PartVI

Directvs.Indirect

PartVI

Directvs.Indirect

1English:IndirectChinese:Direct英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件2

IndirectEnglishIEuphemismII

ImplicitnessIII

PeriphrasisIndirect3

IEuphemism

Euphemizingisgenerallydefinedassubstitutinganinoffensiveorpleasanttermforamoreexplicit,offensiveone,therebyveneeringthetruthbyusingkindwords.IEuphemis4ForExample:InprivateIshouldmerelycallhimaliar.InthePressyoushouldusethewords:"Recklessdisregardfortruth"andinParliament---thatyouregrethe"shouldhavebeensomisinformed".ForExample:5委婉是一種比較間接的方式來談?wù)摬灰酥毖缘娜嘶蚴挛?。為了?）回避或掩蓋某些嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)；2）為了防止“出口傷人”；3）避免“有失體統(tǒng)”，顯得文明禮貌。委婉是一種比較間接的方式來談?wù)摬灰酥毖缘娜嘶?

1.BothEnglishandChinesehaveEuphemismwhichareusedtoexpressboring,awful,disgustanddisgracefulthings.1）“死亡”2）“上廁所”3）“懷孕”4）“身體太胖”5）“老人，年老”

7

1）“死亡”passaway;breatheone’slast;gotoone’sMaker;

bewithGod;sleepwithone’sfathersjointhegreatmajority;paythedebtofnaturegotoglory;

gotoabetterworld;sleepthefinalsleep,crosstheGreatDivide,climbthegoldenstaircase.1）“死亡”8逝世、壽終、作古、謝世、歸寂、坐化、犧牲、陣亡、殉職、捐軀、百年、與世長(zhǎng)辭；古代還有按等級(jí)之分的死：帝王之死“崩”或“晏駕”，諸侯之死“篳”；大夫之死“卒”，士之死“不祿”。逝世、壽終、作古、謝世、歸寂、坐化、犧牲、陣亡、殉職、捐軀、9

2）“上廁所”gototherestroom,usethebathroom,washone’shands,relieveoneself,answeracallofnature;（男）seeamanaboutahorse,（女）fixone’sface,powderone’snose大便、小便、方便、解手、大解、小解、凈手、如廁、去洗手間2）“上廁所”10

3）“懷孕”beexpecting,inafamilyway,(AmericanEnglish)inthefamilyway,(English)inaninterestingcondition有喜、重身子、雙身子、產(chǎn)婦、身懷六甲311

4）“身體太胖”stoutontheheavyside發(fā)福4）“身體太胖”12

5）“老人，年老”seniorcitizeneldlypeopleadvancedinage年邁年長(zhǎng)上了年紀(jì)上歲數(shù)年事已高5）“老人，年老”132.ComparedwithChinese,Englishhasmoreeuphemismsandtheyareusedmorefrequently

.

英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件14powderroom----ladies’room女廁所unpleasantodour------nastysmell難聞的氣味assault------rape強(qiáng)奸soiledlinen------dirtyclothes臟衣服unmentionables/nethergarments/inexpressibles

----trousers褲子powderroom----ladies’room女廁15

InmordernUKorUS,euphemizing,implicitandhumorspeechisregaredasmarkofcivilizationandpoliteness.Inrecenttenyears,theusageofeuphemismissopopularthatnearlydeepintoeverycornerofsociallifeandpublicorprivatebusiness.MostofthemarevivdandinterstingandcanreflectsocialandculturallifeInmordernUKorUS,euphe162.1OfficialEuphemism官方委婉語。2.2OccupationalEuphemism職業(yè)委婉語。2.3SchoolEuphemism學(xué)校委婉語。2.4Others各種事物委婉語2.1OfficialEuphemism官方委婉語。17

2.1OfficalEuphemismincludesallkindsofofficialese（官方英語）:1)bureaucratese聯(lián)邦政府官僚英語2)Pentagonese五角大樓英語3)State-Departmentese國(guó)務(wù)院英語4)Gobbledygook官腔英語5)unbababble地方市政府英語2.1OfficalEuphemism18

1)Bureaucratese聯(lián)邦政府官僚英語

Euphemismsaresopopularinofficialese,especiallyBureaucrateseamongwhichsomeofthemhavebecometrickstocoverthetruth,deceivethevoterandwinoverthewillofthepeople.1)Bureaucratese聯(lián)邦政府官僚英語19Forexample:1)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)：ecnomiccrisisecnomicadjustment（經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整）2)失業(yè)：unemplymentunderutilization（未充分利用人才）humanresourcesunderdevelopment（人才資源未充分開發(fā)）3)貧民區(qū)：sluminnercity;centralcity

