Ph.DEntranceExaminationinEnglishMarch,2003PartⅠListeningComprehension(20minutes,20points)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear10shortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestion,therewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter. 略1.A. yingC. yingtableA.Sheisgoingto B.ShehasvisitorsnextC.Shehasguestsather D.ShehasjustvisitedhimthisAGetsomecoinsattheBuyheracupofcoffeeattheGetsomecoffeefromtheTrytofixtheA.TheyspentthreehundreddollarsontheirTheydrewmoremoneythantheyshouldhavefromtheTheylosttheirTheyhadonlythreehundreddollarsintheA.TofindoutherpositioninToapplyforaToofferherapositionintheTomakeanappointmentwiththesalesA.Heis B.HefeelsveryC.Heis D.HefeelsveryA.HehasnotcleanedhisroomsinceLindavisitedLindaisthe whoevercomestoseeHe’sbeentoobusytocleanhisCleaningisthelastthinghewantstoA.SheisgenerouswomanbyItdoesn’thaveabackShefeelstheman’sapologyisItisnolongerofanyusetoA.ToremindhimofthedataheshouldtaketotheToseeifheisreadyforthecomingTolhimsomethingabouttheTohelphimpreparefortheA.Thelong B.Thebroken-downC.Themistakesinherephone D.ThebadephoneSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosetheanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageQuestions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA. 45 B.About50C.About5.4 D.About4.5A.TheactorsandactressesarenotpaidfortheirTheactorsandactressesonlyperformintheirownTheyexistonlyinsmallTheyonlyputonshowsthatareA.Itprovidesthemwiththeopportunitytowatchperformances ItprovidesthemwiththeopportunitytomakeItgivesthemthechancetodosomethingItgivesthemachancetoenjoymodernPassageQuestions14to16arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA.TheyareusuallymoreTheygettiredTheyaremorelikelytomakeminormentalTheyaremoreskillfulinhandlingA.IthaditsItsresultswereregardedasItwassupportedby ItwasnotsoundA.TheirlackofconcentrationresultingfrommentalThelackofconsiderationtheminequipmentTheprobabilitytotheirgettingexcitedTheirslownessinPassageQuestions17to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA.18American18American18overseas18overseasA.Family B.socialC.Family D.alA. B.C. D.A.ThefivequestionswerenotwellNotallthequestionnaireswereOnlyasmallnumberofstudentsweresureSomeoftheanswersofthequestionnairewerenotPartⅡVocabularyandStructure(15minutes10Directions:Thereare30 pletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.ChaucerhasbeencalledtheFatherofEnglishPoetry A. B.C. D. believethaturbancrime fromacombinationofpoverty,pooreducationandalackofopportunity.A. B.C. D. animalisonethatiskeptonafarmtoproducefoodorinsomeone’shomeasapet.A. B.C. D.Thehouseswithevennumbersareonleftsideofthestreetandthosewith numbersareontheright.A. B.C. D.Thepeoplewhoobjectedtobuildingthenewparkweretoldthatsinceworkhadalreadystartedtherewasnopoint A.in B.toC.against D.forAfewhoursofsleepweresufficienttorelieve ofalongA. B.C. D.Theboysshedeachotherinthewater withA. B.C. D.Whenthestormbroke,theflockofsheep inallA. B.C. D.Clothes,cookingutensils,andornamentswere onthegroundforA.laid B.laidC.laid D.laid isapproachingTrafalgarSquarewhereitwillbejoinedbyanothergroupofA. B.C. D.Atlast thearticlethatIhadbeenlookingforintheuniversityA.run B.ranC.ran D.run A. B.C. D. ’slargeandmediumsizedstate-runenterprisesneedtoimprovetheirmanagementrightnow.A.Asitshould B.AsitmustC.Asit D.AsitAsastudent ture,sheenjoys ofpoemsbyherfavouriteA. B.C. D.Sinceacirclehasnobeginningorend,theweddingringisasymbol A. B.C. D.Hardashetried,thespeakercould hispointofviewtotheA.put B.putC.put D.Beingaforeignstudent,Lewisdid thejokemadeby A.catchup B.catchonC.catch D.catchThesurvival ofsomewildanimalsisnotveryhighastheyareruthlesslyhuntedfortheirskins.A. B.C. D.Accordingtozoologists,animalpopulationsatagiventimeare byfoodsatthat B.C. D.Thehousethey’veboughtisinverybadrepair.Theoldboilerinthekitchen A.to B.tobeC. D.seeingPartⅢCloseTest(10minutes,10Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandB.