Chapter6

Spokenvs.WrittenLanguage6.1Strikingdifferences1/14ReviewLanguageistransmittedbymeansofaudiblesoundwavesintheairorvisiblemarksonasurface.WrittenlanguageSpokenlanguage2/14Thatis,Aspokentextconsistsofasuccessionofconstantlyvaryingnoisesintheair;Awrittentextconsistsofgroupsofsmallblacksignsonpaper.3/14ThreestrikingdifferencesPart1,Differencesinhearer/readerinvolvementSpeechesAssumingthepresenceofthehearer;Usingsignalslikeoh,well,youknowetc.Usingquestionsorcommandstoinvolvehearers.Hearerswillhavecorrespondingreactionsinthewayoflaughterorapplauseetc.4/14ExampleDialogueA:Ohmygosh,Jason,isthatyou?B:Andrew!Hey!What'sup!A:Iamthrilledtoseeyouhere!Whatasurprise!

Payattentiontohowthespeakerbeginaconversation.5/14AwrittentextPresumingtheabsenceofthereader.Theauthorcan’tgetdirectfeedbackfromthereader.Sometimes,theauthormaycreatepotentialreaderandputthisfeedbackintothetext.6/14Part2,DifferencesinlinguisticexplicitnessSpeechThespeakerrelyontheircommonbackgroundknowledgeandimmediatecontext.(somethingdon’tneedtosayclearly)Example:--Areyoucomingbackforsupper,Jane?--It’sMonday,mom.7/14Thegirl’sanswerappearstobeirrelevant,(violatethemaximofrelation),yetthemotherunderstoodher—JanehadtogoaneveningschoolonMondayandwouldnotcomebackforsupper.(thismaybeaconventionorthingknownbymomandJane)8/14AwrittentextHasnodirectcontextforunderstanding.Readersdon’tshareauthor’spersonalbackgroundknowledge.Theauthorhastoexplicitnecessaryinformationforreaderstounderstand.9/14Part3,DifferencesinpreparednessSpeechSpontaneousDonotconcentrateonlyononesubject,theycantalkaboutwhatevertheywantto.(randomshiftoftopics)Thereisphenomenonof“normalnon-fluency”inconversationallanguage.10/14Whatis“normalnon-fluency”Hesitationpauses,falsestartsandsyntacticanomalies(異常)arefeathersofbeingnon-influentinthesenseoflackinganidealdelivery,andyetnormalinthesenseofoccurringhabituallyinspeech,asillustratedinthefollowingconversation:11/14A:--Ier-er-thater-Iwantyoupossibly…todomeafavor.B:--What？A:--er-canyoulendme200dollars?B:--er-er-(createdbymyselfandusedbetweentwoChinese.)12/14AwrittentextMorecarefulthanspeaking.Havingaclearsubject(orclue).Makinglog