機械工程材料（雙語）復習資料詞匯（一）緒論introduction緒論properties性能materials材料structures組織，結構phase相substance物質internalstructure內部組織，內部結構conventionceramics傳統(tǒng)陶瓷finedceramics精細陶瓷engineeringmaterials 工程材料 polymer聚合物ceramic陶瓷composite復合材料ferrousmetal黑色金屬nonferrousmetal有色金屬alloy合金lightmetals輕金屬heavymetals重金屬noblemetals貴金屬metalloid 類金屬,半導體raremetals稀有金屬aluminum鋁magnesium鎂copper銅nickle鎳polymericmaterials 聚合材料，高分子材料molecular分子strength強度ductility 延展性conductor導體insulator絕緣體density密度1softening軟化decomposition分解overtime隨著時間的推移bronze青銅earth?scrust地殼第1章PropertiesofMaterials材料的性能chapter章mechanicalproperties機械性能plasticity塑性hardness硬度brinellhardness布氏硬度rockwellhardness 洛氏硬度vickershardness維氏硬度impacttoughness沖擊韌性fatigue[f?'ti?g]疲勞tensile['tensa?l]testing 拉伸試驗specimen試樣stress應力strain應變stress-straincurve應力-應變曲線mildsteel低碳鋼elasticdeformation彈性變形application應用hook?slaw胡克定律elasticmodulus彈性模量，楊氏模量plasticdeformation塑性變形yield 屈服yieldstrength屈服強度offset 偏移；平移offsetyieldstress 條件屈服應力2strainstrengthening 應變強化ultimatetensilestrength.抗拉強度brittle脆性percentelongation（δ）伸長率percentreductioninarea（ψ）斷面收縮率indenter硬度計壓頭impress壓痕tungsten鎢carbide碳化物fracture 斷裂ductile 延展性（塑性）transition 轉變ductile-to-brittletransition 韌脆轉變，韌性向脆性轉變fatiguestrength 疲勞強度stiffness剛度第2章CrystalStructuresofMetalsandcrystal金屬的晶體結構與結晶crystalstructures晶體結構defects缺陷imperfection缺陷crystal 晶體（結晶）crystalline solids 晶體amorphoussolids 非晶體long-rangeorder長程有序spacelattice 晶格（空間點陣）interstitialsolidsolution間隙固溶體substitutionalsolidsolution置換固溶體unitcells 晶胞latticeconstants 晶格常數(shù)coordinationnumber配位數(shù)3atomicpackingfactor(apf) 致密度（原子堆積因數(shù)）face-centeredcubic面心立方body-centeredcubic 體心立方hexagonalclose-packedcrystals密排六方晶體crystalorientation晶向crystallographicdirectionindices晶向指數(shù)coordinate坐標millerindices密勒指數(shù)（晶面指數(shù)）crystallographicplanes晶面crystallineimperfections晶體缺陷pointdefects 點缺陷linear defects 線缺陷planardefects 面缺陷vacancies空位interstitialatoms間隙原子dislocation 位錯edgedislocation刃型位錯freesurfaceincrystal晶體表面grainboundariesofcrystals晶界surfacetension表面張力metallurgy冶金（學）rare-earthmetals稀土金屬precipitation析出（沉淀）heattreatment熱處理substance物質ferriticsteels 鐵素體鋼crystalstructures 晶體結構categorize 分類atom 原子4第3章PhaseEquilibriumandPhaseDiagrams相平衡和相圖solidification 凝固phasediagram相圖theiron-ironcarbide(fe-fe3c)phasediagram鐵—滲碳體相圖supercooling過冷supercoolingdegree過冷度homogeneousnucleation均質形核（自發(fā)形核）heterogeneousnucleation非均質形核（異質形核）criticalsize臨界尺寸nucleus晶核embryo晶坯grain 晶粒polycrystalline多晶體allotropy同素異晶criticalpoint臨界點liquidus液相線solidus固相線binaryisomorphousdiagram二元勻晶相圖coolingcurve 冷卻曲線equiaxedgrains等軸晶columnargrains 柱狀晶ferrite 鐵素體austenite奧氏體cementite滲碳體equilibriumdiagram平衡相圖pureiron純鐵eutectoidsteel共析鋼hypoeutectoidsteel亞共析鋼hypereutectoidsteel過共析鋼5pearlite珠光體ledeburite高溫萊氏體transformedledeburite 