英漢諺語的比較與翻譯摘要：諺語，一種簡潔而為人熟悉的表達(dá)人們智慧的咸言,通常具有凝煉的形式,鮮明的形象和使人易于記憶的韻律。諺語是語言的精髓，它們是勞動(dòng)人民智慧的結(jié)晶和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)。它們豐富了中西文化。由于生活習(xí)慣、宗教信仰和歷史傳統(tǒng)等差異，英漢諺語反映著不同的民族風(fēng)格和特色。本文探討了英漢諺語的異同并把諺語視為理解英漢兩個(gè)民族文化的窗口。由于不同的語言背景使英漢諺語互譯時(shí)存在一定的困難，本文具體論述了直譯、意譯、直譯和意譯相結(jié)合的翻譯方法，從而能夠更準(zhǔn)確的理解兩族文化。關(guān)鍵詞：英漢諺語；相似點(diǎn)；差異；翻譯TheComparisonandTranslationofEnglishandChineseProverbsAbstract:Proverb,abrieffamiliarmaximoffolkwisdom,usuallycompressedinform,ofteninvolvingaboldimageandfrequentlyajinglethatcatchesthememory.Proverbsarethecreamofalanguage.Theyarethecrystallizationofthewisdomandthesummarizationoftheexperienceofworkingpeople.TheyhavecontributedalottotheenrichmentofChineseandEnglishculture.Owingtothedifferencesoflivingcustoms,religionsandtraditions,EnglishandChineseproverbsreflectdifferentstylesofnationalculture.ThispaperfocusesondiscussingthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishintheuseofproverbsandregardproverbsasawindowofunderstandingtheChineseandEnglishculture.Duetothedifferentlinguisticbackgrounds,therearesomedifficultiesinthetranslationofEnglishandChineseproverbs.Thispaperspecificallydiscussesthetranslationmethod:literaltranslation,freetranslation,andthecombinationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,whichmakesitpossibletounderstandChineseandEnglishculturemoreaccurately.Keywords:EnglishandChineseproverbs;similarities;differences;translateAcknowledgementsFirstandforemost,myheartfulgratitudegoestomysupervisor,ProfessorLiChenfangwhoofferedmethemostvaluableadviceandspentmuchofherprecioustimeproofreadingandpolishingthedraftofthisthesis.Iwishtoacknowledgehersupportandguidancethroughoutthewritingofthethesis.Withoutherinstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavebeeninthepresentform.Aspecialwordofgratitudemustbesaidtomyfamilyandfriends.Inthewholeprocessofmystudyandtheworkonthisthesis,theyhaveatalltimesbeenasourceofencouragementandsupportforme.Itismostappropriate,therefore,thatthisthesisshouldbededicatedtothem.Iprofoundlythankthemforalwaysbeingthereforme.Myfinalandendlessthanksgotomyuniversity---DatongUniversity,whichprovidesmewithsuchacomfortableenvironmentinmywork.1.IntroductionProverbsoriginatedfromdailylife.WuZhankunsaidthatproverbsarethecrystalsofnationalwisdomandexperience.Theyhavethecharactersofvividnessandconciseness.Theyarefrequentlyusedorallyandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration,andusuallygivepeopleinformationandspeakthetruth.Intheearly17thcentury,theBritishministerRobertSouth(1634-1716)wroteinhisfirstbook:“Whataproverb?buttheexperienceandobservationofseveralages,gatheredandsummedupinoneexpression.”Francisbacon(1461-1626)oncesaid:Thegenius,witandspritofanationarediscoveredinitsproverbs.”