Forexample:20

4）監(jiān)獄：prisonhouseofcorrection(改造所，教養(yǎng)院)5）捏造：fabricatelessthantruthful（不大真實(shí)）6）竊聽：eavesdroponintelligencegathering（收集情報(bào)）7）暗殺：assassinationliquidation（清算）4）監(jiān)獄：prison21poor：

IusedtothinkIwaspoor.ThentheytoldmeIwasn'tpoor,Iwasneedy.Theytoldmeitwasself-defeatingtothinkofmyselfasneedy,Iwasculturallydeprived.Thentheytoldmedeprivedwasabadimage,Iwasunderprivileged.Thentheytoldmeunderprivilegedwasoverused,Iwasdisadvantaged.Istilldon'thaveadime,butIhaveagreatvocabulary!poor：222)Pentagonese五角大樓英語為了掩蓋侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)本性,國(guó)防部官員把它稱為internationalarmedconflict(國(guó)際武裝沖突);對(duì)美國(guó)空軍來說，空襲只是airsupport（空中增援），在原蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)空偵察飛行僅是overflight（越界飛行）。軍方為了盡量縮小暴力破壞程度，把殺死敵人稱作neutralizetheadversary（壓制對(duì)手），把傷亡稱為circadianderegulation（生理節(jié)奏的反常）2)Pentagonese五角大樓英語23為了掩蓋戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中失敗的真相，五角大樓的官員會(huì)說：撤出exfiltration；戰(zhàn)線調(diào)整anadjustofthefront=退卻retreat；戰(zhàn)略撤退strategicwithdrawl=戰(zhàn)敗defeat；大量使用核武器的用語deterrence（威懾）；firststrikecapability（第一次打擊能力），從不提nuclear核子這個(gè)詞，也不提它可能導(dǎo)致人類的毀滅。英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件24

3)State-Departmentese國(guó)務(wù)院英語

外交官員常盡量縮小國(guó)際緊張局勢(shì)的嚴(yán)重性，讓公眾對(duì)其真正的動(dòng)機(jī)和國(guó)內(nèi)外問題產(chǎn)生模糊印象。當(dāng)兩位外長(zhǎng)舉行了一次usefulandbusinesslikemeeting（有益而一本正經(jīng)的會(huì)晤），其實(shí)是一次什么問題也沒有解決的會(huì)晤。當(dāng)兩位總理進(jìn)行了一次seriousandcandiddiscussion（認(rèn)真而坦率的討論），事實(shí)上是存在重大分歧。3)State-Departmentese國(guó)務(wù)院英語25

2.2OccupationalEuphemism職業(yè)委婉語。

Peopleoftencreatesomeupliftingwordorimpressivetitleto"beautify"theiroccupationinordertoimprovetheirsocialstatusandsatisfytheirvanity.

2.2OccupationalEuphemism職業(yè)26Sanitaryengineer=garbageman垃圾清潔工Meattechnologist=butcher屠戶Memberoftheoldestprofession=prostitute妓女Mixologist=bar-tender調(diào)酒師Sanitaryengineer27landscapearchitect=gardener園丁beautician\cosmetician\tonsorialartist=barber屠夫householdexecutive\domesticmanager=housewife家庭婦女landscapearchitect28OccupationalEuphemisminChinese:環(huán)衛(wèi)工人，保姆，白衣天使，靈魂工程師，出家人OccupationalEuphemisminChin292.3SchoolEuphemism學(xué)校委婉語。為了不磋商學(xué)生和家長(zhǎng)的自尊心，遲鈍呆笨的學(xué)生是unflamboyant（不浮夸）；低能兒是subnormal（智力遜常）；exceptional(special)child（情況特殊的孩子）.2.3SchoolEuphemism學(xué)校委婉語。30

Teachersarerequestedtousethefollowingeuphemismsinaprimaryschool:ShowsdifficultyindistinguishingbetweenimaginaryandfactualmaterialLies撒謊NeedshelpinlearningtoadheretorulesandstandardsoffairplayCheats作弊Teachersarerequest31NeedshelpinlearningtorespectthepropertyrightsofothersSteals偷竊HasqualitiesofleadershipbutneedshelpinlearningtousethemdemocraticallyIsabully恃強(qiáng)凌弱英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件322.4others各種事物委婉語predrivenclassic=usedcarindustrialaction=strike罷工colorminority=Negro黑人2.4others各種事物委婉語33memorygarden=cemetery墓地facialdew=sweat汗水inthealtogether=naked赤身裸體memorygarden34willowy=slender苗條redirectedflight=hijack劫機(jī)Let'sgotoReno=divorce辦離婚（美內(nèi)華達(dá)西部城市里諾以辦離婚手續(xù)簡(jiǎn)便而著稱）willowy35

