閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)策略概述：高考對于閱讀理解的考查符合中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的目的和實(shí)踐。題材的選擇體現(xiàn)了“貼近時代、貼近生活、貼近學(xué)生”的原則。命題者熔知識性、趣味性、實(shí)用性于一爐，全方位多側(cè)面對學(xué)生的閱讀能力進(jìn)行檢測。選材特點(diǎn)1、閱讀材料的主題明確，話題新穎，有時代感。材料來源廣泛，但避免選用廣為流傳和人所共知的材料，有些節(jié)選自各類叢書，有些出自報刊雜志，有些選自各類活頁宣傳材料。2、語言地道、原汁原味。閱讀理解的文章多為母語為英語的人寫的反映外國生活內(nèi)容的文章，很少涉及國內(nèi)題材。3、材料長短適宜。平均每篇短文300詞左右，但每篇文章有足夠的信息量。4、材料條理清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，在時間順序、空間順序或邏輯推理上要有較大的復(fù)雜性。5、語言難易適度。材料中的生詞量應(yīng)控制在1%以內(nèi)（由構(gòu)詞法形成的詞不計為生詞），避免短文中出現(xiàn)太多的漢語釋義。每篇注釋的詞控制在3個以內(nèi)。6、體裁多樣化，應(yīng)有敘述文、說明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文等。通常每套試題有一篇考查特定信息能力的廣告、公告類材料，也可選用科普、新聞等體裁。命題趨勢：近年來，高考閱讀理解測試的內(nèi)容和形式朝著縱深方向發(fā)展，命題的難度也將逐漸加大，主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：1、5篇文章題材與體裁多樣化，信息含量大。英語高考中閱讀理解短文的題材廣泛，包括：政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文學(xué)、歷史、地理、社會生活、科普知識等。短文的體裁以敘述文、議論文、說明文為主，應(yīng)用文為輔。但應(yīng)用文因其較強(qiáng)的實(shí)用性，近些年考查力度有所加大。英語應(yīng)用文是指人們在日常生活、工作和學(xué)習(xí)中為處理日常事務(wù)解決具體問題而寫作的一種文體，應(yīng)用文包括的內(nèi)容很廣，如書信、通知、日記、海報、便條、啟事等。應(yīng)用文的特點(diǎn)是有明確的讀者對象、明確的范圍。2、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，長難句有所增加。近年來閱讀理解的篇章和句子結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎囊括了英語句法修辭中的所有語句結(jié)構(gòu)形式。簡單句、復(fù)合句、虛擬語氣、省略、倒裝、插入語等無不涵蓋其中。行文的跳躍程度較大，陳述次序富于變化，隱含信息較多。考生常常讀懂了文字，卻不一定能立刻領(lǐng)悟語篇的意思。3、詞匯量加大，閱讀速度提高，這是個大趨勢。還要注意的一個特點(diǎn)是非考綱詞匯有所增加。這就要求考生能較好地掌握合成詞與派生詞。在有限的時間內(nèi)運(yùn)用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀，搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn)，理清文章脈絡(luò)，把握語篇實(shí)質(zhì)。知能目標(biāo)：1、讀懂材料的主旨和大意，以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。2、既能理解具體的事實(shí)，也能理解抽象的概念。3、既能理解字面的意思，也能理解深層的含義，包括作者的態(tài)度，意圖等。

4、既能理解某句，某段的含義，也能理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并以此為根據(jù)進(jìn)行合理、正確的推理和判斷。

5、既能根據(jù)所提供的信息去理解，也能結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識去理解?？疾橹攸c(diǎn)：高考中每份試卷的5篇文章20道題都有序地安排好細(xì)節(jié)理解題，詞義猜測題、主旨?xì)w納題與推理分析題，下面就這幾個考查重點(diǎn)一一分析。細(xì)節(jié)理解題1、常見的考查細(xì)節(jié)類的題目措辭如下：Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.NoneofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEexcept…Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?

