勞動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》教學(xué)大綱課程編號(hào)：150022B課程類型：專業(yè)選修課總學(xué)時(shí)：32講課學(xué)時(shí)：32實(shí)驗(yàn)（上機(jī)）學(xué)時(shí)：學(xué)分：2適用對(duì)象：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、管理學(xué)等先修課程：初級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、初級(jí)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、中級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、中級(jí)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)一、課程的教學(xué)目標(biāo)完成本課程后，學(xué)生將能夠讀懂有關(guān)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)問題的文章，并對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)如何運(yùn)作有一個(gè)全面了解。學(xué)生也將獲得和運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)工具來解釋和討論與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)相關(guān)的政策問題。二、教學(xué)基本要求本課程是勞動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的初級(jí)課程，著重點(diǎn)在于如何運(yùn)用應(yīng)用微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的理論和實(shí)證分析來學(xué)習(xí)勞動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。勞動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)主要研究企業(yè)和個(gè)人行為和市場(chǎng)中的相互作用下各種結(jié)果。我們從企業(yè)層面、個(gè)人層面和市場(chǎng)層面來分析影響就業(yè)和失業(yè)的因素。我們還將研究國際上和國家具體的制度規(guī)則在個(gè)人和公司的勞動(dòng)決策中發(fā)揮的作用。授課老師的作用應(yīng)該是為學(xué)生提供指導(dǎo)，資源和支持。本課程的主要教學(xué)方法是課堂授課。學(xué)生應(yīng)該在來上課前完成指定的資料閱讀；來上課的學(xué)生要積極參與課堂討論和思考回答老師的提問、按時(shí)完成作業(yè)、和參加考試。課程評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：課堂參與（出席，課堂討論，問答）（15%）課堂演示（15%）作業(yè)（10%）期末考試（60%）三、各教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)學(xué)時(shí)分配（黑體，小四號(hào)字）教學(xué)課時(shí)分配序號(hào)章節(jié)內(nèi)容講課實(shí)驗(yàn)其他合計(jì)1勞動(dòng)力供給66勞動(dòng)力需求55競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性均衡44人力資本33工資結(jié)構(gòu)33勞動(dòng)力流動(dòng)33歧視，工會(huì)，失業(yè)88合計(jì)3232四、教學(xué)內(nèi)容第一章勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)導(dǎo)論第一節(jié)個(gè)人、企業(yè)和政府的決定第二節(jié)勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)第三節(jié)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)果的初步探索第四節(jié)供應(yīng)和需求模型：勞動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的主力1、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的工資和就業(yè)第五節(jié)當(dāng)前的政策問題第六節(jié)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)與其他市場(chǎng)的相似性與差異性各種表演者的目標(biāo)社會(huì)學(xué)、制度和立法限制市場(chǎng)不完善復(fù)雜的價(jià)格，服務(wù)于多種功能第七節(jié)另類視角關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)與其他市場(chǎng)的供求模式和相似性與差異性評(píng)價(jià)：應(yīng)用供需模型，了解模型背后的運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)理。第二章勞動(dòng)力供給：個(gè)人對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的依附第一節(jié)勞動(dòng)供給理論擴(kuò)展和應(yīng)用勞動(dòng)供給理論量化勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)依附小時(shí)基本收入休閑模式比較靜態(tài)派生勞動(dòng)供給曲線經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)第二節(jié)擴(kuò)展和應(yīng)用增加和勸阻工人的效果隱性失業(yè)兼職，加班，和靈活的工作時(shí)間關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)：勞動(dòng)供給理論與基本收入休閑模式評(píng)價(jià)：論證了對(duì)勞動(dòng)供給理論的認(rèn)識(shí)，并將所得的休閑模式應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)實(shí)世界市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)象。第三章勞動(dòng)供給與公共政策：工作激勵(lì)效應(yīng)的替代第一節(jié)收入維持計(jì)劃理論上的靜態(tài)部分平衡效應(yīng)地域人口補(bǔ)助福利負(fù)所得稅工資補(bǔ)貼和所得稅抵免就業(yè)保險(xiǎn)殘疾支助和工人賠償兒童保健補(bǔ)貼第二節(jié)激勵(lì)效應(yīng)的說明性證據(jù)非實(shí)驗(yàn)的證據(jù)。