（武世花，2003：49）Proverbsarethesoulofalanguage.Languageandculturearetightlyinteractedwitheachother,eachinfluencingandshapingtheother.Languageispartofacountry’sculture.Itisalsothecarrierandcontainerofculture.Humanknowledgeandexperiencearedescribedandstoredinlanguage.Asapartoflanguage,proverbsarecloselyintegratedwiththesocietyandculture.Theyreflectmanyaspectsofthenationsuchasgeography,history,religiousfaithandthoughts.EnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlanguagesystems,havinggreatdifferencesintheircultures.Buthumanbeings’commonsocialactivitiesandemotionalreflectionandobservationoftheworldaresimilarinmanyaspects.SonotonlydifferencesbutalsomanysimilaritiesexistinEnglishandChineseproverbs.Inordertohavebetterunderstandingsofthecharacters,therearetwomajoraspectsforstudying:similaritiesanddifferences.Thecultureisalwaysadifficultfactorintheproverbtranslation.Soweshouldchooseaproperwaytotranslatethemandtrytodisplaytherealmeaningandtruestyleoftheoriginalproverbs.SimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbsThesimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbsmainlylieintheiroriginsandlinguisticcharacters.2.1SimilaroriginsProverbsareconcise,vividandcommonshortsentenceswhichbeusedandpassedonorally.Theyarethesummingupoftheexperienceintheproductionstruggleandthesociallife.AnEnglishproverbitselftellsusthat“Proverbsarethedaughterofexperience.”（王德春，楊素英，黃月圓，2003：8）.FromthesewecanfindthatEnglishandChineseproverbsenjoythesimilarorigin:Theybothoriginatedfrompeople’sdailylifeandexperience.Speciallyspeaking,theybothcomefromfolklife,mythology,literaryworksandfromotherlanguages.2.1.1OriginatingfromfolklifePeoplecreatedlanguageandalsocreatedproverbs.Anyonewhocreatedasentenceshouldbeusedandtransmittedbythemasses.Proverbsarethesummariesofpeople’sdailylifeandexperience.Theyarecloselyrelatedtothepracticeofpeople’slifeandwork,andalwaysrevealauniversaltruthfromdetailssoastoenlightenpeople.Therearemanyproverbsoriginatedfromfolklife.Theyarecreatedbyworkingpeople,suchasfarmers,workmen,hunters,businessmen,army-menandsoon.Theyusefamiliar.:Farmerscreatedthefollowingproverbs:Asnowyear,arichyear.Aprilrainyforcornmayforgrass.芝麻是個(gè)怪，又怕雨來又怕曬。（王德春，楊素英，黃月圓，2003：138）春天不忙，秋后無糧。Workmencreatedthefollowingproverbs:Strikewhiletheironishot.Suchcarpenters,suchchips.木匠怕漆匠，漆匠怕光亮。Hunterscreatedthefollowingproverbs:Hethatisafraidofeverybushwillneverproveagoodhuntsman.Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.（胡文仲，2000：18）上山打虎心要狠，下海提龍心要齊。Businessmencreatedthefollowingproverbs:Youpayyourmoneyandtakeyourchoice.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.（胡文仲，2000：18）貨有高低三等價(jià)，客無遠(yuǎn)近一樣待。Army-mencreatedthefollowingproverbs:(1)Agoodgeneralmakeagoodman.(2)養(yǎng)兵千日，用在一時(shí)。Thesewerefirstusedbyalimitedgroupofpeopleinthesamefields.Becausetheyarephilosophicalcolloquialism,latertheygraduallygainedwideacceptanceandpartlybecamepartofthecommoncornoflanguageandarenowusedinmanyothersituations.2.1.2OriginatingfrommythologyEachnationhasitsownmythology,fableandallusion.Chinesetraditionalculture,ancientGreekandRomancivilizationbequeathmanymythologiesandallusions.Theybecameoneofthemajorsourcesofproverbs.ThestoriesandheroesinGreekmythology,thefableofAesopandtheHomerleftalotofproverbs.E.g.:AllroadsleadtoRoman.IfeartheGreeks,evenwhenbringgifts.(Fromthewell-knownstoryoftheTrojanhorsebywhichtheGreekstookthecityofTroy)YoucannotmakeMercuryofeverydog.(FromRomanmythology,itmeansthatnoteverymindwillanswerequallywelltobetrainedintoascholar.)Thefoxsaidthegrapesweresour.