Thestoryhappenedin_____.Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)...?2、細(xì)節(jié)考查的不同方式：閱讀理解中考查的主要事實(shí)和特定細(xì)節(jié)都可以在文章中找到。但是，要注意的是出題者不會很明白很直接地提問，而是很注意提問的技術(shù)性或藝術(shù)性。也就是說，提問都設(shè)有一定的障礙或陷阱，或往往給真實(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)罩上一層迷霧，使得你弄不清問題指的是哪一件事，哪一個細(xì)節(jié)，造成你尋找的困難。通常這些提問法有：（1）轉(zhuǎn)換提問法出題者使用同義詞語、參照詞、代詞等，要求考生對已有信息進(jìn)行必要的轉(zhuǎn)換，以得出正確理解。例如：…Studentspushedtheirwayoutside.Longandloudfiresirenscouldbeheardnearby,andMrs.Pott’sembarrassmentwasutmostwhenshespottedatelevisioncrewfromalocalnewsstation.Theysquattedonthelawnandfilmedthemassdeparturefromtheschool.…Question:WhatmadeMrs.Pottfeelmostuncomfortable? A.Theheadadministratorgavethetroublemakerhisduepunishment. B.Theeventwouldprobablybebroadcastedbythelocalnewsstation. C.Otherstudentsdidn’tdoanythingtostopDarinfromcausingtrouble. D.HersewingclasswascompletelyspoiledbyDarin.本文中的embarrassmentwasutmost近義理解為題干中的feelmostuncomfortable，文中的atelevisioncrew和filmedthemassdeparture當(dāng)然可以理解為B項(xiàng)中probablybebroadcastedbythelocalnewsstation。因此答案為B。（2）真?zhèn)闻袛喾ǔ鲱}者提出片面的、不確切的，或完全錯誤的說法讓考生去判斷。這就要求考生找到與每個選項(xiàng)說法相應(yīng)的文章部分，了解正確肯定的事實(shí)，來排除不符合文章所交待的內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)。例如：AnadvertisementisjustlikeaSomebodyElseSaysquotationinanewsstory.Thenewspaperdoesnotsaythatwhattheadvertisersaysistrue.Allthenewspapersaysis,“Thisiswhattheadvertisersays.”Tofindoutwhetheritistrueornotwillbelefttothereaders.Allthestatementsintheadsaretheadvertiser’sstatements,notthepapers.Question:WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage? A.Thebuyershouldnotshareopinionswithadvertisers. B.Theeditorhastoanswerforthetruthofadsinthepaper. C.Thebuyerhimselfshouldfindoutwhetheranadistrueornot.D.Theadvertisershouldnotexpresshisownopinionsinanad.本題中的A、B、D三個選項(xiàng)均是對本文的錯誤理解，而文中的Tofindoutwhetheritistrueornotwillbelefttothereaders則可正確理解為C項(xiàng)Thebuyerhimselfshouldfindoutwhetheranadistrueornot.（3）計算提問法當(dāng)涉及時間、距離、價格、數(shù)量等數(shù)據(jù)等時，你必須經(jīng)過一些測算才能確定答案。例如：Thefirstrecordedsightingofatransitwasmade,innorthwestEngland,byJeremiahHerrocks,whohadworkedoutarepeaton4December,1639.Theintervals（時間上的間隔）betweentransitsfollowanunusualpattern:8years,then,then8,thenyears,andwilldosountil2984.Question:WhencanweseethetransitofVenusnexttimeaccordingtothetext? A.In2022 B.In2033 C.In2025 D.In2055這是一道較為復(fù)雜的計算題。從文章可知整個周期需要：8++8+=243（年），那么下一次應(yīng)該是在1639年以后的四個周期之后的2022。（4）補(bǔ)全事實(shí)提問法這是指根據(jù)文章提供的一部分事實(shí)，將文章沒有直接說明的另一部分事實(shí)在回答問題時去起來。例如：RescueworkersandvolunteersinFloridaworkednon-stoptohelpasmanydolphinsastheycouldtoreturntodeepwater.Somedolphinsmadeit.Abouttwodozendied.For35dolphinsindangertherewasonlyonechanceforsurvival—tobesenttotheMarineMammalsCareCenter.Thedolphinswereplacedinawaterpoolwheretheyhavebeengivenround-the-clockcarebyhundredsofvolunteerswhosignedupforfour-hourshifts（輪班）.Question:ThedolphinsstrandedonthebeachweresenttotheMarineMammalsCareCenter,where________. A.theywerewarmlywelcomed B.theyweretakencareofandcured C.theyweretobetrained D.theywouldlivewithhumanbeings本文明確說明Thedolphinswereplacedinawaterpoolwheretheyhavebeengivenround-the-clockcare，所以theyweretakencareof是毫無疑問的，但cured則是要求考生根據(jù)第一小節(jié)的Somedolphinsmadeit（指returntodeepwater）對信息作出適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)充。