從句語(yǔ)法知識(shí)及真題解析復(fù)合句——形容詞性(定語(yǔ))從句1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在從句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞。所以，如果關(guān)系代詞后面緊接的是名詞，且關(guān)系代詞又不在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，那么，這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞就應(yīng)該是whose。如：2.介詞+which的用法如果從句中主賓成分齊全，考生便可考慮關(guān)系代詞是否在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，而狀語(yǔ)通常用介詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，于是可以得知，關(guān)系代詞前面應(yīng)有介詞，再分析所給的選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)與名詞的搭配作出正確選擇。如：Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.as與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別(1)as與thesame,such,so,as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。如：(2)as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，但as在句中的位置比較靈活，可出現(xiàn)在句首而which只能出現(xiàn)在句Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.、句中、句末，末，尤其是當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)句子時(shí)。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。4.關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別(1)如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything,nothing,little,all,everything時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that；(3)先行詞由形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾或由next，last,only,very修飾時(shí)，用that；(4)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只能用which引導(dǎo)(5)關(guān)系代詞前面如果有介詞，只能用which。5.but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句，相當(dāng)于who…not,that…not結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如：；這個(gè)Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.二、復(fù)合句——名詞性從句一個(gè)句子起名詞的作用，在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)／介詞賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，那么這個(gè)句子就是名詞性從句。1.what/whatever的用法考生應(yīng)把握：what是關(guān)系代詞，它起著引導(dǎo)從句Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做主語(yǔ)Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引導(dǎo)并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分這兩個(gè)作用。如：)表語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做表語(yǔ))2.whoever和whomever的區(qū)別whoever和whomever相當(dāng)于anyonewho，用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語(yǔ)還是做賓語(yǔ)。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在從句中做主語(yǔ))3.有關(guān)(1)引導(dǎo)詞通常that不表示任何意義，其同位語(yǔ)從句的為that,但有他詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。如：?jiǎn)栴}時(shí)因名詞內(nèi)容的需要，也可由whether及連接副詞why,when,where,how引導(dǎo)。Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.1(2)同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)與先行詞隔開(kāi)，注意識(shí)別。如：Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.4.whether與if在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別(1)主語(yǔ)從句只能用whether引導(dǎo)；(2)whether一般多用于賓語(yǔ)從句的肯定式，而if引導(dǎo)的從句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以連在一起用，而ifornot則不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句，if則不能；(5)賓語(yǔ)從句提至謂語(yǔ)前面時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位語(yǔ)從句也用whether引導(dǎo)；(7)后接不定式時(shí)，只能用whether。5.動(dòng)詞believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的賓語(yǔ)從句如為否定式，一般將否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上。三、復(fù)合句——副詞性(狀語(yǔ))從句副詞在句中起狀語(yǔ)作用，故如果起狀語(yǔ)作用的部分為一個(gè)句子，那么該句便是副詞性從句，也稱狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句可細(xì)分為：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、比較、方式等。狀語(yǔ)從句的測(cè)試重點(diǎn)為：考查考生對(duì)主從句之間邏輯意義關(guān)系的把握，看其是否能選擇正確的從屬連詞。1.條件狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)if與unless的用法。if和unless都是引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞，考生應(yīng)尤其注意unless的用法，因?yàn)樗硎痉疵鏃l件，相當(dāng)于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。如：Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.(2)復(fù)合連詞aslongas，solongas，asfaras，onconditionthat，intheeventthat；動(dòng)詞及分詞provided(that)，providing(that)，giventhat,suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如：YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果……)Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果……)Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?(假如……)(3)祈使句表示條件。如：Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.2.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)as引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.(3)復(fù)合連接詞forallthat和分詞granting/granted(that)引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)2(1)before表示漢語(yǔ)的“只有/必須……才能”。如:Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.(2)when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句時(shí)，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時(shí)突然”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.(3)whenitcomesto是習(xí)慣用法，意為“當(dāng)談到……時(shí)”。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.(4)名詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起連詞作用。如:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.(5)副詞directly,immediately,instantly,now引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句,相當(dāng)于assoonas。如:Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.4.原因狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)inthat引導(dǎo)原因從句時(shí),有時(shí)翻譯成“是因?yàn)椤薄ⅰ熬驮谟凇?。?Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鑒于”、“考慮到”。如:Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.其他引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞語(yǔ)還有:forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。5.while,whereas引導(dǎo)對(duì)比從句如:WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.6.so…that…,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句如:Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句如:Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.8.where作為連接副詞的一種用法,翻譯為“在……地方”如:InJapan,aperson’scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.3真題及答案解析1.Abovethetreesarethehills,________magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.(2003)A.whereC，關(guān)系代詞在從句中做定語(yǔ)。2.Onlytakesuchclothes_______reallynecessary.A.aswereB.astheyareC.astheywereD，as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，是clothes，as在從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以BC不對(duì)，因?yàn)閠hey是多余的；A的時(shí)態(tài)與主句不搭配。3.______isoftenthecasewithanewidea,muchpreliminaryactivityandoptimisticdiscussionproducednoB.ofwhoseC.whoseD.which“樹(shù)的上面是山，它的倒影忠實(shí)地映照在河面上?！?1994)D.asare先行詞concreteproposals.A.That(1994)B.ItC.ThisD.AsD，as作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，表達(dá)整個(gè)主句的意思?！罢缫环N新的觀念產(chǎn)生時(shí)一樣，人們總是做許多準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)和積極的討論，卻拿不出具體的建議?！?.Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicy_____payrisesarerelatedtoperformanceatwork.(1996)A.whichB.whereC.whetherD.whatB，“公司現(xiàn)在提出了一項(xiàng)新政策，依照新政策，工資增長(zhǎng)與工作業(yè)績(jī)掛鉤?！?.ThePhysicisthasmadeadiscovery,_______ofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceandtechnology.(1997)A.IthinkwhichisC，Ithink是插入語(yǔ)，which在從句中IhaveneverbeentoLondon,butthatisthecity______.B.thatIthinkisC.whichIthinkisD.whichIthinkitis就是主語(yǔ)，D中it是多余的。6.(1997)A.whereIliketovisitmostB.I’dmostliketovisitD.whereI’dlikemosttovisitC.whichIliketovisitmostlyB,首先排除A，因?yàn)閠hecity在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，不能用where引導(dǎo)；C中mostly表示“通常，大部分”，意思不通順；表示“最想”，用mostlike,不是likemost,most是much的最高級(jí)，much一般不修飾不定Sherememberedseveraloccasionsinthepast___shehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.(98)A.whichB.beforeC.thatD.whenD，從句有自己的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，因此不選AC，when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。式，多用于修飾分詞。Hewasmuchpleased.7.8.B項(xiàng)不合語(yǔ)法，因?yàn)橹骶涞臅r(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句卻是過(guò)去完成時(shí)。I’veneverbeentoLhasa,butthat’sthecity______.(1999)A.I’dmostliketovisitC.whereIliketovisitA，同6.B.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.I’dlikemuchtovisit9.Firmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff______isneededforqualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.A.whose(2000)B.as使用電腦操作的工廠已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)可以大大減少質(zhì)檢員工的數(shù)量。10.We’vejustinstalledtwoair-conditionersinourapartment,______shouldmakegreatdifferencesinourlifeC.whatD.thatD，that在從句中作主語(yǔ)。nextsummer.A.which(2002)B.what子。11.Theyovercameallthedifficultiesandcompletedtheprojecttwomonthsaheadoftime,______issomethingwehadnotexpected.C.thatD.theyA，指代前面的整個(gè)句(2003)4A.whichB.itC.thatD.whatA，同上?！八麄兛朔磺欣щy，提前兩個(gè)月完成了工程，這是我們沒(méi)有料到的事?！?2.Myuncleisquitewornoutfromyearsofhardwork.Heisnolongertheman______hewasfifteenyearsago.(2011)A。WhichD,本題定語(yǔ)從句先行詞為theman，且先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句作表語(yǔ)，在這種情況下關(guān)系代詞只能用that13.Wecanassignthetaskto______iscapableandtrustworthy.A.whomeverB.whoC.whomD，介詞to后面是個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，從句缺主語(yǔ)；whom和whomever雖然可以接賓語(yǔ)從句，但它們不能B.WhomC.WhoD.that(1994)D.whoever在從句中作主語(yǔ)，AC不對(duì)；whoever語(yǔ)義比who強(qiáng)烈，更貼切。14.Theteamcanhandlewhatever_____.(1997)A.thatneedshandlingC.itneedshandlingB.whichneedshandlingD.needstobehandledD，whatever引導(dǎo)的分句作handle的賓語(yǔ)，又在從句中作主語(yǔ)，因此不需要再加任何其他主語(yǔ)，ABC都有多余的主語(yǔ)成分。15.After__seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanager’soffice.(99)A.thatC，after在句中時(shí)介詞還是連詞？如果是連詞，從句中的時(shí)態(tài)通常為完成體，所以排除連詞的可能性。既然after是介詞，B.thereC.whatD.it那么后面必定是賓語(yǔ)從句，后面的從句缺主語(yǔ)，只有what既引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，又在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)；BD都不能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。A雖然可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，但不在從句中充當(dāng)任何語(yǔ)法成分。16.Haveyoueverbeeninasituation_____youknowtheotherpersonisrightyetyoucannotagreewithhim?(2002)A.bywhichB，situation后的從句是對(duì)situation作出具體的17.After______seemedanendlesswait,itwashisturntoenterthepersonnelmanager'soffice.(2010)A.ThatC,本題考查after后面接性從句，選擇C是因?yàn)閺木渲腥鄙僦髡Z(yǔ)，選項(xiàng)中只有what可以在賓語(yǔ)B.thatC.inwhereD.where解釋，因此是同位語(yǔ)從句。B.itC.whatD.there名詞從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)18.Fool______Jerryis,hewouldnothavedonesuchathing.(2010)A.whoB.AsC.LikeB,本題考查as接讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。19.______hewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.A.MuchthoughB.MuchasC.AsmuchD.ThoughmuchA,As引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句需要倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，though一般用正常語(yǔ)序。此處muchas相當(dāng)于though。20.Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch______IvisitedmyfriendsinParislastyear.(2008)A.WhenB.WhichC.ThatD.whereA,本題考查when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。21.Qualityis______countsmost.A.WhichB.ThatC,本題考查what引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。本句中表語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)，意：that在名詞起引導(dǎo)詞的作用，不能在從句中起任何語(yǔ)法功能，22._______dullhemaybe,heiscertainlyaverysuccessfultopexecutive.(2006)A.AlthoughB.WhateverC.AsD,本題考查讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)楹竺娼拥氖切稳菰~