實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)自給自足的項(xiàng)目關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：激勵(lì)效應(yīng)和靜態(tài)部分平衡效應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)：從不同的公共政策對(duì)勞動(dòng)力供給的激勵(lì)效應(yīng)進(jìn)行解釋和分析第四章競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中勞動(dòng)力的需求第一節(jié)產(chǎn)品和勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的分類第二節(jié)短期內(nèi)對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的需求第三節(jié)工資，勞動(dòng)的邊際生產(chǎn)率，產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)第四節(jié)長(zhǎng)期的勞動(dòng)力需求1等產(chǎn)量線，isocosts，成本最小化得出公司的勞動(dòng)需求表3、分離工資變動(dòng)的規(guī)模和替代效應(yīng)第五節(jié)短期和長(zhǎng)期的勞動(dòng)力需求之間的關(guān)系第六節(jié)成本最小化下的勞動(dòng)力需求第七節(jié)勞動(dòng)力需求彈性可用性替代輸入替代品供給彈性產(chǎn)出需求彈性勞動(dòng)力成本在總成本中的份額經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)第八節(jié)需求狀況的變化，全球化和外包貿(mào)易對(duì)一個(gè)單一的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的影響跨部門貿(mào)易影響證據(jù)其他需求方面的因素重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：關(guān)系之間的短期和長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行的勞動(dòng)力需求，勞動(dòng)力的需求彈性。評(píng)價(jià)：了解短期和長(zhǎng)期的勞動(dòng)力需求和勞動(dòng)力需求彈性，并能夠?qū)⒅R(shí)應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界市場(chǎng)需求問題。第五章單一勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的工資和就業(yè)第一節(jié)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性企業(yè)與市場(chǎng)的互動(dòng)第二節(jié)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壟斷壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和寡頭壟斷產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)和市場(chǎng)工資的偏離第三節(jié)與供需合作線性供求函數(shù)應(yīng)用：一個(gè)單位工資稅的發(fā)生率第四節(jié)在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)買方壟斷簡(jiǎn)單的買方壟斷。影響買方壟斷。3。特色monopsonists完美的買方壟斷工資的分化。第五節(jié)壟斷證據(jù)第六節(jié)最低工資立法預(yù)期影響：競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)預(yù)期的影響：在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)買方壟斷預(yù)期影響：其他可能的抵消因素實(shí)際影響實(shí)證關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的不完善競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和最低工資立法評(píng)價(jià)：了解勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)不完善的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，使最低工資立法與不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之間的聯(lián)系第六章補(bǔ)償工資差異第一節(jié)工資和工資結(jié)構(gòu)的目的第二節(jié)補(bǔ)償工資理論單公司等利潤(rùn)表不同的公司有不同的安全技術(shù)單個(gè)人的偏好不同個(gè)體的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好單一企業(yè)、單一個(gè)體的均衡與許多公司和個(gè)人的平衡第三節(jié)安全調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)不完善的信息管制的理由安全監(jiān)管：行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)第四節(jié)工資補(bǔ)償?shù)膶?shí)證研究第五節(jié)政策的影響關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好和補(bǔ)償工資評(píng)價(jià)：了解補(bǔ)償工資理論，并將其應(yīng)用于實(shí)證分析。第七章人力資本理論：教育與培訓(xùn)的應(yīng)用第一節(jié)人力資本理論第二節(jié)私人投資教育第三節(jié)教育作為一種過濾器第四節(jié)實(shí)證證據(jù)教育和收入第五節(jié)人力資本收益函數(shù)信號(hào)，篩選和能力解決能力偏差增加教育和不平等的收益社會(huì)回報(bào)教育第六節(jié)訓(xùn)練誰付錢？政府的適當(dāng)作用政府培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目評(píng)估關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)：人力資本收益函數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)：掌握人力資本收益函數(shù)，了解教育培訓(xùn)的應(yīng)用第八章移民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第一節(jié)政策環(huán)境第二節(jié)移民對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的影響第三節(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)同化第四節(jié)移民結(jié)果與公共政策第五節(jié)移民對(duì)來源國的影響人才流失關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：移民的結(jié)果和公共政策評(píng)價(jià)：從移民對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。第九章歧視與男女收入差距第一節(jié)歧視：原因和來源歧視的理由歧視的來源第二節(jié)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)歧視理論需求理論的歧視供應(yīng)理論的歧視歧視非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的理論。