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Inaephonesurveyofmorethan2,000adults,21%saidtheybelievedthesunrevolvedaroundtheearth.An417%didnotknowwhichrevolvedaround42.Ihavenodoubtthat .allofthesepeoplewere inschoolthattheearthrevolvesaroundthesun; mayevenhavewrittenit atest.Buttheynever theirincorrectmentalmodelsofnetary48 becausetheireverydayobservationdidn’tsupport49 theirteacherstoldthem:Peopleseethesun“moving”50theskyasmorningturnstonight,andtheearthseemsstationary51thatishappening.Studentscanlearntherightanswers52 heartinclass,andyetnevercombinedthem53 workingmodelsoftheworld.Theobjectivelycorrectanswertheprofessoracceptsandthealunderstandingoftheworldcan sidebyside,eachunaffectedbytheOutsideofclassthestudentcontinuestousethe modelbecauseithasalwaysworked thatcircumstance.Unlessprofessorsaddress58 errorsinstudents’ almodelsoftheworld,studentsarenot torecethemwiththe A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.A.perfect B.better C.reasonable D.correctPartⅣReadingComprehension(55minutes,25points)Directions:Thereare6readingpassageinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Passage1:Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingAfewcommonmisconceptions.Beautyisonlyskin-deep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30years,socialscientistshaveconductedmorethan,1,000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomatter,morethanofusrealized.Thedatesuggest,forexample,thatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparents,soughtoutasfriends,andpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobs,theyarealsomorelikelytobehired,paidwell,andpromoted.Un-American,yousay,unfairandextremelyunbelievable?Onceagain,thescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpietieswhileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup-collegestudents,perhaps,orteachersorcorporatenelmanagers－apieceofpaperrelatingtoanindividual’s plishment.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractive unattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributes,anythingfrom alwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillbepromoted.Almostinvariably,thebetterlookingthe inthepicture,thehigherthepositionisrated.Inthephrase,borrowedfromSappho,thatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperception,whatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusiness,however,goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen,anddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessor,whoisanauthorityonthesubject,exins:Intermsoftheircareers,theimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest,Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendous,makingiteasier,forexample,forthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernote,though,thereisenoughliturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomanwhomaybelessattractive.Accordingtotheauthor,peoplewronglybelievethatinpursuingacareerasa ’spropertyordebtsdonotmatter ’soutwardappearanceisnotacriticalwomenshouldalwaysdresswomenshouldnotonlybeattractivebutalsohigh-Theresultsfromsocialresearchdonebysocialscientistsindicate peopledonotrealizetheimportanceoflookingone’swomeninpursuitofmanagerialjobsarenotlikelytobepaidgood-lookingwomenaspiretomanagerialattractivepeoplegenerallyhaveanadvantageoverthosewhoareExperimentshaveshownthatwhenpeopleevaluateindividualsoncertain theyobservetheprinciplethatbeautyisonlyskin-theydonotusuallyactaccordingtotheviewstheytheygiveordinary- sthelowesttheytendtobasetheirjudgmentonthe “Goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen”(Para.5)means attractivewomenhavetremendouspotentialimpactonpublicgood-lookingwomenalwaysgetthebestofbeingattractiveisnotalwaysanadvantageforattractivewomendonotdoaswellasunattractivewomeninmanagerialItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinbusiness handsomemenarenotaffectedasmuchbytheirlooksasattractivewomenphysicallyattractivewomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallydoquitephysicallyattractivemenandwomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallygetalonggoodlooksareimportantforwomenastheyareformenPassage2:Questions66to70arebasedonthefollowingpassageoneveryone’slips.Theysaiditcouldn’thappenbefore2050,butnowthatanadultsheephasbeencloned,thereseemstobetechnicalreasonwhywecouldnotdothesamewithpeople.AlthoughDollywascreatedinBritain,wherehumancloningisbanned,researchersfacenosuchrestrictions.IntheU.S.,forexample,researchintoreproductionisallintheunregulatedprivatesector,though BillClintonhasnoworderedareviewoftheimplicationsofthebreakthrough.Thismayleadtocurbsonprivateexperimentationaswell.