II

Implicitness含蓄

英美民族富于幽默,表達(dá)時(shí)常不把要說的話直接說出來,而用某種間接、含蓄的方式來陳述。漢語也有含蓄表達(dá)法，但較常用作修辭手段。

IIImplicitness36Allinall,ChinesetendstospeakdirectlybutEnglishusuallyuse:1understatement克制陳述、2litotes間接肯定、3indirectnegation委婉否定4tactfulimplication婉轉(zhuǎn)暗示的表達(dá)方式。Allinall,Chinesetendstos37

1understatement克制陳述

AnEnglishmanwillsay”Ihavealittlehouseinthecountry”;whenheinvitesyoutostaywithhimyouwilldiscoverthatthelittlehouseisaplacewiththreehundredbedrooms.Ifyouareaworldtennis-champion,say”Yes,Idon’tplaytoobadly”,IfyouhavecrossedtheAtlanticaloneinasmallboat,say”Idoalittlesailing”.

1understatement克制陳述38克制陳述：以含蓄的語氣故意把大事化小makebigthingsseemtrifle,用輕描淡寫的言辭來加深對(duì)方的印象.這種保守又謹(jǐn)慎的表達(dá)方式在英國(guó)中上層的口語里尤為流行。如：ThispieceofworkisdisgracefulThispieceofworkisnothingtobeproudof.克制陳述：以含蓄的語氣故意把大事化小makebigthi391)Hehadfivesandwichesandaquartofmilkforhissnack他吃了五個(gè)三明治，喝了一夸脫牛奶，作為他的小吃2)Hehadamansioninthecountryandanotherlittleplaceintown.他在鄉(xiāng)下有一座大廈，在城里還有個(gè)小地方。英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件40

Englishwouldratherusedown-toner（低調(diào)詞）like"rather,quite,allright,somewhat"thanthewords"very,best,worst"1)She'srather(very)good-looking2)Hehaswrittenquiteanumberof(alotof)books3)He'sbeenabit(quite)poorlysincethewinter.ButIdidn'texpecthimtogolikethis入冬他就一直不大舒服，但沒料到他就這樣丟下這個(gè)世界去了。.Englishwouldratheru412Litotes間接肯定2.1Touseanegativetoemphasizethecontrarynotbad------>gooditwasn'teasy------>itwasverydifficultnorareoccurrence------>afrequentoccurrencenosmall------>great

2Litotes間接肯定42漢語也有這類反語，如:“未嘗不可”，“難免錯(cuò)誤”，“不虛此行”，“不無遺憾”，“沒有白干”等，但較多采用直接肯定。漢語也有這類反語，如:43

1)我發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著了火，這使我大吃一驚。Tomynosmallastonishment,Ifoundthehouseonfire2)繼續(xù)公開討論這一問題是大有用處的。Itservesnolittlepurposetocontinuepublicdiscussionofthisissue.3)這多災(zāi)多難的世界沒有任何太平的樂土。Thereisnountroubledplaceinthistroubledworld.1)我發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著了火，這使我大吃一驚。442.2Touseothernegativemethod1)他非常喜歡那姑娘Hedidn’thalflikethatgirl.(=helikedherverymuch)2)我覺得身體好極了Icouldn’tfeelbetter(=I’mfeelingfirst-rate)英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件453)他很想盡快和你見面Ican’tseeyouquicklyenough(=Hedesirestoseeyouassoonaspossible)4)在一個(gè)陌生的地方，越小心越好Onecouldnotbetoocarefulinanewneighborhood.5)這次會(huì)議的重要性無論怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)也不過分Theimportanceofthisconferencecannotbeoverestimated英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件466)我太贊成你的看法了。想做生意，就得有鐵石心腸。

Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.Someone’sgottobetoughifyouwanttostayinbusiness.7)再聰明的人也會(huì)做錯(cuò)事、智者千慮，必有一失Itisawisemanthatnevermakesmistakes.(=Thewisestmansometimesmakemistakes)6)我太贊成你的看法了。想做生意，就得有鐵石心腸。472.3TouseIndirectNegation

