行總是引用作為每首詩的題目。B：特殊應(yīng)力模式：短跑“-”C：大寫表示強調(diào)；D：語言：簡單、直接、樸素的；E：詩：短，總是對原始圖像或符號F：常規(guī)米，四音步抑揚格，無韻。G：短的詩句，用強烈的隱喻和省略大量使用濃縮。MarkTwainWhatwasMarkTwain’struename?SamuelLanghorneClemensWhatdoeshispennamemean?WhatbookofhisisthoughttobethebestoneaboutwhichHemingwaysaid“AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwain?Whatishisfirstrealnovel?Whatisitssequel?Namethreeofhisotherworks.Retelltheshortstory‘TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty.WhatdoyouknowaboutMarkTwain’sStyle?VernacularLanguage:MarkTwainwroteinhisunpretentious,colloquial,andpoeticstyle.Heusedvernacularlanguage.ThedirectnessofthelanguageisaveryinfluentialpointinTwain’sstyle.LocalColor:Twaindepictedsociallifethroughdescriptionsoflocalplacesandpeopleheknewbestandbelievedthat“themostvaluablecapital,orculture,oreducationusableinthebuildingofnovelsispersonalexperience.”Cracker-barrelPhilosopher:Twainadoptedthemoralstanceofacracker-barrelphilosopher.Thistermisoftenusedtomeansomeonewhounderstandsfolkwisdom,hasaprettygoodcommonsenseofviewoflife,andisprettyrealisticaboutsocialproblems.Twainwasthatkindofaperson.StephenCraneThedefinitionofAmericanNaturalism.RememberStephenCrane’simportantworks.BefamiliarwithTheOpenBoatandknowthethemesoftheshortstory.F.ScottFitzgeraldRememberFitzgeraldasthespokesmanoftheJazzAgeandhismajorworks.BeabletointroduceTheGreatGatsbyandmakecommentsaboutGatsby.WilliamFaulknerRemembersomeofFaulkner’sfamousworks.Knowsomethingabouthiswritingfeatures:plexplotb.streamofconsciousnessc.characterization:hewasabletoprobeintothepsychologyofcharactersd.violationofchronologye.courtroomrhetoric:formallanguagef.multiplepointsofview,circularformBefamiliarwith‘BarnBurning’andknowtheconflictinit.ErnestHemingwayRememberhimasthespokesmanoftheLostGeneration.MemorizeHemingway’smajorworks.KnowthethemeoftheshortstoryAClean,Well-LightedPlace:ThethemeofNada/nothingnessisthekeynoteofthewholestory.Nadameanshopelessness,aimlessnessandmeaninglessnessoflife.NearlyallthecharactersliveinNada.Facedwith“nothing"inthemodernsocietynowandthen,manshouldseeklightandordertoestablishdignityinlife.Hemingway’sIcebergprinciple:Hissentencesonlygiveonesmallbitofthemeaning.Therestisimplied.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.Certainly,therearemomentswhenthereaderfeelsthesuggestionofvastmeaningbeneathHemingway'sfew,sparewords.Hemingway’sCodeHero:The“HemingwayCode”ofmanhooddoesnotinvolvemerephysicalstrength,sexualpotency,orabilitytoaccumulate(orspend)wealth.Accordingtothiscode,amanisdefinedbywill,pride,andendurance:theendurancetoacceptpain,evenloss-whenthelosscannotbeavoided;theprideofknowingthatonehasdoneone’sbest,withthecouragetoacttrulyaccordingtoone'sownnature;andthewilltofacedefeatorvictorywithoutwhiningononehandorboastingontheother.EzraPoundRememberEzraPound’smostimportantworkTheCantos.BefamiliarwithInaStationoftheMetroandknowtheimagesinit.RememberthethreeImagistpoeticprinciples:directtreatmentofthe“thing”（nofuss,frill,orornament）,exclusionofsuperfluouswords（precisionandeconomyofexpression）,therhythmofthemusicalphraseratherthanthesequenceofametronome（freeverseformandmusic）WallaceStephensBefamiliarwithhispoem‘AnecdoteoftheJar’.