“Inmanywayscloningcouldofferenormousbenefit,”saysSimonFishel,ascientificresearchersinNottingham.“Youcouldclonefromanadultorchildthatissicktoproduceembroyonicstemcellsthatcouldbeusedtorepairthatindividual’sdamagedtissues.”Potentially,scientistscouldevencreatebrain-deadcopiesofhumansassourcesofperfectly-matchedorgantransnts,Fishelbelieves.Buttheprospectof“carbon-copyhumans”wasaprimeconcerninsubmissionstoBritain’sWarnockCommittee,whichreportedin1984ontheethicsoftest-tubebabiesandsuchresearch.“Peoplefeltakindofhorrorproducingclones”,saysMaryWarnock.“Idon’tsharethisfeeling-onedoesn’tobjecttoidenticaltwins,afterall.ButIwouldneedtobeconvincedthatthereisareasonforngitinhumans.”O(jiān)therethicalcommentatorsaremoreforthrightintheirobjections.“Inmyview,theprohibitiononhumancloningshouldremainin,”saysMargaretBrazier,professoroflawatManchesterUniversity.Ifbrain-deadcloneswerenurturedandusedasorganbanks,shesays,“thiswouldradicallychangethenatureofwhatitistobehuman.”“Andifaclonewasallowedtodevelopasanormalchild,”Brazieradds,“whowouldberesponsibleforherwelfare,whowouldbeherparents,howwouldshecopepsychologicallyandsocially?”RichardNicholson,editoroftheBulletinofMedicalEthics,comments:“Thissortofexperimentseemstobebasedonthenotionthatknowledgeismoreimportantthananythingelse.Isittherightwayforwardtoallowsuchresearch,giventhepossibilitiesformisuse?”WhatdoesMaryWarnockthinkofthepossibilityofhumanItalldependsontheproductivityofhumanItisawterriblethingbutwehavetodoItisnotbadbutwemustmakesureifitisWemayneeditbutnotHowdidthepeoplereacttothenewsaboutDolly’sTheybelievethathumanknowledgedevelopssoTheyweresurprisedattherapiddevelopmentinTheyapudedsuchagreatTheyobjectedsuchapossibilitybecauseofWhatattitudedoethicalcommentatorstaketowardsexperimentationwithhumanTheybelievethatknowledgeismoreimportantthananythingTheyadvisedscientistsnottogiveupTheyaremoreconcernedwiththemoralfeaturesofTheysupportthenewtechnologyforitsSimonFisheladvocatestheopinion cloningisbeneficialandmoralproblemscanbecloningshouldbebannedduetoitsmoralside-cloningoffersapossibilityofreproducingcloningmaycausesocialandwelfareAccordingtothepassage,wecanconcludethatthetendstoobjecttendstoadvocatedoesnotdrawahasanobviousdoubtoverPassage3:Questions71to75arebasedonthefollowingDivorcemaybeviewedasawaytocorrectsocialmistakesand patibility.Inthe1940s,forexample,therewasasurgeofmarriageintheearly1940sasyoungAmericanswentofftowar,andattheendofthewartherewasasurgeofdivorcesin1945-1947,apparentlycorrectingimpetuousmistakes.Therewasevenagreatersurgeinpost-warmarriages.Divorceisseenbymanyasthedeathknelloffamilyvalues.Ontheotherhand,ahighdivorceratecouldbeseenasapositivesocialindicator.Itrepresentsanunequivocalrejectionofabadmarriage.Forthefirsttimeanywhereinamasssociety,theU.S.hashadthe e,thewealthandprosperity,andthebroadknowledgebasetoallowpeoplepreviouslytrappedinlifelongmiserytorejectthatstateandsearchforabettermarriage.Theevidenceisclear,sincethemajorityofdivorcedpeopleeitherremarryorwouldremarry.Divorceratesfellbelow10per1000marriedwomenbetween1953and1964,thensurgedtoahighofalmost23per1000marriedwomenin1978.Divorceshave about20-21per1000forthelastdecade.Commitmenttomarriagecontinues,asdemonstratedinthefactthatthemajorityofdivorcedpeopleremarry.One-thirdofallmarriagesin1988wereremarriagesforoneorbothpartners.Theaveragetimeuntilremarriageisabouttwoandahalfyears.Theshorterlife-spansofmanyfamilieshasledtoserialmarriages.Almostsurelytherewillcontinuetobepeoplewhohavethree,four,orfivespouses,withoutanyinterveningwidowhood.Inthelongterm,itismuchmorelikelythatsocietywillsettledownintoapatternoflatermarriage,earlierualengagement,andmuchmorecarefulandeffectiveselectionoflifemates.Accordingtothepassage,mostpeopledivorce theywanttogetridoftheirtheywantbettertheywanttobetheywanttoWhatcanbeinferredfromthesurgeofmarriagesintheearlySoldiersusuallymarriedaftertheywentintoPeoplemarriedbecausetheywereafraidofSoldiersoftenmarriedquicklybeforetheywentintopeoplemarriedbecausetheyneedafamilytodependDivorceissociallypositivein