2022-2023年福建省莆田市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題一卷(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Themostprobablecauseofdepressionisthatitisanimbalancein______.

2.

Coke'sadvertisingonceshowedayoungmandrawingaglassofCokefromoneofthecrockeryurnsthenusedto______.

3.

Theharmtheelectromagneticradiationdoestopeople'shealthisasgreatasorevengreaterthanthatcigarettesmokingdoes.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

Bymanipulating_________________inthecountry,theFedcaninfluencetheeconomyinapositiveornegativeway.

5.

Roboticsisatechnology______.

6.

Thecellphoneindustrysaysthatfuturecellphonescanprovide___________________basedonitsabilitytodetectitsexactlocationanywhereintheworld.

7.

Studieshaveshownthat______aretheNo.1reasonfordivorceforsomecouples.

8.AccordingtothefiguresreleasedbyOfcom,whichofthefollowingcurrentlyposesthegreatestthreattotheBBC?

A.TheBBC'sterrestrialcompetitors

B.TheInternet

C.Themulti-channelservicesincludingdigitalchannels,BBC3andBBC4.

D.Newspapersandmagazines.

9.

WhenMoss-Tuckerbegansnoring,shewasabout______.

A.56yearsoldB.46yearsoldC.36yearsoldD.26yearsold

10.Thereisnodoubtthatenvironmentalregulation

A.iscumbersome

B.producesaneffect

C.varieswildly

D.needstobestreamlined

11.

Whenyougotoabooksiteandfindanobscurebookthatyouneverwouldhavefoundinaphysicalbookstore,thatisa______.

12.

Theauthorsaysthatforegoingacollegeeducationisoftennotawisechoicebecause______ofthe50highestpayingjobsrequireafour-yearcollegedegreeexceptforairtrafficcontrollersandnuclearpowerreactoroperators.

13.

Dihydrogenmonoxidecanacceleratecorrosionandrusting,andcauseseverburnsandevendeathfrominhalation.

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

Doctorsrecommendedtheuseofhormonereplacementtherapies.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.Thepassageismainlyaboutwhyandhowtoplantmoretreestomakeuniversitiesbecomegreen.

16.MoreandmoreJapaneseshopkeepersencourageusingelectroniccashby______.

17.InstantExpert:MentalHealth

Whentheheartbreaksdown,itbeatsirregularlyornotatall.Abonecanchiporsnap.Butwhenthecomplexnetworkofneuronsinourbrainfailstofunctionnormally,theresultcanbeanear-endlessvarietyandcombinationsofmentalillnesses.

It'snormaltosometimesbesad,happy,anxious,confused,forgetfulorfearful,butwhenaperson'semotions,thoughtsorbehavior.frequentlytroublethem,ordisrupttheirlives,theymaybesufferingfrommentalillness.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),about450millionpeopleworldwideareaffectedbymental,neurologicalorbehavioralproblemsatanytime.

However,determiningthatsomeonehasamentalillness,andwhichone,isoneofthechallengespsychiatristsface.Oneefforttocataloguetheseafflictionsisthe"psychiatrists'bible",theDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders--thelatesteditionfillsnearlyonethousandpagesandlistsover400disorders.

Diversityofdisorders

Amongthebestknownandmostcommonmentalillnessesisdepression-aprolonged,weakeningsad-ness,sometimesaccompaniedbyafeelingofhopelessnessandthoughtsofsuicide.Seasonalaffectivedisorderisatypeofdepressionthataffectssomepeopleintheautumnandwinterandistriggeredbythedisappearinghoursofdaylightandcoldertemperatures.Inbipolardisorder(雙極性障礙),apersonchangesfromdepressiontoepisodesofexcessiveenthusiasmwheretheyareunrealisticallyconfidentintheirabilities.

Personalitydisordersarebehavior.patternsthataredestructivetothepersonthemselvesorthosearoundthem.Indissociativedisorders,someoneexperiencesasuddenchangeinconsciousnessortheirconceptofself.Indissociativeamnesia,forexample,theresultisalossofpartoralloftheirmemories.Samson,theBiblicalstrongman,mayhavesufferedfromtheearliestrecordedcaseofantisocialpersonalitydisorder.