(FromthefableofAesop,itmeansthatonesaidsomethingisbadwhenonecannotgetit.)WithoutCeresandBacchus,Venusgrowscold.Chineseculturecantrancebacktoancienttimes.Thereweremanynaturalphenomenathatourancestorscannotexplain.Theycreatedthemythologyandfabletoexplainthephenomenon.Therefore,manyChineseproverbscomefrommythologyandfables.E.g.:八仙過海，各顯神通。過著牛郎與織女的生活。亡羊補(bǔ)牢，猶未為晚。（郭榮義，1986：538）2.1.3OriginatingfromliteraryworksInthelonghistory,eitherChineseorBritishliteraryworkshavetheirowncharacters.Anation’sliterarylanguagesareitslanguage’sgem.Theypromotethedevelopmentoflanguage.Thegreatwritersleftmanybrilliantsentences,plotandhero’snamesinliteraryworks.Shakespeare,FrancisBacon,JohnMiltonandsoon.TheyhavemadedistinctivecontributionstothedevelopmentofEnglishliterature.TheirworkswereacceptedandpassedonbyEnglishpeoplefromgenerationtogeneration.ManysentencesbecametheEnglishproverbs.“Thebiterissometimesbit”isfromShakespeare’sHamlet.Ittellspeoplethatthosewhodobadthingstootherswillbringthemselvestrouble.（張傳彪，2005：183）“Allisnotgoldthatglitters.”isfromShakespeare’stheMerchantofVenice.Itmeansthatthosewhohaveagoodappearancearenotnecessarilyprofoundorlearned.Someotherwriters,philosopher’swordsalsobecomeproverbs.E.g.:(3)“Readingmakesafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.”isfromadistinguishedEnglishphilosopherandwriterBacon’sOnReading.Ittellspeoplethatreading,conferenceandwritingcanmakeapersonlearned,sharpandprecise.(4)“Thechildhoodshowstheman.”isfromMelton’sParadiseRegained.ManyChineseproverbsarefromclassicChineseliteraryworks.Thefourgreatworks:ThePilgrimagetotheWest.TheThreeKingdoms.ADreamofRedMansionandtheMarshRebellionarethemostpopularclassicsinChina.Suchas:溫故而知新。(Bystudyingtheoldonelearnssomethingnew)----《論語》(SelectedReading)三個(gè)臭皮匠頂個(gè)諸葛亮。(ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemaster---thewisdomofthemassesexceedsthatofthewisestindividual.)----《三國演義》(TheThreeKingdoms)三十六計(jì)，走為上計(jì)。(Ofthethirty-sixstratagems,thebestisrunningaway.)---《水滸傳》（TheMarshRebellion）謀事在人，成事在天。(Manproposes,Goddisposes.)---《紅樓夢》(TheDreamofRedMansions)說曹操，曹操到。(Talkofthedevilandheissuretoappear)---《三國演義》(TheThreeKingdoms)Literature,asamirrorofsociallife,isanothersourceofproverbs.Manysentencesintheseliteraryworksarefullofwisdomandeasytoberemembered.Sopeoplelikethemandusethemagainandagain.Atlasttheybecameproverbsandarewidelyused.Wecansaythattheproverbsarethecreamoftheliteraryworks.FromabovewecanfindoutthatEnglishandChineseproverbshavesimilaroriginsfromfolklife,mythologyandliteraryworks.FromthesesimilaroriginswecanseethatEnglishandChinesepeoplehavesimilarsocialactivitiesandemotionalreflectionandobservationoftheworld.2.2SimilarlinguisticcharactersProverbsarecreatedbycommonpeopleandorallyhandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationagainandagain.Forthelongtermofsummingupandsocialpracticing.Proverbshaveveryspecialfeaturesintheirstructures:concise,condensedandcompact.BothEnglishandChineseproverbsareconciseandvivid.2.2.1ConcisenessThecleanestwaterisspring;themostrefinedwordsareproverbs.Proverbdictionisneatandsimple.Proverbsusethefewestwordstoexpressthecontents.MostofEnglishandChineseproverbsaresimplesentences.E.g.:Easycomeeasygo.Nopainsnogains.Nothingcravenothinghave.人勤地不懶。人心齊泰山移。滿招損，謙受益。