變態(tài)萊氏體，低溫萊氏體liquidusline液相線solidusline固相線peritecticline包晶線eutectoidline共析線carbonsteels碳鋼castiron鑄鐵hypoeutecticcastirons亞共晶白口鑄鐵eutecticcastiron共晶白口鑄鐵hypereutecticcastirons過共晶白口鑄鐵surfacefinegrainzone表面細晶區(qū)chillzone激冷區(qū)equiaxedgrains等軸晶columnarzone柱狀晶區(qū)columnargrains柱狀晶centralequiaxedzone中心等軸晶區(qū)castingot鑄錠第4章PlasticDeformationandRecrystallizationofMetals金屬的塑性變形與再結晶plasticdeformation塑性變形recrystallization再結晶recovery回復deformation變形plasticdeformation塑性變形slip滑移twinning孿生slipplane滑移面6shearband剪切帶slipsystem滑移系closepackedplane密排面closepackeddirection密排方向fine-grainstrengthening細晶強化rolling軋制deformationtexture變形織構preferredorientations擇優(yōu)取向stress-reliefannealing去應力退火coldworking冷加工hotworking熱加工flowlines軋制流線、鍛造流線、流紋nonmetalinclusion非金屬夾雜物第5章HeatTreatmentofPlain-Carbonsteel碳鋼的熱處理isothermal等溫的continuous-coolingtransformation連續(xù)冷卻轉變annealing退火normalizing 正火quenching淬火tempering回火heattreatment熱處理overallheattreatment整體熱處理surfaceheattreatment表面熱處理surfacequench表面淬火flamequench火焰淬火sensingquench感應淬火chemicalheattreatment化學熱處理cementation滲碳nitriding滲氮7nitrocarburizing碳氮共滲luminium鋁chromium[,kr?umi?m]鉻,molybdenum[m??libdin?m]鉬,vanadium[v?,neidi?m]釩tungsten 鎢.low-alloysteels低合金鋼austenitizing[‘?:st?n??taizi?] 奧氏體化supercooledaustenite過冷奧氏體isothermaltransformationdiagram(it)等溫轉變曲線pearlite珠光體sorbite[,s?:bait] 索氏體troostite[’tru:stait] 托氏體bainite[’beinait] 貝氏體upperbainite 上貝氏體lowerbainite 下貝氏體continuous-coolingtransformation連續(xù)冷卻轉變cctdiagram連續(xù)冷卻曲線tttdiagram等溫冷卻曲線martensite馬氏體secondarytroostite 回火托氏體（二次托氏體氏體）solidsolution固溶體solute溶質solvent溶劑melting-point熔點interstitialsolidsolution間隙固溶體diffusion擴散vacancies空位interstitialatoms間隙原子8sub-grainboundary亞晶界binaryalloy二元合金grainrefiment晶粒細化solidus固相線solvus固溶線StressReliefAnneal去應力退火第7章CastIrons鑄鐵whitecastiron白口鑄鐵graycastiron灰口鑄鐵DuctileCastIrons球墨鑄鐵Malleableiron可鍛鑄鐵blackheartcastirons黑心鑄鐵carbonsteel碳素鋼mildsteel低碳鋼mediumcarbonsteel中碳鋼sulphor硫phosphor磷第8章NonferrousMetalMaterial有色金屬材料nonferrousmetalmaterial有色金屬wroughtalloys形變合金castalloys鑄造合金sandcasting砂型鑄造permanent-moldcasting金屬型鑄造diecasting壓力鑄造precipitationstrengthening(hardening)析出強化，沉淀強化naturalaging自然時效artificialaging人工時效92.Multiplechoice（單項選擇）1.Theratioofstresstostrain,σ/ε,inthelinearelasticregioniscalled a .(a)Young?sModulus (b)tensilestrength (c)hardness (d)elasticAtomicarrangementsincrystallinesolidscanhedescribedbyreferringtheatomstothepointsofintersectionofanetworkoflinesinthreedimensions.Suchanetworkiscalled b .(a)Young?sModulus(b)SpaceLattice (c)UnitCells (d) LatticeConstants3.Anatomliesateachcornerofthecubeandoneinthecenter.Thisisthea .body-centeredcubicstructure(b)face-centeredcubicstructureHexagonalClose-PackedCrystalsThisstructurehasanatomateachcornerplusanadditionatomatthecenterofeachface.Thisis b .body-centeredcubicstructure(b)face-centeredcubicstructureHexagonalClose-PackedCrystalsTherearesixatomsatthecornersofthetopandbottomplanes,eachsharedbysixunitcells;oneatominthecenteroftheupperandlowerbasalplanes,eachsharedbytwocells.Thisisthe c .body-centeredcubicstructure(b)face-centeredcubicstructureHexagonalClose-PackedCrystals6.The a arethevectorcomponentsofthedirectionresolvedalongeachofthecoordinateaxesandreducedtothesmallestintegers.(a)crystallographicdirectionindices (b)LatticeConstantsSpaceLattice（d）surfacetensionAcertainpositions,therearemissingatoms(anormallyoccupiedpositionisvacant)whileinotherplacesatomsarein “wrong”positions(atomsarelocatedinnormallyunoccupiedpositions).Theformerarecalled b andthelatteraretermed a .