把直接的否定變得含蓄、婉轉(zhuǎn)，使口氣顯得溫和而不武斷，謙遜而留有余地。英語表示委婉否定的方法很多.2.3TouseIndirectNegation482.3.1用肯定的形式表達(dá)否定的意義。常見于:impliedsubjunctive含蓄虛擬句disjunctivequestions反意問句ellipsis省略句swear-words詛咒語ironicalidioms諷刺語2.3.1用肯定的形式表達(dá)否定的意義。常見于:491)Youcouldhavecomeatabettertime肯定式：你本來可以在更合適的時(shí)候來。否定義：你來得不是時(shí)候2)Asifanyonewouldbelievethatstory肯定式：好象竟有人會(huì)相信那些話似的否定義：別人才不信那一套哩英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件503)Areyoutellingme?Iknowallaboutit肯定式：你是在跟我說嗎？我全知道了否定義：不用你告訴我了（還要你說呢），我全知道了。4)Iknowbetter肯定式：我更加懂得否定義：我人為并非如此。3)Areyoutellingme?Iknowa515)Tellyouroldstorytosomeonewhobelieveit肯定式：把你這套老話講給相信它的人去聽吧否定義：我才不信你這套老話呢6)Letmecatchyouatitagain肯定式：（要是）讓我再撞見你干這種事，（你可要吃苦頭了）否定義：別再干這種事了英漢語言對(duì)比間接和直接ppt課件527)I’llseeyoudeadbeforeIacceptyourterms.肯定式：在我接受你的條件前，我要先看你死去否定義：見鬼去吧，我才不接受你的條件呢7)I’llseeyoudeadbeforeIa532.4TouseTactfulImplication

婉轉(zhuǎn)暗示

用含而不漏的言辭留下弦外之音，有些說法則跳過邏輯層次，讓對(duì)方去尋味。Itcanbeworse婉轉(zhuǎn)：還可能會(huì)更糟明言：還可以/還過得去/還算不怎么壞/湊合湊合吧2.4TouseTactfulImplication54Youarelateforthelasttime婉轉(zhuǎn)：這是你最后一次遲到了明言：你被解雇了Shehasmuchmorethanjustaprettyface婉轉(zhuǎn)：她遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止有一張漂亮的臉明言：她不僅長(zhǎng)得漂亮，還真有兩下子呢（還真有本事呢）Youarelateforthelasttime55Wouldyouminddoingit婉轉(zhuǎn)：你反對(duì)辦這件事嗎明言：請(qǐng)你辦這件事，好嗎ANegrocouldasknomore婉轉(zhuǎn)：一個(gè)黑人不能要求更多的了明言：一個(gè)黑人，還能要求什么呢？Hisaccentcouldn’tfoolanativespeaker.婉轉(zhuǎn)：他的口音不能愚弄本地人明言：本地人一聽他的口音,便知道他是外鄉(xiāng)人.Wouldyouminddoingit56

III

Periphrasis迂回isroundaboutexpressioninspeakingorwriting,i.e.theuseoflongormanywords,phrases,orunclearexpressionswhenshortsimpleonesareallthatisneeded.迂回是一種拐彎抹角的說法，是用較多、較長(zhǎng)或不清的詞語來表達(dá)原來簡(jiǎn)短的詞語就能說清的意思。IIIPeriphrasis迂571)請(qǐng)您告訴我是否應(yīng)該接受這項(xiàng)邀請(qǐng)迂回:WillyoupleasegoodenoughtoadvisemewhetherIshouldaccepttheinvitation?平易:PleasetellmewhetherIshouldaccepttheinvitation2)我已經(jīng)盡力去打聽你想要知道的消息。迂回Ihaveendeavoredtoobtaintherequiredinformation平易:Ihavetriedtofindoutwhatyouwantedtoknow1)請(qǐng)您告訴我是否應(yīng)該接受這項(xiàng)邀請(qǐng)58

3)你讀一讀這些文件就會(huì)明白的。

迂回Itwillbeobservedfromaperusalofthesedocuments.平易:Youwillseebyreadingthesedocuments4)費(fèi)用大概是一千萬美元左右。迂回Thecostmaybeupwardsofafigureratherbelow$10million平易:Thecostmaybenearly$10million3)你讀一讀這些文件就會(huì)明白的。595)倫敦沒有可靠的消息。迂回InLondonthereresignsacompleteabsenceofreallyreliablenews平易:ThereisnoreliablenewsinLondon6)請(qǐng)你們講話小聲一點(diǎn)好嗎迂回I’mterriblysorrytointerruptyou,butIwonderifyouwouldbesokindastoloweryourvoicesalittle.平易:Wouldyoupleaseloweryourvoicesalittle?5)倫敦沒有可靠的消息。60

EnglishusuallyuseEuphemism,ImplicitnessandPeriphrasistoexpress.Chinesealsohavesimilarexpre