Proverbsaresimpleandshortsentences,sotheycanberememberedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationeasily.2.2.2VividnessProverbsuserhetoricaldevicestoattractthereadersdeeply.ManyChineseandEnglishproverbsusethesamerhetoricaldevicessuchassimile,metaphor,repetitionandhyperbole,etc.Simileisusedveryfrequently.Itisafigureofspeech,inwhichamoreorlessfancifulorunrealisticcomparisonismade,using“l(fā)ike”or“as”.E.g.:(1)割麥如救火。(2)剩秧如剩草，缺秧如缺寶。(3)Agoodfriendisasthesuninwinter.(4)Ablackplumisassweetasawhite.Metaphorisafigureofspeech,whichconciselycomparestwothingsbysayingthatoneistheother.Itdoesnotliterallydenoteinordertoimplyaresemblance.E.g.:(1)Timeisfatheroftruth.(2)Failureisthemotherofsuccess.(3)一寸光陰一寸金。(4)謊言怕真理，黑暗怕光明。Repetitionisanotherrhetoricaldeviceusedtoexpressstrongfeelingsoremphasizesomemeanings.E.g.:(1)Harmset,harmget.(2)Manylords,manylaws.(3)哪個(gè)老虎不吃人，哪個(gè)地主不狠心。種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。Gorkysaidthat,“thetrueartisauthorizedtoexaggerate.”Hyperboleisanexaggerationusedtogiveemphasisandstrikethereadersdeeply.E.g.:(1)Athousandyearscannotrepairamoment’slossofhonor.(2)Itwasthelaststrawthatbrokethecamel’sback.(3)谷子栽得稀，不夠喂小雞。壞事傳千里。Theexaggerationisnotfalse.Itcomesfromthetruefeelingsandbasesonreality.Apartfromtheaboverhetoricaldevices,thereareotherdevices.Theyareantithesis,synecdoche,personification,etc.Theuseofrhetoricaldevicesmakesproverbsfresh,humorous,implicitandfullofwit.ThoughEnglishandChineseproverbsenjoythesimilarorigins,theyalsohavedifferencesintheirdetailedcontents.Wewilldiscusstheirdifferencesfromthefollowingaspects:differentwordexpressions,differenthistorycustoms,differentreligiousanddifferentthinkinghabits.DifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs.Languageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Languageisthemirrorofculture.Itcanrepresenteveryaspectofculture.Proverbisanimportantpartofanationallanguageandtheyreflecttherelationbetweencultureandlanguage.（田靜，2005：82）.Differentnationshavedifferentculture.Generallyspeaking,themajordifferenceslieingeography,historycustoms,wordsexpressions,religionsandthinkinghabits.Asaresult,EnglishandChineseproverbsaredifferentinthedetailedcontents.3.1ReflectingdifferentwordsexpressionsBecausecultureshaveinfluencestolanguages.Sodifferentculturesinfluencethelanguagesdifferently.Proverbsarethemirrorofthenationalcharacteristics.Therefore,therearedifferencesinthoughtsandwordexpressionsreflectedintheproverbs.Sometimestheyareincontrast.(羅虹，2004：99).E.g.:(1)Thepotcallsthekettleblack.烏鴉笑豬黑。(2)Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.無風(fēng)不起浪。(3)Theburntchilddreadsthefire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井繩。（吳友富，2001：248）(4)Asyoumakeyourbed,soyoumustlieonit.作繭自縛。Likeahenonahotgirdle.像熱鍋上的螞蟻。Thoseproverbsareabitdifficultinunderstanding.BecauseinbothChineseandEnglishproverbstheyusecompletelydifferentwordstoexpressthemeaning.3.2ReflectingdifferentlivingcustomsThedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishlivingcustomsarereflectedinmanyaspects.Butthemosttypicalonemayshowontheattitudetoward“dog”.Inthewesternvalueconcepts,dogisthebestlovedpet.Itrepresentshonesty.（王秀芬，2006：42）.Thewesternersnevereatdogmeat.InEnglish,mostoftheproverbsthatrelatetodogsarepositive.E.g.:Helpalamedogoverastile.Youarealuckydog.Lovemelovemydog.Olddogwillnotlearnnewtricks.Everydoghasitsday.InthetraditionalconceptsofChinesepeople.Dogsarehumbleanimals.MostChineseproverbshavenegativefactorsaboutdogs.E.g.:狗咬呂洞賓，不識(shí)好人心。