生產(chǎn)力差異：選擇還是歧視？女權(quán)主義觀點(diǎn)第三節(jié)關(guān)于男性女性收入差距的證據(jù)測(cè)量歧視男性女性差異的實(shí)證結(jié)果其他群體的實(shí)證結(jié)果第四節(jié)打擊性別歧視政策1傳統(tǒng)的平等工資立法平等的價(jià)值，支付的權(quán)益，或類似的價(jià)值立法平等價(jià)值立法的存在同等價(jià)值程序經(jīng)濟(jì)與行政理念的價(jià)值平等價(jià)值活動(dòng)的基本原理平等價(jià)值活動(dòng)范圍具有可比性的價(jià)值薪酬公平的例子11平等就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)立法積極行動(dòng)或就業(yè)平等促進(jìn)女性就業(yè)的政策改變偏好和態(tài)度第五節(jié)政策的影響1傳統(tǒng)的平等薪酬政策肯定行動(dòng)可比的價(jià)值和報(bào)酬的公平可比價(jià)值的就業(yè)效應(yīng)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：歧視和收入差距評(píng)價(jià)：了解不同類型的歧視及其政策含義。第十章工會(huì)影響工資和非工資性的結(jié)果第一節(jié)工會(huì)工資的影響1理論背景和概念問題2工會(huì)工資影響測(cè)量中的若干問題第二節(jié)工會(huì)工資影響的實(shí)證研究1早期研究2造型結(jié)合的發(fā)生率及影響縱向研究美國平均影響的總結(jié)第三節(jié)工會(huì)工資變動(dòng)的影響第四節(jié)工會(huì)工資影響：總結(jié)第五節(jié)工會(huì)，工資差異，收入分配第六節(jié)。聯(lián)盟對(duì)資源配置和經(jīng)濟(jì)福利的影響第七節(jié)。工會(huì)對(duì)非實(shí)質(zhì)性結(jié)果的影響1工會(huì)和福利2工會(huì)對(duì)就業(yè)的影響工會(huì)對(duì)工作條件的影響工會(huì)對(duì)離職傾向和流動(dòng)性的影響工會(huì)對(duì)生產(chǎn)力、盈利能力和投資的影響關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：聯(lián)盟，營(yíng)業(yè)額和流動(dòng)性評(píng)價(jià)：示范知識(shí)和理解對(duì)工資和非工資結(jié)果的影響第十一章失業(yè)：含義和測(cè)量第一節(jié)測(cè)量失業(yè)1勞動(dòng)力調(diào)查2就業(yè)保險(xiǎn)索賠人隱性失業(yè)、邊際勞動(dòng)力的依附第二節(jié)勞動(dòng)力動(dòng)態(tài)1失業(yè)的發(fā)生率和持續(xù)時(shí)間2改變失業(yè)的觀點(diǎn)失業(yè)率的差異關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：勞動(dòng)力調(diào)查和失業(yè)率和持續(xù)時(shí)間評(píng)估：了解如何衡量失業(yè)和失業(yè)問題。五、其它授課老師應(yīng)根據(jù)學(xué)生的能力適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)課程進(jìn)度和內(nèi)容六、主要參考書*Benjamin,D.,M.Gunderson,T.Lemieux,andW.C.Riddell,“LabourMarketEconomics”(7thEdition),Toronto:McGrawHillRyerson,2012.AvailableattheDanaPorterlibrary*Borjas,G.,“LaborEconomics”,IrwinMcGrawHill.

LaborEconomicsCourseOutlineCourseCode:150022BCourseCode:150022BCourseType:ElectivesPeriods:32Lecture:32Experiment(Computer):Periods:32Lecture:32Experiment(Computer):0Credits:2:Economics,Management:Includeintroductory-to-intermediatemicroeconomicsandacourseinstatisticsorEconometricsCourseObjectivesUponcompletionofthiscoursethestudentswillbeabletocriticallyreadpublicdocumentsdealingwithlabormarketissuesandestablishacomprehensiveunderstandingofthelabormarketoperation.Thestudentswillgain&applytheeconomictoolstoexplainanddiscussthepolicyissues.CourseRequirementsThiscourseisanintroductiontolaboreconomicswithanemphasisonappliedmicroeconomictheoryandempiricalanalysis.Laboreconomicsfocusonthestudiesonthebehavioroffirmsandindividualsandthevariousoutcomesoftheirinteractionswithinmarkets.Wewillanalyzefirm-level,individual-levelandmarket-levelfactorsaffectingemploymentandunemployment.Wewillalsostudytheroleofinternationalforcesandcountry-specificinstitutionalrulesgoverninglabordecisionsonthepartofindividualsandfirms.Theinstructor'sroleistoprovideguidance,resources,andsupport.Lecturingisthemainteachingapproachinthiscourse,butstudentsareresponsibleforengagingactivelyintheprocess.Todowellinthiscoursestudentsneedtocompletetheassignedreadingsbeforecomingtoclass,cometoandparticipateinclass,anddohomeworkandcometoexams.Thecourseassessmentisbasedonthefollowing:ClassParticipation(Attendance,Discussion,Q&A)(15%)ClassPresentation(15%)(60%)Assignment(10%)(60%)FinalExaminationCoursePlanning教學(xué)課時(shí)分配(ClassSchedule)序號(hào)章節(jié)內(nèi)容講課實(shí)驗(yàn)其他合計(jì)PartILaborSupply66LaborDemand55CompetitiveEquilibrium44HumanCapital33TheWageStructure33LaborMobility33Discrimination,Unions,Unemployment88合計(jì)3232CourseOutlineChapter1IntroductiontoLaborMarketEconomicsSection1.DecisionsbyIndividuals,Firms,andGovernmentsSection2.SubjectMatterofLaborMarketEconomicsSection3.PreliminaryExplorationsofLaborMarketOutcomesSection4.TheSupplyandDemandModel:WorkhorseofLaborEconomicsWagesandEmploymentinaCompetitiveLaborMarketSection5.CurrentPolicyIssuesSection6.SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweentheLaborMarketandOtherMarketsVariousActorswithaVarietyofGoalsSociological,Institutional,andLegislativeConstraintsMarketImperfectionsComplexPrice,ServingaVarietyofFunctionsSection7.AlternativePerspectivesKeypointsandDifficulties:thesupplyanddemandmodelandsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthelabormarketandothermarketsEvaluation:applythesupplyanddemandmodelandunderstandthemechanismofmovementsbehindthemodel.Chapter2LaborSupply:IndividualAttachmenttotheLaborMarketSectionOne:TheTheoryofLaborSupplyExtensionsandApplicationsTheTheoryofLaborSupplyQuantifyingLaborMarketAttachmentHoursBasicIncome-LeisureModelComparativeStaticsDerivingtheIndividualSupplyCurveofLaborEmpiricalEvidenceSectionTwo:ExtensionsandApplicationsAddedandDiscouragedWorkerEffectsHiddenUnemploymentMoonlighting,Overtime,andFlexibleWorkingHoursKeypointsandDifficulties:thetheoryoflaborsupplyandbasicincome-leisuremodelEvaluation:demonstratetheunderstandingonthetheoryoflaborsupplyandapplytheincome-leisuremodeltotherealworldmarketphenomenon.Chapter3LaborSupplyandPublicPolicy:WorkIncentiveEffectsofAlternativeSection1.IncomeMaintenanceSchemesStaticPartialEquilibriumEffectsinTheoryDemograntWelfareNegativeIncomeTaxWageSubsidyandEarnedIncomeTaxCreditEmploymentInsurance7.DisabilityPaymentsandWorkers'Compensation8.Child-CareSubsidySection2.IllustrativeEvidenceofIncentiveEffectsNonexperimentalEvidenceExperimentalEvidenceTheSelf-SufficiencyProjectKeypointsandDifficulties:incentiveeffectsandstaticpartialequilibriumeffectsintheoryEvaluation:explainandanalyzetheincentiveeffectsfromdifferentpublicpolicyonlaborsupply.Chapter4DemandforLaborinCompetitiveLaborMarketsSection1.CategorizingtheStructureofProductandLaborMarketsSection2.DemandforLaborintheShortRunSection3.Wages,theMarginalProductivityofLabor,andCompetitionintheProductMarketSection4.DemandforLaborintheLongRunIsoquants,Isocosts,andCostMinimization2.DerivingtheFirm'sLaborDemandSchedule3.SeparatingScaleandSubstitutionEffectsofaWageChangeSection5.TheRelationshipbetweentheShort-andLong-RunLaborDemandSection6.LaborDemandunderCostMinimizationSection7.ElasticityofDemandforLaborAvailabilityofSubstituteInputsElasticityofSupplyofSubstituteInputsElasticityofDemandforOutputShareofLaborsCostinTotalCostsEmpiricalEvidenceSection8.ChangingDemandConditions,Globalization,andOutsourcingTheImpactofTradeonaSingleLaborMarketCross-SectoralImpactofTradeEvidenceOtherDemand-SideFactorsKeypointsanddifficulties:therelationshipbetweentheshort-andlong-runlabordamand,elasticityofdemandforlabor.Evaluation:understandtheshort-runandlong-runlabordemandandelasticityofdemandoflaborandtobeabletoapplytheknowledgetotherealworldmarketdemandissues.Chapter5WagesandEmploymentinaSingleLaborMarketSection1.TheCompetitiveFirm'sInteractionwiththeMarketSection2.ImperfectCompetitionintheProductMarketMonopolyMonopolisticCompetitionandOligopolyProductMarketStructureandDeparturesfromMarketWagesSection3.WorkingwithSupplyandDemandLinearSupplyandDemandFunctionsApplication:IncidenceofaUnitPayrollTaxSection4.MonopsonyintheLaborMarketSimpleMonopsonyImplicationsofMonopsonyCharacteristicsofMonopsonistsPerfectMonopsonisticWageDifferentiationSection5.EvidenceofMonopsonySection