XX成人英語閱讀理解主旨大意題的解題技巧導(dǎo)語：主旨大意題是全局性的問題，也就是說只有讀完全文，了解文章的大意才能做。因此我們建議這類問題最好在做完這篇閱讀理解所有問題后再去做，因?yàn)槟阍谧鐾瓴糠中缘?、?xì)節(jié)識(shí)別性的問題后，自然會(huì)對(duì)文章大意有一定的了解。這時(shí)再去做主旨大意題，就可省去讀全文。Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?Withwhattopicisthepassageprimarilyconcerned?ThecentralideaconveyedintheabovepassageisthatWhichofthefollowingbestsumsupthepassage?ThemainideaofthispassageisThepassagetellsusWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpresses/summarizesthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?ThisarticleismainlyaboutThispassagedealsmainlywithWhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?Inthispassagetheauthor/writermainlyarguesthatThepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthearticleistoWhatdoestheauthorintendtoconveythroughthepassage?1.重要位置解題法任何一篇閱讀理解文章都有一個(gè)中心思想。盡管絕大多數(shù)閱讀理解文章是從一篇較長的文章中摘選下來的，但不管摘選一段還是幾段，不管摘選哪幾段，不管摘選長短，摘選下來的句子必須本身是自成一體的，是有中心思想的。一般說來，絕大多數(shù)文章的中心思想是用一個(gè)句子表達(dá)出來。其特點(diǎn)是概括性的。中心思想句到哪兒找?它在文章中的位置比擬有規(guī)律，一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭。例1Describinglearningasmeaningcenteredremindsusthatthemostfundamentalconcernofanylearneris"makingsense".Intherelationshipbetweenreaderandtext,then,themakingofmeaningisprimary.Todescribetheactivitiesofreadingandwriting,weprefertheword"transacting"which"designatesanongoingprocessinwhichtheelementsorpartsareseenasaspectsorphasesofatotalsituation."Atransactionalviewofreadingandwritingarguesthatwritersconstructtexts"throughtransactionswiththedevelopingtextandthemeaningbeingexpressed".Transformedintheprocessarethetextitselfandthewriter'swaysoforganizingknowledge.Duringreading,readersconstructtextsbytransactingwiththepageandindirectlywiththeauthor.Althoughreadingisgenerallyconsidereda"receptive"languageprocess,thisdoesnotmeanthattheprocessisessentiallypassive.Readersusedirectionsfromthepagetoconstructmeaningfromtheirownpriorknowledge;thereadermustreadbetweenandbeyondthelines.Likereading,theprocessofwritingisgenerativeofmeaning:wedonotsimplywritedownideasthatarefullyformedbeforeweputthemtopaper.Theactofposingitselfbringusideasandinsights.Asmeaning-makingprocesses,reading,writingandtalkingaredynamic;meaningsaredevelopedandchanged,discoveredandclarfied,duringtheactivitiesthemselves.Iserhasdescribedthisaspectofreadingas"settingtheworkinmotion"andsettingoneselfinmotiontoo.Clearlyinreadingandwritingthelearner'spriorknowledgeplaysanimportantrole.Therearemanytypesofknowledgeimportanttotheactsofreadingandwriting.Sinceallmeaningsaremadeinthecontextofpriormeanings,witheachpersonbringingauniquefundofpriorknowledgeandexperience,weshouldnotexpecteveryonetorespondtotextsinthesameway.Thepassageismainlyaboutreadingandwritinglearningasmeaning-centeredreadingthroughtransactionstheimportanceofpriorknowledge讀了第一句DescribinglearningasmeaningcenteredremindsUSthatthemostfun-damentalconcernofanylearneris"makingsense〃（把學(xué)習(xí)語言描寫成以意思為中心，因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)者最關(guān)心的就是自己說的、寫的能否讓人懂。）根據(jù)我們粗讀和做其他題時(shí)得到的信息，這一句應(yīng)是全文的中心思想。再讀選項(xiàng)，B）learningasmeaning-centered正好和這句意思對(duì)上，因此是答案無疑了。