狗眼看人低。好狗不擋道。狗嘴里吐不出象牙。狗急跳墻。Althoughmanypeopleraisedogsastheirpetsinrecentyears,theirvaluesmayhavechangedalot.However,itsnegativeimagehasdeeplyrootedintheChineseculture.Chinesepeoplelikecat,theyusecattofiguregreedy,usuallymeansintimate.Butinthewestculture,peopleusuallyregardcatasevilheartwomen.Whenspeakofthe“owl”westernersregardowlaswisdom.E.g.“aswiseasanowl”(像貓頭鷹一樣聰明).However,Chinesepeoplehavedifferentconceptsaboutit.Theythinkthatwhenoneheardthesoundofowl,hewillhaveabadluck.Therewasaword:“夜貓子進(jìn)宅”.Itmeanssomethingbadwillhappeninthehouse.Aboveall,weseethatindifferentculturespeoplemayhavecompletelydifferentideasaboutthesamething.3.3ReflectingdifferentthinkinghabitsBecauseofthedifferentculturebackgroundsandlivingcustoms.Thereshapedthedifferentthinkinghabits.Intherhetoricaldevices,Chineseandwestpeopleusuallyusedifferentimages:Inthewest,Helenwasregardedasbeauty,butinChina,XiShiisthesymbolofbeauty.Westernerspraisehorsesandwestwindintheirpoems,becausetheyadvocatethechallengebetweenhumanandnature.ButChinesepeopleprefertopraiseConfucianismandeastwind.Theythinkhumanbeingsandnaturecanbecombinedtoawholeunit.Theseconceptsaredeeplyrootedinthosetwonations.Noonecanchangethemeasily.（金惠康，2004：421）When“asstrongasahorse”wastranslatedas“壯如?！保ń鸹菘担?004：421）.Itmaybeequalinmeaning.Inthehistoryofwestcountries,warbrokeoutfrequently.Andhorsesareveryimportant.Peoplecannotlivewithoutthem.TherewasaproverbinShakespeare’swork:“Ahorseforakingdom”.However,inChinesehistorytherewaslittleinvasionandpeopleleadahappylife.Cowswereregardedastheirworkingtools.InChinaandthewest,cowsandhorsesweretheirownimportantdailytools.Sowecannottranslate“asstrongasahorse”into“壯如馬”.Differenthistorybackgroundsshapeddifferentthinkinghabits.E.g.:Twoheadsarebetterthanone.三個(gè)臭皮匠，頂過諸葛亮。Castpearlsbeforeswine.對(duì)牛彈琴。3.4ReflectingdifferentreligionsReligionisaveryimportantpartofculture.Differentreligionsreflectdifferentculturalcharacters,culturalbackgroundsandculturaltraditions.Religionisaculturalphenomenon.Proverbsarecloselyrelatedtotheculture,soproverbscanreflectthedifferentreligiousfaith.EnglishpeoplebelieveinChristianityanditisthemostinfluentialreligioninthewest.ManyEnglishproverbsreflectEnglishpeople’sreligiousfaithandmanyofthemareabout“God”“devil”“heaven”“church”“cross”and“hell”.E.g.:Aspoorasthechurchmouse.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Thedevilcancitescriptureforhispurpose.Bettergotoheavenisbyweepingcross.TheproverbsaboveareapparentlyrelatedtoChristianity,becauseinthem“god”“devil”“heaven”“church”“church”“cross”and“hell”appearwhicharetheembodimentsofChristianity.Incontrast,BuddhismisthemostpopularreligioninChina.ManyproverbsareaboutBuddhism,suchas:平時(shí)不燒香，臨時(shí)抱佛腳。（鄧炎昌，劉潤青，2004：182）跑得了和尚，跑不了廟。泥菩薩過河，自身難保。放下屠刀，立地成佛。Theseproverbsareabout佛，和尚，廟and菩薩.ThedoctrinesofBuddhistadmonishpeopletodogooddeedsandsotheycangototheheavenaftertheirdeath.TaoismcomesnexttoBuddhisminChina.ThereareproverbsaboutTaoism,suchas:(1)一人得道，雞犬升天。(2)道高一尺，魔高一丈。