Anxietydisordersarecharacterizedbypowerfulfeelingsofstressandphysicalsignsoffear-sweating,aracingheart-duetosomecueintheenvironment,orfornoobviousreasonatall.Theseincludepost-traumatic(創(chuàng)傷后的)stressdisorder,panicdisorder,obsessivecompulsivedisorder,angerdisorders,hypochondria,socialphobia,andotherphobiasincludingagoraphobia(openspaces),claustrophobia(smallspaces),acrophobia(heights),andarachnophobia(spiders).

Attention-deficithyperactivitydisorderisamongthemostcommonmentalillnessesdiagnosedinchildren,affectingtheirabilitytofocusandassociatedwithhighlevelsofactivityandimpulsiveness.

Eatingdisordersinvolveanunhealthyrelationshiptofood.Asuffererofanorexianervosa(神經(jīng)性厭食癥)willstriveforthinnesstothepointofstarvation,duetoadistortedperceptionoftheirbodiesanddissatisfactionintheirsenseofcontrol.Theyengageincyclesofgorging(feedgreedily)themselvesandthenpurgingthroughvomitingortheuseofsomedrugs.Muscledysmorphiaissometimesthoughtofasa"reverse"form.ofanorexiathataffectsbodybuilders.Sufferersconstantlyworrythattheyaretooweakdespitebeingextremelystrong.

Enormouscost

Mentalillnessesarequitecommon.Asmanyasoneinfivepeoplearethoughttosufferfrommentalillness,atleasttemporarily,eachyear.Suicide--oftentheresultofuntreatedmentalillness--claims873000livesaroundtheworldeachyear.Theeconomiccostsoftheseconditionsarealsoenormousandgrowing.AccordingtotheWHO,depressionisexpectedtoaccountformorelostyearsofhealthylifethananyotherdiseaseby2030,exceptforHIV/AIDS.

Evenso,thementallyillfacedisgraceanddiscrimination.Studiesfindpeoplearereluctanttoadmittheyhaveatmentalillness,toseekhelp,ortostickwithtreatment.Othersareeagertorejectthelabelofamental

A.irregularityofheart

B.snappedbones

C.themalfunctionoftheneuralnetworkinbrain

D.themalfunctionofthebrain

18.

Theinformationsystemismadeupof______.

19.

Withtherapidadoptionofinformationandcommunicationtechnologycomestheproblemof______,whichisglobal.

20.

Bothnaturalgasandgasolineare__________andthusneithercanbeconsideredrenewable.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽(tīng)力原文：WhenJohnWilton,writerofParadiseLost,enteredCambridgeUniversityin1695,hewasalreadyskilledinLatinaftersevenyearsofstudyingitashissecondlanguageatSt.Paul'sschool,London.LikeallEnglishboyswhopreparedforcollegeingrammarschool,hehadlearnednotonlytoreadLatinbutalsotospeakandwriteitfluentlyandcorrectly.HispronunciationofLatinwasEnglish,however,andseemedtohavesoundedstrangetohisfriendswhenhelatervisitedItaly.

SchoolboysgainedtheirskillinLatinthehardway.Theymemorizedrulestomakelearningbyhearteasier,TheyfirstmadeawordforwordtranslationandthenanidiomatictranslationintoEnglish.Astheyincreasedtheirskill,theytranslatedtheirEnglishbackintoLatinwithoutreferringtothebookandtheycomparedtheirtranslationwiththeoriginal.Theschoolmasterwasalwaysathandtoencouragethem.AllschoolmastersbelievedLatinshouldbebeatenin.Afterseveralyearsofstudy,theboysbegantowritecompositionsinimitationoftheLatinwriterstheyread.AndastheybegantoreadLatinpoems,theybegantowritepoemsinLatin.

BecauseMiltonwasalreadyapoetatten,hispoemsweremuchbetterthanthosepainfullyputtogetherbyotherboysDuringthesevenyearsMiltonspentattheuniversity,hemadeconstantuseofhiscommandofLatin.HewrotesomeexcellentLatinpoemswhichhepublishedamonghisworksin1645.

(27)

A.HowJohnMiltonWroteParadiseLost.

B.HowJohnMiltonBecameaPoet.

C.HowJohnMiltonStudiedLatin.

D.HowJohnMiltonBecameFamous.

22.(17)

A.Jackhasmadeotherswaitbefore.

B.JackhasoftenhadtowaitforShelly.

C.Jackenjoysplayingtrickswithothers.

D.Jackdoesn'tusuallymakepeoplewait.

23.