猜測詞義1、常見的考查詞句理解的題目如下：Whenthewomansaid…,whatshemeantwas_______.Thephrase…means_______.Theunderlinedwords…referto________.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression…standsfor?Theword…h(huán)asthesamemeaningastheword_______.2、詞義猜測技巧閱讀理解中，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一定量的生詞，并且每年總有二至四題直接考查詞義、句義猜測。這充分體現(xiàn)了《教學(xué)大綱》和《考試說明》的要求，意在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推測生詞短語含義的能力，突出考查語境的分析和把握能力。猜詞能力不僅涉及到學(xué)生的語言知識水平，還涉及到學(xué)生的語言應(yīng)用能力和綜合素質(zhì)水平。在閱讀理解中，猜測詞義、句義題的特點(diǎn)是對生詞、短語，指示代詞和句子的猜測。其常見應(yīng)試技巧作如下簡單介紹：（1）同義法：通常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or，這些詞或短語在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，甚至推知它的大致詞義。例如：Tofillthesalmonsupply,peoplehaveturnedtofishfarming,oraquaculture.Question:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“aquaculture”meanaccordingtothepassage? A.Itmeansthefastestgrowingfoodindustry. B.Itmeansfishfarming. C.Itmeansakindofculturewithwater. D.Itmeansraisingsalmononfarms.答案為B。（2）反義法：利用反義詞說明生詞的意義。如反義詞hotandcold.Giveandreceive,perfectandimperfect,甚至前、后句為肯定與否定、或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關(guān)系上起著互為線索的作用。例如：Someplantshaverelativelyabilitynottobeaffectedbyagreatmanydiseases,whileothershavesusceptibilitytothem.Question:Theunderlinedwords“havesusceptibilityto”means_______. A.arenotlikelytobeinfluencedby B.arenotveryeasilycontrolledby C.areseldomattackedby D.areverylikelytobeharmedby本句中的while引導(dǎo)的是個表示轉(zhuǎn)折分句，意思是“然而”，因此前后句的意思應(yīng)該是相反的，A、B、C三種說法都與前面的分句一致，只有D表示相反的意思，是正確的。（3）釋義法：在文中的字里行間，對生詞以定語（從句）、表語甚至用逗號、破折號等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號引出并加以解釋說明的方式。例如：Aglobalizedworkforce,withbettertransportlinksandremoteaccesstoofficeresourcesmeansthattravelinglongdistancestoworkhasbecomecommonplaceandmorepopular.Jobcommutinghasbecomearealityformillionssopeoplecanchoosewheretheylive.Question:Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“Jobcommuting”mean? A.Jobhuntinginlargecities B.Househuntinginlargecities C.Travelinglongdistancetoworkeveryday D.Aprogramdesignedforjobhunting本文的第一個句子就是對后文劃線詞組的解釋，概括為C項(xiàng)的Travelinglongdistancetoworkeveryday。（4）情景推斷法：猜測任何詞義都離不開文章的語言情景，詞義可以從上下文的具體語言環(huán)境中推斷出來。例如：Somanyofusholdontothelittleresentment（怨憤）thatmayhavecomefromanargument,amisunderstanding,orsomeotherpainfulevents.Stubbornly,wewaitforsomeoneelsetoreachouttous,believingthisistheonlywaywecanforgiveorregainafriendshiporfamilyrelationship.Question:Theunderlinedpartmeans________. A.stretchoutone’shand B.givehelp C.offeranapology D.explainsomething本題是典型的利用情景推斷法來確定詞組的含義，從上下文的意思，尤其是下文的forgive，可以推知詞組的正確含義是“作出道歉”。（5）代詞替代法：一般來講，代詞所指代的內(nèi)容多在這一句話的前后句中。找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在那個代詞的位置上，看一看這句話是否合理，與前后的內(nèi)容是否一致，然后再判定它是否為正確答案。例如：Mostgreatinventorsinthecapitalist（資本主義的）societymeetwithmuchoppositiontotheirinventionsfromthepeoplewhoplacetheirinterestsbeforethoseofthepeople.Question:Theunderlinedword“those”refersto________. A.inventors B.inventions C.interests D.monopolies了解句子的含義：把他們自己的利益放在人民的利益之前?？梢娪胕nterests代替those句子意義成立，因此C項(xiàng)正確。