EnglishandChinesepeoplehavedifferentfaith.DifferentreligionsleadtothedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs.ChristianityisthemainreligioninEnglish-speakingcountries,somanyEnglishproverbsarerelatedto“God”whileChinesepeoplebelieveinBuddhismandTaoism,andmanyChineseproverbsareabout“佛”and“道”.3.5ReflectingdifferentgeographyandhistorycustomsAnation’sgeographicalenvironmentisaframeworkinwhichalanguageandculturehavebeendeveloping.Thegeographicalfeaturesofacountryareinevitablyreflectedinthenationallanguageingeneralandproverbsinparticular.EnglandisanislandcountryandlocatedinthewesternseasideofEurope.Englishpeoplelivebyseasideandtheirlifecannotdowithoutsailingandfishing.SomanyEnglishproverbsarerelatedtoseaandsailing.E.g.:Thebestfishsmellwhentheyarethreedaysold.Allatsea.Beingonthesea,sail;beingontheland,settle.Letanother’sshipwreckbeyournavigationmark.Chinaisanagriculturecountry.Everyfeudaldynastypaysmuchattentiontoagriculture.Agricultureisthefundamentalandcrucialtrade.SotherearemanyfarmingproverbsconstitutealargepartofChineseproverbs.TheyarethecrystalofagricultureexperiencesofChinesepeople;itcanbeseeninthefollowingexamples:春雨貴如油。種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。人勤地不懶。瑞雪兆豐年。一粒下地，萬粒歸倉。Fromabove,wecanseethatEnglishandChineseproverbsreflecttheirdifferentgeographicalconditions.Englandisanislandcountry;somanyEnglishproverbsareabout“sea”“fish”“ship”andsoon.WhilemanyChineseproverbsareaboutagriculture,suchas“豆”“雪”“倉”“地”etc.Eachnationhasitsownhistory.Sinceproverbsarehistoricalproducts.Theymayreflectsomeaspectsofthenationalhistory.EnglishproverbsarerelatedtothehistoryofEngland.E.g.:Itishardtopleaseaknaveasaknight(AknightreferstoamangiventherankofknighthoodbytheBritishmonarch.TherearemanylegendsabouttheEnglishknightsintheancienttimes.)Fromwhippingposttopillory.(Awhippingpostisaposttowhichapersonwastiedforapublicwhippingandapilloryisawoodenframeworkwiththreeholesintowhichtheheadandhandsofanoffenderwerelocked,exposinghimtopublicabuseandridicule.Chinahasalonghistory.Thereisthousandsofyear’sfeudalsocietyinChina.Peoplewerebondedbytherankofclass.Therulersexploitandbullythepeoplecruelly.TherearemanyChineseproverbsaboutfeudalandgenderdiscrimination.E.g.:只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。（包惠南，包昂，2004：207）朱門酒肉臭，路有凍死骨。嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗。FromtheabovewecanseethatEnglishandChineseproverbsreflectthedifferenthistory.EnglishproverbsarerelatedtokingandknightwhileChineseproverbsreflectpeople’sgrudgeandresistancetorulers.TranslationLanguageistheembodimentofculture.Tosomeextent,ChineseproverbsreflectChineseculturecharacteristicsandEnglishproverbsreflectEnglish-speakingcountries’characteristics.Therefore,itisnotenoughtopayattentiontotheirequivalenceonlyintranslatingproverbs.Nidaoncesaid:Allthetranslation,whetheritispoetryorprose,allrecipientsmustbeconcernedaboutthereaction;thereforetheultimategoaloftranslation,fromtheeffectsofitsaudience,anyevaluationoftranslationisthemostfundamentalfactors.Therefore,whentranslatinganEnglishproverbintoChinese;thetranslatorsshouldusemoreChineseexpressions,soastoshowtheoriginallanguagestyleandmeaningoftheEnglishproverbs.Astothetranslatestandard,therearemanytheoristsinandaboardputforwardmanydifferentviews.YanFuputforward“faithfulness”“expressiveness”“elegance