當(dāng)然中心思想句出現(xiàn)在文章的后幾段也有：例2Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:ac-countability.Aountabilityisn'thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether-honesty,kindness,andsoon--aountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw--and,ultimately,nosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcon-trolsonpeoplesbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillmunities--smallertowns,usually--wherschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwherparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:"Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!"Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerre-straintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouengagehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewasmitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingrever-sal,it'sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunder-priviledgedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn'tprovideastablehome.Idon'tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaountabili-ty,webeeasocietyofendlessexcuseswhernooneaeptsresponsibilityforany-thing.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhomitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Thekeypointofthepassageisthatstricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamiliesmoregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollowmorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople'sbehaviormorepeopleshouldaeptthevalueofaountability這篇文章的中心思想句就出現(xiàn)在文章的第四段：Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivi-lizationtogether honesty,kindness,andsoon aountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw and,ultimately,nosociety（在許多人類文明的價(jià)值觀念中，負(fù)起責(zé)任是最重要的）。文章最后一句的總結(jié)也是這一意思：WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethattheper-sonwhomitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.使更多的人認(rèn)識(shí)到犯罪的人要對(duì)自己的罪行負(fù)起責(zé)任。對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，D.morepeopleshouldaeptthevalueofaounta-bility就是這個(gè)意思。也有中心思想旬在文章結(jié)尾出現(xiàn)的。例3Thedeathofreadinghasbeenfrequently,ifnotprematurely,reported.Wearetoldthatweliveinanaudiovisualagewithradio,television,film,orotherformsforearandeyereplacingtheprintedpage.Thepictureissaidtobefastertopresent,moreadapta-bletothemessage,andeasiertoprehend.Howcananyonebeexpectedtoresistthetide,thetorrentofpetingimages?Canwepreservetheprintedpageandtheartandskillsofreading?Untoldteachers,writers,andothershavestruggledtoshowtherewardsofreading,todemonstratethepracticalvalues,andtoencouragereadingforpersonaldiscoveryandgrowth.Theques-tioniswhetherthededicatedhavehadmoreinfluencethantheimage-flashers.Fortu-natelytherearesomehopefulsigns.Wecannotethepublicationofmorebooks,magazines,andpapersthaninanypre-vioustimeinourhistory.Librariesreportfargreaterusethaneverbefore.Schoolscon-tinuetoshowlargenumbersatallages(excepttheyoung,duetoachangingbirthrate)seekingtoattend.Eventhevisualmediaacknowledgetheirgreatdependenceontheproductionoftheprintedword.Readingisnotdead,dying,or.seriouslyill.Itremainsasthemajoravenuetoindividuallearningandsatisfaction.Ifyouagreewiththepointofviewinthisarticleyouwouldprobablyreadlessthaneverrelymoreonvisualmediawatchtelevisionselectivelyattachdueimportancetoreading這道題繞了個(gè)圈子，問的還是文章中心思想。根據(jù)中心思想句出現(xiàn)的位置和特征，我們讀到文章第一句：Thedeathofreadinghasbeenfrequently,ifnotprematurely,reported.文章最后一句：Readingisnotdead,dying,orseriouslyill.Itremainsasthemajoravenuetoindividuallearningandsatisfaction.文章第一句是說人們一直認(rèn)為閱讀已消亡。經(jīng)過一番論述，文章最后一句總結(jié)說閱讀沒有消亡，相反仍然是個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)和滿足的主要途徑?？梢娺@句是文章的中心思想句。