（6）構(gòu)詞法根據(jù)學(xué)過的構(gòu)詞法知識，知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義，就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如：Wavesfromearthquake-generatedtsunamiscantravelatspeedsexceedingthoseofajetairplane,makinganearlywarningsystemallthemoreimportant,delegatessaid.Question:Theunderlinedword“exceeding”means________. A.equaling B.reaching C.greaterthan D.lowerthan根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法我們知道ex-前綴有“向外；脫離”之意，引申為“超出范圍”，所以可以推測為greaterthan。主旨?xì)w納1、常見考查文章或段落主題與中心思想的題目如下：Thebesttitleofthepassagemightbe_______.Themainideaofthepassageis_______.Thepassageismainlyabout_______.Thewriter’smainthoughtisthat_______.Whichtitlebestgivestheideaofthatpassage________?Whichofthefollowingsupportsthemainidea________?Whichofthefollowingcanbethebestheadlineofthepassage________?Thewriterwrotethestoryinorderto_____.2、主旨?xì)w納題的常見情況：主旨判斷題通?？疾槎涛幕蚨温涞臉?biāo)題、中心思想等。解答這類題目的關(guān)鍵是對文章或各段主題句的尋找，必要時還要進(jìn)行歸納、總結(jié)，以期得出能夠涵蓋全文或整個段落的中心思想，不片面，同時不超越文章的所陳述的內(nèi)容。通常文章的主題句會出現(xiàn)篇（段）的開頭、末尾、中間，例如：（1）Aquacultureisoneoftheworld’sfastestgrowingfoodindustries.Itisreplacingcommercialfishinginmanyplacesandisreducingthepriceofsalmontoaboutathirdofitsearlierprice.Theotherbenefitofaquacultureisthatitallowsthewildsalmonpopulationtorecover.Aboutaquarterofamillionmoresalmonreturnedtotheirhomeriverstoproduceeggseachyearinthemid-1990s.Question:Whatcanweconcludefromthelastparagraph?A.Aquaculturehasreducedthepriceofsalmontoaboutathirdofitsearlierprice.B.Aquacultureisreplacingcommercialfishinginmanyplaces.C.Aquaculturebenefitsthewildsalmonpopulationtorecover.D.Aquaculturebenefitstheecosystemofthesalmonandpromotesthedevelopmentofthefoodindustry.本段文字的第二個句子是對整個段落的概括，后面舉了兩個例子，一是使價格降了下來，二是使salmon得以很好地繁殖。A、C都失之偏頗，而D則不是這一小節(jié)的內(nèi)容。所以B項(xiàng)正確。（2）…“Thisresearchshowshowimportantitistogetallyoungpeopleworkinghardandteachthemthevalueofhighereducation,”hesaid.

Question:Themainpurposeoftheresearchis________. A.togivethegovernmentsomeadviceonhighereducation B.toshowussomeinformationabouthighereducation C.toshowthesexdifferenceinhighereducation D.tomakeallthestudentsworkhardandrealizetheimportanceofhighereducation本段文字是一篇調(diào)查報告的最后一小節(jié)，對于調(diào)查的效果作出說明，也是該調(diào)查的目的。選D。（3）Haveyoueverbeenafraidtotalkbackwhenyouweretreatedunfairly?Haveyoueverboughtsomethingjustbecausethesalesmantalkedyouintoit?Areyouafraidtoasksomeoneforadate?

Manypeopleareafraidtoassert(表現(xiàn))themselves.Dr.Alberti,authorofStandUp,SpeakOut,andTalkBack,thinksit’sbecausetheirself-respectislow.“Ourwholesetup(體制)isdesignedtomakepeopledistrustthemselves,”saysAlberti.“There’salways‘superior’around–aparent,ateacher,aboss–who‘knowsbetter’.Theresuperiorsoftengainwhentheychip(削弱)awayatyourself-image.”Question:Thepassagemainlydiscussestheproblemthat_____.A.peopleareeasilycheatedwhentheybuysomethingB.peopleareafraidtospeakforthemselvesC.somepeoplethinktoolowofthethemselvesD.somepeopleareafraidofsuperiors本文的第一小節(jié)以三個問句的形式舉例，第二小節(jié)一開始就上文的現(xiàn)象提出觀點(diǎn)，然后是關(guān)于此觀點(diǎn)的更多闡述。這正是“引題——主題思想——解釋”這一模式。