【B11】

24.(45)

25.聽(tīng)力原文：TheterribledestructionoftheWorldTradeCenter,onSeptember11th2001,hasunitedtheStatesinawaythattheyhavenotknownformanyyears.Ithasalsounitedmostoftheworld.Wewillneverforgetwhathappenedonthatdayoftenor.

Twoplanes,carryingpassengersandcrew,werehijackedbyterroristsandflownintothetwotowersoftheWorldTradeCenter,whichlatercollapsed.

Twootherplaneswerealsohijacked.OnewasthrownagainstthePentagon;intheother,heroicpassengersfoughttheterrorists,makingtheplanecrashinaforestinPennsylvaniaThatresistanceprobablysavedhundredsoflives.

Inall,over5000people--fromover60differentcountries--diedinNewYorkorinWashington:amongthemtherewereover200peoplefromtheemergencyservices,thepoliceandtheNewYorkFireDepartment.

Whilefrightenedworkerspoureddownstairstoescapefromthetwoburningtowers,emergencyworkersweregoingupstairs,climbingtowardsthedeathanddestructionabovethem;theywereclimbingtotheirowndeaths.Othersremainedbelow,toreceivethecasualtiesastheywerebroughtdown.Theytoodiedwhenthe104storiesofthemassivebuildingsabovethemcollapsedinafuryofdustandsmokeandmasonry.

"TheywerethebravestmenI'veeverseen,"saidamanwhoescapedfromthetoweringinfernooftheworldTradeCenter.

AllovertheUSA,peopleofferedtheirbloodtohelptheinjured;butinfacttherewasnotalotofneedforblood.Whenthemassivebuildingscollapsed,mostpeoplediedinstantly.Onlyafewinjuredpeoplewerebroughtoutfromthedebris.

ThedisasterunitedAmericansingrief,becausealmosteveryAmericanfeltpersonallyattacked.Thefanaticalmurdererswhoplannedthisattack,andcarrieditout,thoughtthattheywouldmakeAmericaweaker;infact,theyhavemadeitstronger.Almostthewholeworldhasbeenunitedinhorrorandsympathy.

(30)

A.2B.3C.4D.5

26.

【B7】

27.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Whenyouhaveadogitisnecessarytocareforitverycarefully.Inreturn,youwillbelovedbyyourdog;themostimportantpartofdog-careis【B1】______.Notonlydoeshavetobekeptclean,his【B2】______shouldalsobeclean,thebedhesleepsincanbemadewithanythinglikearugoradogmattress,aslongasitiskeptcleanandputinaplacewheretherearenodrafts.【B3】______feedingisalsoimportanttoyourdog'shealth.Heavyaluminum【B4】______pansarebestsincetheycannot【B5】______orbreak.Adogshouldbefedinthesameplaceandonaregular【B6】______.Duringfeedingtimeitshouldbe【B7】______.Ifyourdogrefusestoeat,don't【B8】______him.Removehisfoodanddon'tfeedhimagainuntilhisnextregularfeeding【B9】______Ifhedoesnoteatoveralongperiodoftime,yourdogshouldbetakentoaveterinarian.Anotherimportantthingistokeepfreshwateravailabletothedogduringhotweather.【B10】______.Vigorousexercisehelpsbuildstrengthandkeepsthedoghealthy.【B11】______.Largedogs,though,requirearuninanopenfield.Thereareotherthingsthatarealsoimportantforadog'shealth-thingslikebathing,careofteethandnails,keepingthemawayfrominsectsasmuchaspossible.Itisalsonecessarytoprovidespecialcarewhiletraveling.Butifyouobservethethreemainpointsmentionedabove,yourdogwillgiveyouagreatamountofpleasure.

【B1】

28.聽(tīng)力原文：TheyoungexecutiveweavingthroughthetrafficinhisBMW,onehandonthesteeringwheel,theotherholdingatelephone,hasbecomeafamiliarsightonourcitystreets.Itdoesn'tlooksafeanditisn't.Itisnotjustthattheserousdiscussionheishavingisdistracting.Thereisalsothetangledcablebythegearleverandthefactthathe'sonlygotonehandfreeifsomeonesuddenlystepsoffthekerb.

CarphonehavebeenavailableinBritainsince1959buthaveonlybecomecommonsinceJanuary1985whentwo"cellular"systemswereintroduced.Thesearelicensedbythegovernmentandtakeadvantageofnewtechnologyandultra-highradiofrequencies.About2500subscriberswereexpectedinthefirstyearsofoperationbuttheactualfigurefor1985wasmorethandoublethat.Itisestimatedthat75000cellularphonesweretheninuse,andtherewerewellover100000bytheendof1986.