(a)interstitials (b)vacancies (c)dislocation (d)imperfection10Whyarefreesurfaceconsideredtobedefects?Surfaceatomshavefewernearestneighbors,andthereforehigherenergy,thanatomsinsidethecrystal.Theextraenergyassociatedwiththefreesurfaceiscalled d(a)interstitials (b)grainboundary (c)dislocation (d)surfacetension9.Mosttechniquesfortheproductionofcrystallinematerialsresultintheformationoflargenumbersofsmall,randomlyorientedcrystals,called b .Theboundarybetweenadjacentcrystalsiscalleda c(a)phase (b)grain (c)grainboundary (d)phaseboundarycinaliquidmeltoccurswhenthemetalitselfprovidestheatomsneededtoformanuclei.(a)phaseboundary(b)nucleation(c)homogeneousnucleation(d)phaseboundary11.Solidifiedmetalcontainingmanycrystalsissaidtobea,.(a)polycrystalline(b)polymer(c)grain(d)grainboundary12.Ifthenucleationandgrowthconditionsintheliquidmetalduringsolidificationaresuchthatthecrystalscangrowaboutequallyinalldirections,bwillbeproduced.(a)columnargrains(b)equiaxedgrains(c)grain(d)grainboundary13.Theeutectoidmixtureoffineplate-likelamellarmixtureofferriteandcementiteiscalledb.(a)cementite(b)pearlite(c)ledeburite(d)austenite14.Theeutecticmixtureofausteniteandcementiteiscalledd.(a)cementite(b)pearlite(c)ferrite(d)ledeburiteIntheFe-Fe3Csystem,thereisaeutectoidpointatapproximately0.77wt%C,727°C.Thephasejustabovetheeutectoidtemperatureforplaincarbonsteelsisknownas d .(a)cementite (b)pearlite (c)ledeburite (d)austenite16.Whenasufficientloadisappliedtoametalorotherstructuralmaterial,itwillcausethematerialtochangeshape.Thischangeinshapeiscalled b .(a)slip (b)deformation (c)twinning (d)plasticdeformation1117.Whenthestressissufficienttopermanentlydeformthemetal,it iscalledd .(a)slip (b)deformation (c)twinning (d)plasticdeformation18．Processwhichanmetalmaterialisheatedtoasuitabletemperatureandheldatthistemperatureforasufficientlengthoftime,finallycooledinaparticularmannertoalteritsinternalstructureforobtainingdesireddegreeofphysicalandmechanicalproperties.Itiscalled bquenching(b)heattreatment(c)Continuous-CoolingTransformationIsothermalTransformationIfasampleofa0.8%plaincarbonsteelisheatedtoabout750℃andheldforasufficienttime,itsstructurewillbecomehomogeneousaustenite.Thisprocessiscalledd.(a)quenching(b)heattreatment(c)Annealing(d)austenitizing20.Thereheatingtreatmentthatsoftensacold-workedmetaliscalledb(a)quenching(b)Annealing(c)Normalizing(d)Tempering21.Cisaheattreatmentinwhichthesteelisheatedintheausteniticregionandthencooledinstillair.(a)quenching(b)annealing(c)normalizing(d)temperingDistheprocessbelowtheeutectoidtransformationofheatingamartensiticsteeltemperaturetomakeitsofterandmoreductile.(a)quenching(b)Annealing(c)Normalizing(d)Tempering23.Agingthealloyatroomtemperatureiscalleda.a)naturalagingb)artificialaging24.Agingatelevatedtemperaturesiscalledb.a)naturalagingb)artificialaging短句翻譯Solidsmaybecategorizedbroadlyintocrystallineandamorphoussolids.12Theformationofstablenucleiinthemelt(nucleation)ThegrowthofnucleiintocrystalsTheformationofagrainstructure5. Thesolidificationofmetalsandalloysisanimportantindustrialprocesssincemostmetalsaremeltedandthencastintoasemifinishedorfinishedshape.Columnargrainsarelong,thin,coarsegrainscreatedwhenametalsolidifiesratherslowlyinthepresenceofasteeptemperaturegradient.7.Ferriteistheinterstitialsolidsolutionofcarboninαiron.8.Austeniteistheinterstitialsolidsolutionofcarboniniron.