答案選C當(dāng)然，有時候在敘述一件事的發(fā)展過程，或是陳述一系列同等重要的細(xì)節(jié)或事實(shí)之后，文章沒有明確地對主題思想作總結(jié)，而是要求讀者對此進(jìn)行正確的歸納，例如：InthesoutheasterncorneroftheUnitedStatesliesthestateofFlorida.ItisoneofthemostfamousplacesintheUnitedStates.Amongallthestates,Floridarankstwenty-secondinsizeandninthinpopulation.Itbecamethetwenty-seventhstateintheUSAin1854.ThecapitalisTallahassee,butthelargestcityisJacksonville.Floridahasapleasantclimate.IthassomanysunnydaysthatitsnicknameistheSunshineState.ASpanishnamedPoncedeLeondiscoveredFloridain1513.Theword“Florida”inSpanishmeans“flowery”.Hemighthavegiventheareathisnamebecauseofcountlessflowersinthisarea.PoncedeLeonwentbacktoSpainbutreturnedin1521tocolonizethisarea.However,SpainunderestimatedthepoweroftheIndiansandtheIndianskilledPoncedeLeon.TwomoreSpanishgroupsarrivedbutwerequicklydefeatedbytheIndians.Finally,in1565theSpanishwereabletofoundthecitySaintAugustine.ThisistheoldestpermanentEuropeansettlementintheUnitedStates.Question:Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.TheSpanishintheUSA. B.SaintAugustine. C.ApleasantClimate. D.TheHistoryofFlorida.從本文的內(nèi)容可以歸納出其中心是介紹佛羅里達(dá)的歷史。推理分析1、推理分析的題目常見的題干有：Thewriterdoesn’tsaybutwecanknow__________.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageseemstobe__________.Thispassageisprobablytakenfrom____________.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______________.Theauthorprobablyfeelsthat___________.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?Thewriterofthispassageisprobablya_____________.Thewriter’sattitudetoward….is__________.2、分析推理題的類別在高考閱讀理解題中難度最大且出現(xiàn)越來越多的是推理分析題,近幾年的高考每年都保持在10題左右。這種題要求考生根據(jù)文章中出現(xiàn)的暗示,抓住內(nèi)含語義,用邏輯思維的方法加以整理,然后做出合理的推斷。推理的方法大致可分為:簡單推理和復(fù)雜推理。（1）簡單推理，常見設(shè)題形式有：Supposing…,_________willhappen?If…,wecansay_________.Fromthetext,wecaninferthatthewriterwould________.Whatisthemostprobableendingofthestory?所謂簡單推理就是以表面文字為前提，以具體事實(shí)為依據(jù)對某些細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推理，或?qū)适碌慕Y(jié)局作出推理。這種推理方式比較直接，只要弄清事實(shí)，即可結(jié)合常識推斷出合理的結(jié)論。例如：Therearetwogeneralkindsofvoicelifts.Insomecases,implantsareinsertedthroughanincision（切口）inthenecktobringthevocalcords（聲帶）closertogether.Doctorsalsoinjectfatorothersubstancestomakethecordsbiggersothatthevoicesoundsyounger.Question:Ifonehasagoodvoice,wecansay________. A.hehasimplantsinhisneck B.hisvocalcordsarebigandclose C.hehasavoicelift D.hehasafacelift從文中信息可以容易地知道voicelift是使cords變close和big來使聲音聽起來年輕悅耳，因此可推知B項(xiàng)為正確答案。（2）復(fù)雜推理復(fù)雜推理不但要以文字為依據(jù),而且還要以文章的語境、內(nèi)涵為前提。這是一種間接而復(fù)雜的邏輯推理方式。考生要推斷出文章沒有表明但又合乎邏輯的推理,就必須由表及里地歸納或演繹。下面是幾種復(fù)雜的推理方法:A.如何推測作者的寫作目的和作態(tài)度，常見設(shè)題形式有：…ismentionedinorderto…Whydoestheauthormention…?Thepurposeinwritingthistextisto________.Theauthorwritesthispassageto______.Theauthorinthispassageintendsto________.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?推測作者的寫作目的,必須要先了解文章的主題,然后分析作者的論述方法、論述的重點(diǎn)和材料的安排。例如：…Butinsomeanimals,certainmusclecellshavebecomesospecializedaselectricalgenerators（發(fā)電機(jī)）thattheydonotworkasmusclecellsatall.Whenlargenumbersofthesecellsarelinkedtogether,theeffectcanbeastonishing.Theelectriceel（鰻）isanamazinglivingbattery.Itcansendajoltofasmuchaseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitlives…Question:Whydoestheauthormentiontheelectriceel? A.Towarnthereadertostayawayfromthem B.Tocomparetheirvoltagetothatusedinhouses. C.Togiveanexampleofalivingelectricalgenerator. D.Todescribeanewsourceofelectricalpower.上面一小節(jié)指出一種現(xiàn)象，而下面一小節(jié)則舉例說明這一現(xiàn)象。答案是C。