6.Minimum-WageLegislationExpectedImpact:CompetitiveLaborMarketExpectedImpact:MonopsonyintheLaborMarketExpectedImpact:OtherPossibleOffsettingFactorsEmpiricalEvidenceonActualImpactKeypointsanddifficulties:imperfectcompetitioninthelabormarketandminimum-wagelegislationEvaluation:understandtheimperfectcompetitioninthelabormarketandmaketheconnectionbetweenminimum-wagelegislationtotheimperfectcompetition.Chapter6CompensatingWageDifferentialsSection1.PurposesofWagesandWageStructuresSection2.TheoryofCompensatingWages1.SingleFirm'sIsoprofitScheduleDifferentFirmswithDifferentSafetyTechnologies3.SingleIndividual'sPreferencesDifferentIndividualswithDifferentRiskPreferencesEquilibriumwithSingleFirm,SingleIndividualEquilibriumwithManyFirmsandIndividualsSection3.EffectofSafetyRegulationPerfectlyCompetitiveMarketsImperfectInformationRationaleforRegulation4.SafetyRegulation:TheBehavioralEconomicsViewSection4.EmpiricalEvidenceonCompensatingWagesSection5.PolicyImplicationsKeypointsanddifficulties:riskpreferencesandcompensatingwagesEvaluation:understandthetheoryofcompensatingwagesandtobeabletoapplyittheempiricalanalysis.Chapter7HumanCapitalTheory:ApplicationstoEducationandTrainingSection1.HumanCapitalTheorySection2.PrivateInvestmentinEducationSection3.EducationasaFilterSection4.EmpiricalEvidenceEducationandEarningsSection5.TheHumanCapitalEarningsFunctionSignaling,Screening,andAbilityAddressingAbilityBiasIncreasedReturnstoEducationandInequalitySocialReturnstoEducationSection6.TrainingWhoPays?AppropriateRoleofGovernmentEvaluationofGovernmentTrainingProgramsKeypointsanddifficulties:humancapitalearningsfunctionEvaluation:masterhumancapitalearningfunctionandunderstandtheapplicationtoeducationandtraining.Chapter8TheEconomicsofImmigrationSection1.ThePolicyEnvironmentSection2.TheImpactofImmigrantsontheLaborMarketSection3.EconomicAssimilationSection4.ImmigrantOutcomesandPublicPolicySection5.TheImpactofImmigrationonSourceCountriesTheBrainDrainKeypointsanddifficulties:immigrantoutcomesandpublicpolicyEvalution:understandtheeconomicimpactfromimmigration.Chapter9DiscriminationandMale-FemaleEarningsDifferentialsSection1.Discrimination:ReasonsandSourcesReasonsforDiscriminationSourcesofDiscriminationSection2.TheoriesofLaborMarketDiscriminationDemandTheoriesofDiscriminationSupplyTheoriesofDiscriminationNoncompetitiveTheoriesofDiscriminationProductivityDifferences:ChoiceorDiscrimination?FeministPerspectivesSection3.EvidenceonMale-FemaleEarningsDifferentialsMeasuringDiscriminationEmpiricalResultsonMale-FemaleDifferentialsEmpiricalResultsforOtherGroupsSection4.PoliciestoCombatSexDiscrimination1.ConventionalEqualPayLegislationEqualValue,PayEquity,orComparableWorthLegislationExistenceofEqualValueLegislationEqualValueProceduresEconomicversusAdministrativeConceptsofValueRationaleforEqualValueInitiativesScopeofEqualValueInitiativesDesignFeaturesofComparableWorthPayEquityExampleEqualEmploymentOpportunityLegislationAffirmativeActionorEmploymentEquityPoliciestoFacilitateFemaleEmploymentAlterPreferencesandAttitudesSection5.ImpactofPolicyInitiatives1.ConventionalEqualPayPoliciesAffirmativeActionComparableWorthandPayEquityEmploymentEffectsofComparableWorthKeypointsanddifficulties:discriminationandearningdifferentialsEvaluation:understanddifferentkindsofdiscriminationandtheirpolicyimplication.Chapter10UnionImpactonWageandNonwageOutcomesSection1.UnionWageImpact1.TheoreticalBackgroundandConceptualProblemsSomeProblemsinMeasuringtheUnionWageImpactSection2.EmpiricalEvidenceonUnionWageImpact1.EarlyStudies2.ModellingUnionIncidenceandImpactLongitu