γPlasticdeformationisduetothemotionofalargenumberofdislocations.Dislocationsallowdeformationatmuchlowerstressthaninaperfectcrystal.Eachheattreatmentprocessneedsheating,preservingandcooling.Theheatingspeed,highestheatingtemperature,preservingtimeandcoolingspeedarethefourfactorsofheattreatmentprocess.Flamehardeningconsistsofhardeningthesurfaceofthecomponentbyheatingitabovethetransformationtemperatureusingahightemperatureflameorhighvelocitycombustionproductsandthenquenchingitinwateroroil.Plain-carbonsteelshavelowcorrosionandoxidationresistance.Medium-carbonplain-carbonsteelsmustbequenchedrapidlytoobtainafullymartensiticstructure.Plain-carbonsteelshavepoorimpactresistanceatlowtemperatures.17. Inthisbooklow-alloysteelscontainingfromabout1to4percentofalloyingelementswillbeconsideredalloysteels.Thewayinwhichalloyelementsdistributethemselvesincarbonsteelsdependsprimarilyonthecompound-andcarbide-formingtendenciesofeachelement.Thecarbide-formingelementssuchastungsten,molybdenum,andtitaniumraisetheeutectoidtemperatureoftheFe-Fe3Cphasediagramtohighervaluesandreducetheausteniticphasefield.Theseelementsarecalledferrite-stabilizingelements.13Castironshaveoftensignificantamountsofsilicon,aswellassmalleramountsofotherelements.Therangeofcarboncontentgivescastironsahighfluidity.Alsothematerialswhensolidifyingshownosignificantvolumecontraction.However,ifthereisveryslowcooling,theCmisnotstableandgraphiteflakescanform.Moderateandslowcoolingratefavortheformationofgraphite.Thesolidificationratealsoaffectsthetypeofmatrixformedingraycastiron.Moderatecoolingratesfavortheformationofapearliticmatrix,whereasslowcoolingratesfavoraferriticmatrix.Graycastironisformedwhenthecarboninthealloyexceedstheamountthatcandissolveintheausteniteandprecipitatesasgraphiteflakes.Sincesiliconisagraphitestabilizingelementincastirons,arelativelyhighsiliconcontentisusedtopromotetheformationofgraphite.Castironshaverelativelylowimpactresistanceandductility,andthislimitstheiruseforsomeapplications.Thewideindustrialuseofcastironsisduemainlytotheircomparativelylowcostandversatileengineeringproperties.Annealingisusedwithgreycastirontoprovideoptimummachinabilityandremovestresses.30. Toproduceafullyferriticmatrixinagrayiron,theironisusuallyannealedtoallowthecarbonremaininginthematrixtodepositonthegraphiteflakes,leavingthematrixcompletelyferritic.Intheblackheartprocess,whiteironcastinginanon-oxidisingatmosphereto900℃andsoakedatthattemperaturefortwodaysormore.Inpermanent-moldcastingthemoltenmetalispouredintoapermanentmetalmoldundergravity,lowpressure,orcentrifugal([sen,trifjug?l]離心力)pressureonly.分析題14（1）根據(jù)Fe-Fe3C相圖，圖中可以分為若干單項區(qū)和雙向區(qū)，根據(jù)下面要求分別寫出相組成。（注：liquid為液相、austenite為奧氏體相、ferrite為鐵素體相、cementite為滲碳體區(qū)，直接用英語單詞表示出來，不能用符號表示，例如：liquid或liquid+ce