在有些文章里，作者的語氣和態(tài)度往往并不能直接在文章中讀到，而是通過一些描寫反映了作者的某種態(tài)度或傾向。通過全文的閱讀，有時可以從文章中領(lǐng)悟作者的觀點(diǎn)；通過對作者使用的詞匯(多為形容詞和副詞)的分析，可以推斷出作者的態(tài)度和感情，比如作者對某一觀點(diǎn)是贊成還是反對，是批評還是客觀陳述。例如：Olderpeople,tiredfromaday’swork,arenotasnobleasbefore,evenfarfromit.Manyargumentsorquarrelsbreakoutastheypushandpulleachothertogetonbusesandtrains.Question:Onthetrainorbus,accordingtotheauthor,olderpeople_________. A.oftenoffertheirseatstoothers B.aretreatedbetterthanyoungerpeople C.arenomorethoughtfulthanyoungerpeopletowardseachother D.areveryselfishtowardsyoungerpeople從asnobleasbefore,evenfarfromit可以推知olderpeople的行為不比youngerpeople來得更禮貌體貼。B.如何推斷文章的出處，常見設(shè)題形式有：Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom______.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof______.判斷體裁應(yīng)根據(jù)其寫作特點(diǎn)和敘述的內(nèi)容，故事、評論、闡述對話各有其特點(diǎn)，是不難區(qū)分的。判斷其來源要留心所選的部分是哪一類的，涉及哪方面的內(nèi)容。一篇故事是不可能取材于科學(xué)雜志，新聞報道也不可能刊載在書評內(nèi)。因此，判斷文章來源應(yīng)將文章的形式及內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)加以綜合考慮才能下結(jié)論。例如：Linguists(語言學(xué)家)believethatthelanguagesofaboutone-thirdofthehumanracealldevelopedfromoneIndo-Europeanlanguage.Butwhowerethespeakersofthisancientlanguage?Linguisticdetectiveworkofferssomeclues.It’ssometimessaidthatyoucandeduce(推斷)apeople’shistoryfromthewordstheyuse.StudyofsomefiftyancientvocabularieshasledtoareconstructionofthelifestyleofthefirstIndo-European,avanished(消失的)people…Question:Wheredoyouthinkthispassageprobablyappeared? A.Inanarticlemeantforgeneralreaders. B.Inanarticlemeantforlinguists C.Inanarticleforspecialistsinarchaeology D.Inanarticleforspecialistsinhistory這段文字作者以第三者的視角向讀者介紹了語言的發(fā)展，因此不是寫給linguists看的，從內(nèi)容來看也不是講考古或歷史，從語氣來看比較親切，比如用了疑問句以及It’ssometimessaidthatyoucan…中的第二人稱。由此可見是寫給一般讀者看的。而有些文章則很容易從其內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處，比如：報道前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱；廣告因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說明、器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式；而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數(shù)、藥量等。這里不再舉例贅述。C.如何推斷人物性格，常見設(shè)題形式有：Whatdoweknowaboutsomebodyinthetext?Whatkindofmansomebodyis?Somebodycanbesaidtobe______.做這類題時一定要注意準(zhǔn)確把握字里行間的意思,切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)；特別注意表達(dá)情感、態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)的詞語。例如：Daddidsomanythingsformeduringmyprimaryschoolyears.Heaskedtheschoolbusdrivertopickmeupatmyhouseinsteadoftheusualbusstopthatwassixblocksaway.HealwayshadmylunchreadywhenIcamehome—usuallyasandwichthatwasshapedfortheseason.MyfavoritewasatChristmas.Thesandwicheswouldbecoveredwithgreensugarandcutintheshapeofatree.Question:Theauthorlistssomanydetailsinordertoshow_______. A.herfatherwaschildish B.herfatherwascarefulandthoughtful C.shefailedtogainindependence D.herfatherwasnotlikeaman這段文字的第一句已經(jīng)對Dad作出了肯定的評價，后面的例子進(jìn)一步說明了Dad的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)，所以B項(xiàng)才正確地判斷了任務(wù)的性格。D.如何判斷和預(yù)測前后的內(nèi)容,常見設(shè)題形式有：Theparagraphpreceding（先于...）thisonemostprobablydiscusses...

Theparagraphprecedingthisextractprobablydealwith...Whatdoestheparagraphfollowingthepassagemostlikelydiscuss?

Whatdoyouthinktheauthorwilldiscussinthenextpart?Theauthorintendtoexplainnext...

Accordingtothepassageyou'veread,thewriterwillprobablysuggestnext...解這種題目最好是帶著問題去閱讀。首先，我們對所讀的選段要有一個全局的概念，弄清它所涉及的全部內(nèi)容，哪些可能已談過，哪些還沒談。其次，我們要從文章的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)上去分析。一篇文章通常由導(dǎo)言、正文和結(jié)束語構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)言一般要概述全篇內(nèi)容，它規(guī)定了文章的主線或中心內(nèi)容。借助導(dǎo)言，我們能緊緊把握作者的思路，從而有利于對文章的理解。正文是文章的主體，也是最常選摘的部分。正文的各段內(nèi)容都由導(dǎo)言確定，也就是說，正文不論述導(dǎo)言中未提及的觀點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容。結(jié)束語是文章的收尾部分，尤其是正式論文往往通過它而使全篇得到提綱挈領(lǐng)的概括并從中得出結(jié)論。因此，通過對文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的分析，就可判斷已談了什么或?qū)⒁勈裁?。例如：Scientistshaveworkedhardtofigureoutaverageairtemperatureinordertoseehowmuchthesehavechanged.OneofourbestestimatesisthattheEarthhaswarmedupabout1F°inthepasthundredyears.Thatmaynotsoundlikemuch,butfortheplanetevensmallchangesintemperaturehavebigeffects.Question:Iftherewereaparagraphfollowingthispassage,whatwoulditmostprobablytalkabout? A.TheinfluencethatthesmallchangesintemperaturewillhaveontheEarth. B.Theincreasingtemperaturethatmoreandmorecarbondioxideiscausing. C.Thegreenhouseeffectcausedbyseriouspollution. D.TheconstructionofthebiglaboratoryinthePacificOcean.從本段文字的最后一句可知后文很有可能對這一論點(diǎn)作進(jìn)一步的論證和說明，而B、C、D都與該段文字內(nèi)容相距甚遠(yuǎn)，所以A正確。典例剖析議論文例1（2022江蘇高考）Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybefore:changesforthebetter,changesfortheworse;changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologymtheapplicationofsciencemhasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience--awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience--amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons,AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.WilliamShakespearesaid,"Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(紗線),goodandilltogether.'’Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities–scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?1.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?A.B.C.D.thefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat________.A.agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwarB.alargenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwarC.theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweaponsD.theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofnuclearweaponsontheearthunderlinedword"mingled"inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happydoyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?A.Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.B.MorereadingofWilliamShakespeare.C.Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.D.Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.[答案與解析] 1．A文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查題。從各個段落的內(nèi)容來看，第一小節(jié)是總起，第二和第三兩小節(jié)都是講現(xiàn)代科技的給人類帶來的好處，第四小節(jié)內(nèi)容有了轉(zhuǎn)折，講現(xiàn)代科技的給人類帶來的不利，第五小節(jié)是借Shakespeare的話來作出總結(jié)。因此圖示A符合本文的寫作思路。2．D作者思想情感推理題。從第四小節(jié)最后的讓步狀語從句里能明確看出作者的擔(dān)憂之情。3．B詞語釋義題。從上下文對現(xiàn)代科技正反兩方面的分析，以及Shakespeare的話，能推斷出mingled意思是mixed。4．D前后文內(nèi)容推理題。從最后一節(jié)的提問可見作者對科技正反兩方面共存這一現(xiàn)象的存在很不甘心，因此可能在下文提出如何若干避免消極因素的措施。[點(diǎn)評]議論文是作者對某個問題提出主張、發(fā)表意見、表明態(tài)度、總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)等，有較濃的主觀色彩。作者往往根據(jù)一些很普通的事實(shí)，通過嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)乃季S，縝密的推理得出一個具有普遍性或指導(dǎo)性的觀點(diǎn)。該類文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，命題往往從事實(shí)的有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)以及文章的主旨或作者的表達(dá)意圖等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。在議論文的閱讀中要抓住表明作者態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)的句子，從體現(xiàn)作者態(tài)度的句子（即作者贊成什么，反對什么）往往能夠抓到文章的中心思想，而這些句子一般都在段落的開頭或結(jié)尾部分。議論文由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三要素組成，抓住論證就能夠進(jìn)一步理解文章的邏輯性和弄清作者怎樣用論據(jù)去證明論點(diǎn)例2Didyoueverthinksomeonewasscary(可怕的)becausetheylookeddifferentoratestrangefood?Well,theymightthinkthesameaboutyou!Oneofthethingsweallneedtodoistocelebratevariety.Weshouldn’tthinkbadlyofpeoplefromotherculturesbecausetheyaredifferentfromourown.Sometimeswejudgepeoplefromothercountriesunfairly,becauseonepersonfromthatculturedidsomethingbad.Well,hasyourclasseverbeenpunishedjustbecauseafewkidswerecausingtrouble?Hasyourwholefamilyeverbeenblamedforsomethingyourlittlesisterdid?Itdoesn’tseemfair,doesit?It’sjustasunfairtoblameawholecultureforwhattwoorthreepeopledo.Soherearesomethingsthatyoucandotohelpyourselfunderstandothercultures:1.Findcommonground!Rememberthateventhoughsomepeoplelookdifferentontheoutside,itdoesn’tchangewhattheylookontheinside.Theystillhavethesamefeelings!2.Don’tblameeveryonebecauseofone!Solet’ssaysomeonefromanothercultureisbeingmean(卑劣的)andyoudecidetoavoideveryonefromthatculture.Well,thinkaboutit.Whyareyoublamingthemforsomethingtheydidn’thaveanythingtodowith?Putyourselfintheirshoes.Howwouldyoufeel?Tryingtounderstandhowapersonthinkscanbeaverygoodwaytounderstandwhytheyareactingthatway.Remember,otherpeoplemaynotthinkthesameway.3.Trytomakefriendswithpeoplefromothercultures.Youcouldaskthemwhattheyknowabouttheirculture,orwhatitwaslikeintheircountry.Tryfoodsfromthatculture,oraskthemiftheyknowanywordsinthatlanguage.Youmightbesurprisedathowpureotherculturescanbe!Youcanhavegreatdiscussionsandhavelotsoffundoingnewthings.4.Knowthatpeoplealwaysjudgeotherpeople.Ifyouknowwhatyouarethinkingthenyoucanhelpmakethingseasier.Payattentiontowhatyouthinkaboutotherpeople.Ithelps!1.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?A.Whytherearedifferencesbetweenpeople.B.Whattodotounderstandothercultures.C.Howpeoplefeelwhentheymeetpeoplefromothercultures.D.Wheredifferencesbetweenpeoplelie.2.Intheauthor’sopinion,onemistakewhenwetreatculturaldifferencesisthatwe_______.A.cannotseeandsharewhatpeopleshaveincommonB.believethatotherpeoplemaycertainlythinkbadlyofusC.don’twanttolearnanythingvaluableinotherculturesD.trytofindthereasonforthedifferences3.Theunderlinedword“celebrate”heremostprobablymeans___________.A.tofeelproudofB.toexpressthankstoC.tounderstandandenjoy D.topayattentionto4.Theauthorbelievesthat_____________.A.somepeopleareactuallykindthoughtheysometimesdosomethingbadB.onepersoncannotstandfortherealcultureheisinC.somepeoplereallyhavenothingtodowiththeircultureD.ifyoujudgesomeonebadhewilldothesametoyou5.Bysaying“…thenyoucanhelpmakethingseasier.”theauthormeansyouwill_________.A.makemorefriendsB.knowmoreabouttheworldC.havemorefuninlifeD.findlessdifferencebetweenyouandothers[答案與解析]1．B主旨考查題。本文第一段總起提出面對文化差異人們所產(chǎn)生的錯誤認(rèn)識的問題，然后就此提出解決建議。讀完全文即可知其中心。2．A作者態(tài)度猜測題。作者在第四段建議我們要findcommonground，可見他認(rèn)為不能做到這一點(diǎn)是人們的錯誤所在。3．C詞義猜測題。celebrate通常的意義是“慶祝”，但這里應(yīng)是“贊賞”之意。celebratevariety意即要把文化的差異看作是一件好事。4．B作者觀點(diǎn)推測題。第二段和第五段對此進(jìn)行了反復(fù)的論述。5．D作者觀點(diǎn)推測題。從作者的總體論述中不難看出，他的觀點(diǎn)是“只要我們能換位思維，有文化包容心理，那么一切事情都好辦”，換言之，“你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)異種文化間無所謂有什么差別了。”敘述文例3（2022湖北高考）AtonetimenoonecouldtravelonanEnglishroadfasterthanfourmilesanhour.Thatwasthelawuntil1896.Amanhadtowalkinfrontofacarwhichcouldnotgofasterthantheman.Atnightthemanhadtocarryaredlamp. OnceCharlesRollsbroughtacarfromFrancetoEngland,buthewantedtodrivefasterthanfourmilesanhour.Inordertohavenotroublewiththepolice,hehadatalkwithsomeofthepoliceofficers,whoorderedtheirpolicementolooktheotherwaywhenthecarcamealongtheroad.Thiswasagoodplaninthecountry,butnotsoeasytofollowinthebusystreetsofLondon. OnenightRollsandsomefriendsstartedfromLondonontheirjourneytoCambridge.Oneofthemenwalkedinfrontwiththeredlamp,buthewalkedasfastashecould.Thepolicebecameveryinterestedinwallsandshop-frontswhentheyheardthecar,andnotoneofthemsawit. Theyreachedahill;butwhatawasteoftimeitwastodrivedownthehillatfourmilesanhour!Rollswasgettingreadytojumpintothecar;butthenhenoticedapolicemanwhowasn