經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！Chapter5SemanticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshiplinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandthecallsforthinthehearer.7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.9.“itishot.”isapredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.10.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:11.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.12.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.13.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.14.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.15.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.16.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.17.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.18.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.19.Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.20.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalan-guagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:21.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth22.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistviewB.contexutalismC.thenamingtheoryD.behaviourism23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.24.“CanIborrowyourbike”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposes25.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis26.“alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove27._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense28.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy29.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms30.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesIV.Definethefollowingterms:31.semantics32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy36.homonymy37.homophones38.Hpletehomonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy42componentialanalysis43.grammaticalmeaning44.predication45.Argument46.predicate47.Two-placepredicationV.Answerthefollowingquestions:48.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?49.WhatiscomponentialanalysisIllustrateitwithexamples.50.Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentandpresuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?51.Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetweensentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationintermsoftruthvalues?52.Accordingtothewaysynonymsdiffer,howmanygroupscanweclassifysynonymsintoIllustratethemwithexamples.53.WhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningHowtheydiffer?Chapter5SemanticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.F2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:11.Semantics12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational17.Componential18.selectional19.argument20.namingIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV.Definethefollowingterms:31.Semantics:Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.32.Sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthethelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualised.33.Reference:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience34.Synonymy:Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.35.Polysemy:Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.36.Homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmean-ingshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.37.homophones:Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones38.homographs:Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarepletehomonyms.:Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.40.Hyponymy:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.41.Antonymy:Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning.42.Componentialanalysis:Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwaspro-posedbystructuralsemanticists.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofa-wordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whicharecalledsemanticfeatures.43.Thegrammaticalmeaning:Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.,itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.44.predica-tion:Thepredica-tionistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.45.ar-gument:Anar-gumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication.Itisgenerallyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.46.predicate:Apredicateissomethingthatissaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.47.two-placepredication:Atwo-placepredicationiscon-tainstwoarguments.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:48.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?Themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponentsbecauseitcannotbeworkedoutupallthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.Forexample;(A)Thedogbittheman.(B)Themanbitthedog.Ifthemeaningofasentencewerethesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents,thentheabovetwosentenceswouldhavethesamemeaning.Infacttheyaredifferentinmeanings.Asweknow,therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:grammaticalmean-ingandsemanticmeaning.Thegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in(A)aredifferentfromthegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”theman”in(B).Themeaningofasentenceistheproductofbothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning.Itistheproductofthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandofthegrammaticalconstructionsthatrelateonewordsyntagmaticallytoanother.49.WhatiscomponentialanalysisIllustrateitwithexamples.Componentialanalysis,pro-posedbystructuralsemanticists,isawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whicharecalledsemanticfeatures.Plusandminussignsareusedtoindicatewhetheracertainsemanticfeatureispresentorabsentinthemeaningofaword,andthesefeaturesymbolsareusuallywrittenincapitalizedletters.Forexample,theword“man”isana-lyzedasconsistingofthesemanticfeaturesof[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]50.Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentandpresuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.SupposetherearetwosentencesXandY:X:HehasbeentoFrance.Y:HehasbeentoEurope.Intermsoftruthvalues,ifXistrue,Yisnecessarilytrue,e.g.IfhehasbeentoFrance,hemusthavebeentoEurope.IfXisfalse,Ymaybetrueorfalse,e.g.IfhehasnotbeentoFrance,hemaystillhavebeentoEuropeorhehasnotbeentoEurope.IfYistrue,Xmaybetrueorfalse,e.g.IfhehasbeentoEurope,hemayormaynothavebeentoFrance.IfYisfalse,Xisfalse,e.g.IfhehasnotbeentoEurope,hecannothavebeentoFrance.ThereforeweconcludethatXentailsYorYisanentailmentofX.Thetruthconditionsthatweusetojudgepresuppositionisasfollows:SupposetherearetwosentencesXandYX:John'sbikeneedsrepairing.Y:Johnhasabike.IfXistrue,Ymustbetrue,e.g.IfJohn'sbikeneedsrepairing,Johnmusthaveabike.IfXisfalse,Yisstilltrue,e.g.IfJohn'sbikedoesnotneedrepairing,Johnstillhasabike.IfYistrue,Xiseithertrueorfalse,e.g.IfJohnhasabike,itmayormaynotneedrepairing.IfYisfalse,notruthvaluecanbesaidaboutX,e.g.IfJohndoesnothaveabike,nothingcanbesaidaboutwhetherhisbikeneedsrepairingornot.Therefore,XpresupposesY,orYisapresuppositionofX.51.Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetweensentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationintermsoftruthvalues?Intermsoftruthcondition,ofthetwosentencesXandY,ifXistrue,Yistrue;ifXisfalse,Yisfalse,thereforeXissynonymouswithYe.g.X;Hewasabachelorallhislife.Y:Henevermarriedallhislife.OfthetwosentencesXandY,ifXistrue,Yisfalse;ifXisfalse,Yistrue,thenwecansayAisinconsistentwithYe.g.X:Johnismarried.Y:Johnisabachelor.52.Accordingtothewayssynonymsdiffer,howmanygroupscanweclassifysynonymsintoIllustratethemwithexamples.Accordingtothewayssynonymsdiffer,synonymscanbedividedintothefollowinggroups.i.DialectalsynonymsTheyaresynonymswhichareusedindifferentregionaldialects.BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharethetwomajorgeographicalvarietiesoftheEnglishlanguage.Forexamples:BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishautumnfallliftelevatorThendialectalsynonymscanalsobefoundwithinBritish,orAmericanEnglishitself.Forexample,"girl"iscalled"lass"or"lassie"inScottishdialect,and"liquor"iscalled"whisky"inIrishdialect.ii.StylisticsynonymsTheyaresynonymswhichdifferinstyleordegreeofformality.Someofthestylisticsynonymstendtobemoreformal,otherstendtobecasual,andstilloth-ersareneutralinstyle.Forexample:oldman,daddy,dad,father,maleparentchap,pal,friend,companioniii.SynonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaningTheyarethewordsthathavethesamemeaningbutexpressdifferentemotionsoftheuser.Theemotionsoftheuserindicatetheattitudeorbiasoftheusertowardwhatheistalkingabout.Forexam-ple,“collaborator”and“accomplice”aresynonymous,sharingthemeaningof"apersonwhohelpsanother",buttheyaredifferentintheirevaluativemeaning.Theformermeansthatapersonwhohelpsanotherindo-ingsomethinggood,whilethelatterreferstoapersonwhohelpsanotherinacriminalact.iv.CollocationalsynonymsTheyaresynonymswhichdifferintheircollocation.Forexample,wecanuseaccuse,charge,rebuketosaythatsomeonehasdonesomethingwrongorevencriminal,buttheyareusedwithdifferentpreposi-tionsaccuse...of,charge...with,rebuke...for.v.V.SemanticallydifferentsynonymsSemanticallydifferentsynonymsreferto