peoplearewealthyandpowerfultobepeoplearecapableoffindingbetterpeopleareverypeoplearelivinginanewWecaninferfromthefigures divorceisnotnecessarilyrelatedwithdivorceistheonlycorrectionforpeoplewantdivorceonlywhentheyaredivorceisgoodfortheTheauthor’sattitudetodivorce y yunbearablystronglyPassage4:Questions76to80arebasedonthefollowingThelinkbetweenflowandhappinessdependsonwhethertheflowproducingactivityiscomplex,whetheritleadstonewchallengesandhenceto alandculturalgrowth.Therearemanythingsthatpeopleenjoy:thepleasureofthebody,powerandfame,materialpossessions.Strangelyenough,eventhoughmeanstoobtainitarewidelydifferent,theresultingfeelingofwell-beingisverymuchsame.ButthatdoesnotmeanthatallformsofenjoymentareequallyworthTwenty-fivecenturiesago,towrotethatthemostimportanttaskforasocietywastoteachtheyoungtofindpleasureintherightobjects.towasconservativeevenforhistimes,sohehadratherdefiniteideasaboutwhatthose“rightthings”shouldbe.Wearemuchtoosophisticatedtodaytohavestrongfeelingsinthematter.Yetweprobablyagreethatwewouldfeelbetterifourchildrenlearnedtoenjoycooperationratherthan ;readingratherthanstealing;yingchessratherthanwatchingevision.Nomatterhowrelativisticandtolerantwehave e,westillhavepriorities,andwewantyoungpeopletosharethem.Manyofusthatthenextgenerationwillnotpreservewhatwevalueunlesstheynowenjoyittosomeextent.Childrengrowupbelievingthatfootballyersandrocksingersmustbehappy,andtheyenvyhigh-profileentertainersforwhattheythinkmustbefabulous,fulfillinglives.Adults,themselvesoftendeludedbyinfatuationwithfatuousmodels,conspireinthedeception.Neitherparentsnorschoolsareveryeffectiveatteachingtheyoungtofindpleasureintherightthings.Theymakeserioustasksseemdullandhardandfrivolousonesexcitingandeasy.Schoolsgenerallyfailtoteachhowbeautifulscienceandmathematicscanbe;theyteachtheroutineoflitureandhistoryratherthantheadventure.Itisinthissensethatcreativeindividualsliveexemrylives.Theyshowhowjoyfulandinterestingcomplexsymbolicactivitycanbe.Withthehelpofparentsandafewvisionaryteachers,theyhave epioneersofculture,modelsforwhatmenandwomenofthefuturewillbe.Itisbyfollowingtheirexamplethathumanconsciousnesswillgrowthelimitationsofthepast,theprogramsthatgenesandcultureshavewiredintoourbrains.Perhapsourchildren,ortheirchildren,willfeelmorejoyinwritingpoetryandsolvingtheoremsthaninbeingpassivelyentertained.Thelivesofcreativeindividualsreassureusthatitispossible.Whatdoestheauthormeanbyusingtheword“flow”inthefirstngthingsngthingslikeothersRoutinePleasantAccordingtothepassage,whatshouldchildrenyingfootballandsingingrockLearning tureandPreservingourFindpleasureincreativeTheauthor to luswhatpeopleusedtoshowtheimportanceofltheimportanceoflearningtherightinformusabouttheWhatcanbeinferredabouttheauthor’sattitudetomodernModerneducationneedsmodificationstobecreativeandModerneducationmustcooperatewithhomeItisdifficulttodosomethingItiseasyforchildrentofollowvariousentertainersasAccordingtotheauthor,whatshouldmodernmenlearnfromcreativeThequality ngdullthingsThecuriositytoknownewThemotivationtopleasetheThequalityoffindingpleasureincreativeactivities.Passage5:Questions80to85arebasedonthefollowingpassageNaturalgasbeganwiththentandanimallifeoftheearth’sprehistoricseas.Deadorganismssettledontheoceanfloorandwerecoveredbylayersofmud,silt,andsand.Overtime,theorganicmatterwaschangedintogasandoilthroughdecay,heat,andpressure,andthelayersofmud,silt,andsandwerecompressedintosolidrock.Asmillionsofyearspassed,theserocklayersshifted,andaccumulationsofgasandoilwerediscedandbecametrappedbeneathmassesofrock.Primitivemandiscoverednaturalgasquitebyaccident.ThetemplefiresofBakuontheCaspianSeawerefiredbynaturalgasseefromrockcracks,andworshipersoffirejourneyedtoBakufromasfarawayas.Themysterious‘burningsprings’inNorthAmericaandelsewherewerealsoevidenceofescagas,probablyignitedbylightning.Thefirstindustrialapplicationofnaturalgaswasmadeby.Gastransportedbybamboopipeswasburnedtoproducesalt.Todaytherearesometwenty-sixthousandindustrialusesfornaturalgas,andnewusesareconstantlybeingdeveloped.Gasmanufacturedfromcoalwasfirstproducedearlyintheseventeenthcentury.Becauseofitspuzzlingnature,itwascalledgeest,meaning‘ghost’-hence,somes