”;ZhangPeijimaintain“faithfulness”“smoothness”（張培基，1979：82）andthencometoEugeneNida,afamousAmericantranslator,heputforward“functionalequivalence”and“dynamicequivalence”.Althoughtheseviewsemphasisdifferentaspects,thecentralmeaningistoshowtheoriginalmeaningfaithfullyandkeeptheoriginalstyle.Astothetranslatemethod,itisbetterforustouseliteraltranslationwhenwedosometranslations.Ifliteraltranslationcannotexpressthefullmeaningandtherichcontents.Liberaltranslationmaybebetter.Throughthesemethodsthevividoriginalstylecanbeexpressedperfectlyandkeptcompletely.4.1LiteralTranslationsLiteraltranslationmeanstranslatingasentenceoriginally,keeptheoriginalmessageform,includingconstructionofsentence,meaningoftheoriginalwords,andmetaphoroftheoriginalandsoon.Translationwouldbefluentandeasytocomprehendbytargetlanguagereaders.WhentheEnglishandChineseproverbsarecompletelysimilarinmeaningandexpression.Literaltranslationwillbeused,andtherewillnomisunderstanding.E.g.:Practicemakesperfect----.熟能生巧W失敗是成功之母。Failureisthemotherofsuccess.謀事在人，成事在天。Manproposes,goddisposes.4.2LiberaltranslationSomeEnglishproverbsareinfluencedbycultureandhistorybackground.Soifweuseliteraltranslation,themeaningorstylemaybechangedanditisdifficulttounderstandtheoriginalproverbs.Therefore,liberaltranslationcanbeusedtoavoidthesephenomena.if“Achilles’heel”istranslatedinto“阿克勒斯的腳后跟.”Mostpeoplecannotunderstanditsmeaning.Butifitistranslatedin“唯一致命弱點(diǎn).”Itcanbeacceptedbymostpeople.Suchexamplesare:Infairweatherprepareforthefoul.“晴天要防陰天”isnotbetterthan“有備無患”or“居安思?！盡urderwillout.“謀殺終于敗露”isnotbetterthan“紙包不住火”（申閆春，韓江紅，張新民，1998：13）此地?zé)o銀三百兩。Aguiltypersongiveshimselfawaybyconspicuouslyprotestinghisinnocence.Becausereadersdon’tknowthisstory.soitcannotbetranslatedinto“no300tealsofsilverburiedhere”.（陳金詩，張剛，2005：41）塞翁失馬，安知非福？Dangerisnextneighbortosecurity,or“alossmayturnouttobeagain”.Butwecannottranslateitinto“whentheoldmanonthefrontierlosthismare,whocouldhaveguesseditwasablessingindisguise?”4.3EquivalenttranslationProverbsarethesummingupofsocialpracticeandnaturalphenomenon.PeopleinEnglish-speakingcountriesandChinesepeoplehavemanysimilaritiesintheirvalueconceptsandsocialactivities.Therefore,therearealsosimilaritiesintheirproverbs.SomeEnglishproverbsaredifferentwithChineseproverbsinthecontentsbuttheyaresimilarinmeaning.Theymayusethesimilarrhetoricaldevicesorimagetodescribethesametheoryortruth.FromthiswecanusetheequalChineseproverbstotranslateEnglishproverbs.Ontheonehand,thetranslationmaybesmoother.Ontheotherhand,itiseasierforreaderstounderstandandaccept.E.g.:Diamondcutdiamond-----棋逢對(duì)手。Twocanplaythegame-----孤掌難鳴。.渾水摸魚。-----Tofishintroubledwaters有其父必有其子。----Likefatherlikeson.4.4ThecombinationofliteralandliberaltranslationIntranslatingtheChineseandEnglishproverbs,pureliteraltranslationcannotexpressthefullmeaningoftheoriginalworks.Andpureliberaltranslationcannotgivereadersaclearcontentoftheproverbs.Somemayleadtomisunderstandingthecombinationofliteralandliberaltranslationcanmakeupthesedisadvantages.E.g.:Cutyourcoataccordingtoyourcloth.量布裁衣，量入為出。Evenhomersometimesnods.荷馬也有瞌睡時(shí)；智者千慮，必有一失。IfIhavelostthering.yetthefingersarestillthere.留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒。Setathieftocatchathief.以賊捉賊，以毒