TheHighwayCodehasbeenrewrittentoincludeawarningthatdrivershouldnotusehand-heldtelephonewhenthecarismoving,becausethedriversmayconcentratemoreonthephone-workthantheroadahead.Authoritywarnsthatthosewhodriveandtalkintoatelephonewillbeprosecuted.

(30)

A.Talkingtoanotherpersonwhiledriving.

B.Holdingatelephoneinonehandwhiledriving.

C.Notkeepingbothhandsonthesteeringwheelwhiledriving.

D.Drivingwithoutanyshoeson.

29.(19)

A.AskDr.Smithtocallthelibrary.

B.AskDr.Smithtoalterhisdecision.

C.GetDr.Smith'swrittenpermission.

D.GetthebookdirectlyfromDr.Smith.

30.【B5】

31.(31)

A.Theyhavegreatpower.

B.Theyhaveverydiversifiedresponsibilities.

C.Theyareverymodernandefficient.

D.Theyaresosmart.

32.(29)

A.Castles’structureandtheeatinghabitinthem.

B.Castles'structureandthepeoplewholivedinthem.

C.Castles'structureandthelifeinthem.

D.Whypeoplebuiltcastlesandtheirstructure.

33.(32)

A.Directthebuildingworkonthebridge.

B.Leadthebuildersofthebridgeinahospital.

C.Directtheconstructionofthebridgebyradio.

D.Givehisdirectionstotheworkersfromaflatnearby.

34.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽(tīng)力原文：W:Ineedsomeaspirin,please,andI'dalsoliketogetthisprescriptionfilled.

M:Fine.Here'syouraspirin.Ihavetheprescriptionforyouinabouttenminutesifyouwanttowait.

Q:Wheredidthisconversationmostprobablytakeplace?

(12)

A.Atadrugstore.

B.Atahospital.

C.Atadoctor'soffice.

D.Atadentist'soffice.

35.(35)

A.Headache.B.Fear.C.Depression.D.Homesickness.

36.(24)

A.Tosuggestchangesinthetuitionfees.

B.Toimprovethestudyskillsofuniversitystudents.

C.Togivepeopletheopportunitytospeakwithapolitician.

D.Todiscussgraduationrequirementsforpoliticalsciencemajors.

37.(28)

A.In1873.B.In1875.C.In1893.D.Between1900and1934.

38.聽(tīng)力原文：M:Hey,Jane!What'ssointeresting?

W:What?Oh,hi,Tom!I'mreadingthisfascinatingarticleonthesocietiesoftheleeAgeduringthePleistoceneperiod.

M:TheIceAge?Thereweren'tanysocietiesthen—justahunchofcavepeople.

W:That'swhatpeopleusedtothink.ButanewexhibitattheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryshowsthatIceAgepeoplewheresurprisinglyadvanced.

M:Oh,really?Inwhatways?

W:Well,IceAgepeopleweretheinventorsoflanguage,art,andmusicasweknowit.Andtheydidn'tliveincaves;theybuilttheirownshelters.

M:Whatdidtheyusetobuildthem?Thecoldweatherwouldhavekilledoffmostofthetrees,sotheycouldn'thaveusedwood.

W:Insomeofthewarmerclimatestheydidbuildhousesofwood.Inotherplacestheyusedanimalbonesandskinsorlivedinnaturalstoneshelters.

M:Howdidtheystaywarm?Animal-skinwallsdon'tsoundverysturdy.

W:Well,itsaysherethatintheearlyIceAgetheyoftenfacedtheirhomestowardthesouthtotakeadvantageofthesun—aprimitivesortofsolarheating.

M:Hey,that'sprettysmart.

W:ThenpeopleinthelateIceAgeeveninsulatedtheirhomesbyputtingheatedcobblestonesonthefloor.

M:IguessIspoketoosoon.CanIreadthatmagazinearticleafteryou'redone?IthinkI'mgoingtotrytoimpressmyanthropologyteacherwithmyamazingknowledgeofIceAgecivilization.

W:Whatashow-off!

(20)

A.Theylivedincaves.

B.Theytraveledingroups.

C.Theyhadanadvancedlanguage.

D.Theyatemostlyfruit.

39.聽(tīng)力原文：Theworld'sfirstcompletelyautomaticrailwayhasbeenbuiltunderthebusystreetsofLondon.TherailwayiscalledtheVictoriaLine,anditispartofthecompleteLondonundergroundrailway.

ThenewVictoriaLinewasopenedin1969．Thisnewlinewasverydifferentfromtheothers.Thestationsontheotherlinesneedalotofworkerstoselltickets,andtocheckandtocollectthemwhenpeopleleavethetrains.ThisisalldifferentontheVictoriaLine.Hereamachinechecksandcollectsthetickets,andtherearenoworkersontheplatforms.

Onthetrain,thereisonlyoneworker.Ifnecessary,thismancandrivethetrain.Butusuallyhejuststartsit;itrunsandstopsbyitself.Thetrainsarecontrolledbyelectricalsignalswhicharesentbytheso-called"commandspots".

Thecommandspotsarethesamedistanceapart.Eachsendsacertainsignal.Thetrainalwaysmovesatthespeedthatthecommandspotsallow.Ifthecommandspotsendsnosignals,thetrainwillstop.

Mostofthecontrolworkisdonebycomputers.Thecomputersalsofixthetrain'sspeeds,andsendthesignalstothecommandspots.

Othermachinesmakesurethatthetrainsarealwaysasafedistanceapart.Onetrainmaystaytoolongatastation;theothertrainswillthenautomaticallymoveslower.Sothereisnodangerofaccidentsontheline.

(30)

A.Workersontheplatformsandtrainswerereplacedbymachines.

B.Acompletelyautomaticlinewasaddedtoitsnetwork.

C.Itbecamethefirstcompletelyautomaticrailwayintheworld.

D.Itstrainsbecamemanual-controlled.

40.(21)

A.Hewantstogetaraceroratouringbike.

B.Hewantstouseittogotraveling.

C.Hewantstouseittogethimbackandforthfromwork.

D.Hewantstouseittodosomeexercises.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.Ifpollutioncontinuestoincreaseatthepresentrate,formationofaerosols(懸浮微粒)intheatmospherewillcausetheonset(開(kāi)始)ofaniceageinaboutfiftyyears'time.Thisconclusion,reachedbyDr.S.RasoolandDr.H.SchneideroftheUnitedStatesGoddardSpaceFlightCentre,answerstheapparentlyconflictingquestionsofwhetheranincreaseinthecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmospherewillcausetheEarthtowarmuporincreasingtheaerosolcontentwillcauseittocooldown.TheAmericanshaveshownconclusivelythattheaerosolquestionisdominant.

Twospectershauntingconservationistshavebeentheprospectthatenvironmentalpollutionmightleadtotheplanet'sbecomingunbearablyhotorcold.Oneoftheseghostshasnowbeenlaid,becauseitseemsthatevenanincreaseintheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospheretoeighttimesitspresentvaluewillproduceanincreaseintemperatureofonly2℃.whichwouldtakeplaceoverseveralthousandyears.Buttheotherproblemnowloomslargerthanever.

Aerosolsarecollectionsofsmallliquidorsolidparticlesdispersedinairorsomeothermedium.Theparticlesareallsotinythateachiscomposedofonlyafewhundredatoms.Becauseofthistheycanfloatintheairforaverylongtime.PerhapsthemostcommonlyexperiencedaerosolisindustrialsmogofthekindthatplaguedLondoninthe1950sandisanevengreaterprobleminLosAngelestoday.ThesecollectionsofaerosolsreflecttheSun'sheatandtherebycausetheEarthtocool.

Dr.RasoolandDr.SchneiderhavecalculatedtheexacteffectofadustaerosollayerjustabovetheEarth'ssurfaceinthetemperatureoftheplanet.Asthelayerbuildsup,thepresentdelicatebalancebetweentheamountofheatabsorbedfromtheSunandtheamountradiatedfromtheEarthisdisturbed.TheaerosollayernotonlyreflectsmuchoftheSun'slightbutalsotransmitstheinfraredradiationfrombelow.So,whiletheheatinputtothesurfacedrops,thelossofheatremainshighuntiltheplanetcoolstoanewbalancedstate.

Withinfiftyyears,ifnostepsaretakentostopthespreadofaerosolsintheatmosphere,acoolingoftheEarthbyasmuchas3.5℃seemsinevitable.Ifthatlastsforonlyafewyearsitwouldstartanothericeage,andbecausethegrowingicecapsateachpolewouldthemselvesreflectmuchoftheSun'sradiationitwouldprobablycontinuetodevelopeveniftheaerosollayerweredestroyed.

TheonlybrightspotinthisgloomyforecastliesinthehopeexpressedbyDr.RasoolandDr.Schneiderthatnuclearpowermayreplacefossilfuelsintimetopreventtheaerosolcontentoftheatmospherefrombecomingcritical.

Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthearticleistowarnof______.

A.warmweatherB.hotweatherC.anewiceageD.anewiceberg

42.

FromthepassageweknowthatthesecuritymeasurestakenbyMetroare______.

A.inthewakeoftheMadridbombblasts

B.notvisibletothepassengersorpassers-by

C.extensiveinitscoverageofpublicareas

D.variousrangingfromtheuseofdogstotheaccesstoFBI

43.

Inthemass-productionphilosophy,workersareusuallytrainedto______.

44.FreshwaterlifeitselfhasnevercomeeasyintheMiddleEast.EversinceTheOldTestament(舊約全書(shū)),Godpunishedmanwith40daysand40nightsofrain.Watersuppliesherehavebeendwindling.Therainfallonlycomesinwinteranddrainsquicklythroughthesemiaridland,leavingthesoiltobakeandtothirstfornextNovember.

Theregion'sacceleratingpopulation,expandingagriculture,industrialization,andhigherlivingstandardsdemandmorefreshwater.Droughtandpollutionlimititsavailability.Warandmismanagementwasteit.SaidJoyceStartoftheGlobalWaterSummitInitiative,basedinWashington,D.C."NationslikeIsraelandJordanareswiftlyslidingintothatzonewheretheyaresuingallthewaterresourcesavailabletothem.Theyhaveonly15to20yearsleftbeforetheiragriculture,andultimatelytheirfoodsecurity,isthreatened."

Icameheretoexaminethiscrisisinthemaking,toinvestigatefearsthat"waterwars"areimminent,thatwaterhasreplacedoilastheregion'smostcontentiouscommodity.FormorethantwomonthsItraveledthroughthreerivervalleysandsevennations—fromsouthernTurkeydowntheEuphratesRivertoSyria,Iraq,andontoKuwait;toIsraelandJordan,neighborsacrossthevalleyoftheJordan;tothetimelessEgyptianNile.

Evenamidthescarcitytherearehavesandhave-nots.ComparedwiththeUnitedStates,whichin1990hadfreshwaterpotentialof10,000cubicmeters(2.6milliongallons)ayearforeachcitizen,Iraqhad5,500,Turkeyhad4,000,andSyriahadmorethan2,800.Egypt'spotentialwasonly1,100.Israelhad460.Jordanhadameager260.Butthesearenotfirmfigures,becauseupstreamuseofriverwatercandramaticallyalterthepotentialdownstream.

Scarcityisonlyoneelementofthecrisis.Inefficiencyisanother,asisthereluctanceofsomewater-poornationstochangeprioritiesfromagriculturetolesswater-intensiveenterprises.Someexpertssuggestthatifnationswouldsharebothwatertechnologyandresources,theycouldsatisfytheregion'spopulation,currently159million.Butinthispatchworkofethnicandreligiousrivalries,waterseldomstandsaloneasanissue.Itisentangledinthepoliticsthatkeeppeoplefromtrustingandseekinghelpfromoneanother.Here,wherewater,liketruth,isprecious,eachnationtendstofinditsownwaterandsupplyitsowntruth.

AsIsraelihydrologyprofessorUriShamirtoldme:"Ifthereispoliticalwillforpeace,waterwillnotbeahindrance.Ifyouwantreasonstofight,waterwillnotbeahindrance,lfyouwantreasonstofight,waterwillgiveyouampleopportunities."

Whydoestheauthorusethephrase"fornextNovember"(Line3,Para.1)?

A.AccordingtotheOldTestamentfreshwaterisavailableonlyinNovember.

B.RainfallcomesonlyinwinterstagingfromNovember.

C.RunningwatersystemswillnotbereadyuntilnextNovember.

D.ItisacustominthatregionthatirrigationtocropsisdoneonlyinNovember.

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeorfourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastersareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thus,amostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.

Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweather.mapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesWeatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstorms,floods,frosts,droughts,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twicea'monthitissuesa30-day"outlook"whichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswhichoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmasses,fronts,andstorms.

Considerableef