用這句意思去看四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)D.attachdueimportancetoreading是正確答案。2.主題句解題法主題句通常以判斷句的形式出現(xiàn)，在文章中的通常位置為第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等地方。(1)主題句在首段首句許多文章開門見山，一開始就擺出要說明的主要對(duì)象或要論述的主要觀點(diǎn)，接下去的句子和段落都說明或論述它。這樣，文章的構(gòu)造就屬于從一般到詳細(xì)，主題也就在首段首句。例4Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesourinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitive（認(rèn)知的）ar-eassuchasattentionandmemory.Thisistrueregardlessofage.Peoplewillbealert（警覺的）andreceptive（愿意承受的）iftheyarefacedwithinformationthatgetsthemtothinkaboutthingstheyareinterestedin.Andsomeonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlesswillgointooldagemorecognitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.Manyexpertsaresoconvincedofthebenefitsofchallengingthebrainthattheyareputtingthetheorytoworkintheirownlives."Theideaisnotnecessarytolearntomemorizeenormousamountsofinformation,“saysJamesFozard,associatedirectoroftheNationalInstituteonAging."Mostofusdon'tneedthatkindofskill.Suchspecif-ictrainingisoflessinterestthanbeingabletomaintainmentalalertness."Fozardandotherssaytheychallengetheirbrainswithdifferentmentalskills,bothbecausetheyenjoythemandbecausetheyaresurethattheirrangeofactivitieswillhelpthewaytheirbrainswork.GeneCohen,actingdirectorofthesameinstitute,suggeststhatpeopleintheiroldageshouldengageinmentalandphysicalactivitiesindividuallyaswellasingroups.Cohensaysthatwearefrequentlyadvisedtokeepphysicallyactiveasweage,butolderpeopleneedtokeepmentallyactiveaswell.Thosewhodoaremorelikelytomaintaintheirintellectualabilitiesandtobegenerallyhappierandbetteradjusted,“Thepointis,youneedtodoboth,“Cohensays."Intellectualactivityactuallyinfluencesbrain-cellhealthandsize.”本文以引經(jīng)據(jù)典的方法強(qiáng)調(diào)了頭腦安康，尤其是老年人頭腦安康的重要性。這個(gè)中心內(nèi)容在第一段第一句就已指出：人在用腦時(shí)，大腦會(huì)處于興奮狀態(tài)，這時(shí)大腦在諸如注意力和記憶力等屬于認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域的能力方面會(huì)得到有效發(fā)揮。Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?Howbiochemicalchangesourinthehumanbrain.Whypeopleshouldkeepactivenotonlyphysicallybutalsomentally.Howintellectualactivitiesinfluencebrain-cellhealth.Whypeopleshouldreceivespecialmentaltrainingastheyage.這道題的正確答案為B.A與C均為原文中的細(xì)節(jié)，而D與原文第三段第4?5行〃...Suchspecifictrainingisoflessinterestthanbeingabletomaintainmentalalert-ness〃相矛盾，所以都不是正確答案。(2)主題句在第一段末句首段末句也是主題句常出現(xiàn)的地方。假假設(shè)如此，這個(gè)主題句就不僅是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，也是對(duì)第一段的總結(jié)，而且開啟第二段及以后的說明或論述。簡而言之，這種文章構(gòu)造是：詳細(xì)說明或論述（一段）一總結(jié)（一段末的主題句）一后文的詳細(xì)說明或論述。這種形式的主題句之前通常有表示總結(jié)的提示詞，如：inconclusion,toconclude,insummary,tosumup,inshort,inbrief,inanutshell;或表示推斷的提示詞：there-fore,thus,asaresult,aordingly;或表示轉(zhuǎn)折的提示詞：but,however等。轉(zhuǎn)折之后就出現(xiàn)主題句的情況較多，這種謀篇套路可以用“去舊取新、標(biāo)新立異”八個(gè)字概括。文章中諸如〃everyparent"、"apopularbelief"、"frequentlyassumed”、"universallyaept-ed”等詞句提示作者可能在下文提出一個(gè)與之不同的觀點(diǎn)標(biāo)新立異，假假設(shè)如此，那么作者“標(biāo)新立異”之處的觀點(diǎn)就是主題大意。對(duì)于某一現(xiàn)象，過去已有解釋，作者提出新的解釋，新解釋就是主題大意。這表達(dá)了上述的“去舊取新”原那么。例5Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulabourthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou're'hot'.That'strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakesduringthefore-noon.Forothersitesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologues（自言自語）as:'Getup,John!You'llbelateforworkagain!,ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseen