20232023年6月英語六級真題第3套第1頁，共6頁2023年6月英語六級真題第3套PartIWriting (30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence"Itiswidelyacceptedthatanimportantgoalofeducationistohelpstudentslearnhowtolearn."Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension (30minutes)溫馨提示：2023622PartIIIReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Youmightnotknowyourselfaswellasyouthink.Accordingtoanewstudy,peopleare26accuratejudgesofonlysomeoftheirbehaviors.Whilemostpreviousstudiesonhowwellpeopleknowthemselveshavebeendoneonlong-termpersonalitytraits,thisnewstudy27howwellpeopleunderstandhowtheyareactingfromonemomenttothenext.Researchersaskedparticipantstowearaudiorecordersthatautomatically28every9.5minutesbetween7a.m.and2a.m.torecord30secondsofaudio.Theseparticipantswerethenemailedsurveysfourtimesadayaskingthemto29howoutgoing,agreeable,orconscientioustheywereduringaparticularhouroftheday.Thestudyuseddatafrom248participants,allofwhomansweredquestionsabouttheirbehaviorfortwo30weeksandworetheaudiodeviceforoneofthoseweeks.Sixlaboratoryassistantsratedeachparticipant'saudioclipstoseehowtheirobservationscomparedwithpeople's31ofthemselves.Thesixassistantsweregenerallyinagreementwithoneanotherabouthowthepeopletheywereobservingacted.Further,participants'ratingsoftheirownbehaviorsagreedwithobservers'forhowoutgoingandhowconscientioustheywerebeing.Buttheagreementbetweenparticipantsandoutsideobserverswasmuchsmallerforagreeableness.Someofthis32couldbebecausetheobserversusedonlyaudioclips,andthuscouldnotread33likebodylanguage,butthereare34otherexplanations,aspeopleshouldbeabletohearwhenaparticipantisbeingkindversusbeingrude.Theweakagreementbetweenhowparticipantsthoughttheywereactingandwhatobserversheardcouldbebecausepeoplewouldrather35rudebehavior.activatedactivatedarticulatesassessmentconsecutivecuesdenydiscrepancyprobablyprobesrandomrecallrelativelysaturatedsymptomsterminateSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymakingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.WhyweneedtinycollegesWe'reexperiencingtherebirthofsmallness.Farmersmarkets,tinyhomes,andbrewpubsallexemplifyourloveofsmallness.Sodocharterschools,coffeeshops,andlocalbookstores.Smallisoften(butnotalways)moreaffordable,healthier,andsustainable,butitsfinestcharacteristic,theonethatturnscharmintolove,isthatgoingsmallallowsustobemorefullywhoweare.Inhighereducationthetrendismostlyintheoppositedirection:Universitieswith20,000or30,000studentsareconsidered"mid-sized".Thenation'slargestuniversity,ArizonaStateUniversity,has80,000studentsoncampusandaimstoenrollanother100,000studentsonline.Attheotherendofthespectrumisahandfulofcollegesthathavefewerthanahundredstudentsoncampusandnoonlinecourses:collegessuchasSterlingCollege,ThomasMoreCollegeofLiberalArts,andDeepSpringsCollege.Thesecollegesaresosmallthattheycanonlybecalled"tiny."Tinycollegesfocusnotjustonayoungperson'sintellect,butontheyoungpersonasawhole.Equallyimportant,tinycollegesask,"Howcaneducationcontributetohumanflourishingandthewell-beingoftheworld?"Andtheyshapeacollegeexperiencetoaddressthatquestion.Theyreplaceconcernsaboutinstitutionalgrowthwithattentiontothegrowthofstudentsasfullydevelopedparticipantsintheircommunities.I'vehadtheprivilegeofteachingatthreedifferentinstitutionsofhigherlearningduringmycareer-asmallliberalartscollegeandtwomid-sizedpublicuniversities.I'vealsobeenprofoundlydisappointedineachoftheseinstitutions,andinmanyofmycolleagues,especiallywhenitcomestohelpingstudentsandpreparingthemforthemanyresponsibilitiesofadulthood.Administratorsfocusonthebusinessofrunningauniversity,andmostfacultyfocusontheirscholarshipandteachingtheirdiscipline.Littledeliberateattentionisgiventohowstudentsmatureasindividualsandsocialbeings.Havingjustretiredfromteachingatapublicuniversity,I'mnowreturningtomyhometownofFlagstaff,Arizona,toestablishatinycollege—FlagstaffCollege.I'mconvincedthere'saneedforanothertypeofeducation,onedevotedtohelpingstudentscomeintotheirownandintothisbeautifulandtroubledworld.Youngpeopleneedaneducationthatwillprovidethemwithmeaning,hope,courage,andpassion,aswellasinformationandskills.Largeinstitutions,Ibelieve,areparticularlyill-suitedtothistypeofeducation.There'sno"bestof"listwhenitcomestotinycolleges,atleastnotyet.Butaroundthecountrypeoplearecreatingnewcollegesthatprovideanalternativetosmallliberalartscolleges,largepublicuniversities,andonlineeducation.Withonly26students,DeepSpringsisthesmallestcollegeinthecountryand,quitelikely,themostatypical(非典型的).LocatedonaworkingcattleranchontheCalifornia-Nevadaborder,DeepSpringsisaprivate,residential,two-yearcollegeformen,committedtoeducatingstudentsfor"alifeofservicetohumanity."Foundedbytheelectricitytycoon大亨)L.L.Nunnin1917,DeepSprings"curriculum"revolvesaroundacademics,labor,andself-governance.Inadditiontotheircourses,studentsarechargedwithrunningthe155-acreranchandoverseeingthefunctioningofthecollege.Studentschairboththeadmissionsandthecurriculumcommittees."Livinginclosecommunitywithone'steachersandfellowstudents,andbeingforcedtotakeonadultresponsibilities,makesforone'sgrowthasaperson,"saysWilliamHunt,whograduatedlastyear."Toexistforverylonginacommunitylikethat,youhavetogetoverthequestionofwhetheryou'resufficientlytalentedorprincipledandgetstartedworryingabouthowyoucanstretchyourselfandyourpeers,howmuchyoucanmanagetolearnwiththem."SterlingCollege,inCraftsburyCommon,Vermont,isalsoverysmall-fewerthan100students.UnlikeDeepSprings,Sterlingfocusesitscurriculumonenvironmentalandsocialjusticeissues,butlikeDeepSpringsitplacesahighvalueonpersonalresponsibilityandmanuallabor.Accordingtoitscatalog,acollegeeducationatSterlingcombines"rigorousacademics,roll-up-your-sleeveschallenges,andgoodoldhardwork."Theaveragetuitionatasmallliberal-artscollegeis$30,000to$40,000ayear,notincludingthecostoflivingoncampus,ascomparedto$8,000to$10,000ayearfortuitionaloneatapublicuniversity.Ofthetinycolleges,onlyDeepSpringsdoesn'tchargetuitionorroomandboard;studentspayonlyforbooksandthecostoftravelingtoandfromcollege.Iftinyschoolsaretobecomeaplayeronthehighereducationscene,theywillneedtofindawaytobetrulyaffordable.Doingsomaynotbethatdifficultsolongastheydonotpatternthemselvestoocloselyonexistingnorms.We'vecometobelievethatagoodcollegeshouldhavemanyacademicprogramsandexcellentfacilities,posh(豪華的)dorms,anarrayofathleticprograms,andaworld-classstudentactivitycenter.Imagineagoodcollegewithoutaclimbingwall!Wealsohaveacceptedtheideathatcollegepresidents,andtheirmanyvice-presidents,shouldbepaidliketheircounterpartsinthebusinessworldandthathighereducationrequiresanelaborate,up-to-datetechnologyinfrastructure.Allofthisdrivesupthecostofeducation.The"trick"tomakingtinycollegesaffordable,ifthat'stherightword,issimplicity.Atitscore,educationisahuman-to-humaninteraction.Reflectingonhisowncollegeeducation,PresidentGarfieldoncecommentedthatanidealcollegewouldconsistofnothingmorethanthelegendaryteacherMarkHopkinsononeendofalogandastudentontheother.Theeconomicsofatinycollege,inotherwords,mightbesimilartothatofatinyhouse.Becauseitissmall,atinyhousecostslesstobuildandlesstofurnish,insure,andmaintain.Buttheeconomicbenefitsofasmallhousedon'tendthere.Tinyhomesdiscouragehomeownersfrombuyingstuffthattheyreallydon'tneed,becausethere'snoplacetoputit.I'malateconverttotheideaoftinycolleges,andIfullyunderstandtheneedformanydiversetypesofeducationalinstitutions.Academicresearchandjobtrainingareimportant,buttinycollegesaren'tsuitedforeither.Theeducationalneedsofacomplexsocietyarethemselvescomplex,andnosinglemodelcanmeetalloftheseneeds.ButI'mnowconvincedthere'saneducationalneedthat'snowgoingalmostcompletelyunmet:namely,theneedtohelpyoungpeopletransitionintoadulthood.Tinycollegescandothisbetterthananyothertypeofeducationalinstitution.Theultimatejustificationforatinycollegeistheconvictionthateachofuscomesintoourfullhumanitybycloseinteractionwiththosewhoknowandcareforus,andthatoneofthebasicpurposesofhighereducationissocial.Althoughwegivelipservicetotheideathatacollegeeducationwillmakeusbetterpeople,whenall'ssaidanddone,wethinkofhighereducationprimarilyineconomicterms.We'vecometothinkofhighereducationasameanstomakealivingratherthanmakealife.We'vealsocometoseehighereducationasaprivategoodratherthanapublicone.Tinycollegesarenottheanswertoallofeducationalrequirements,butthey'reananswertooneofourmostbasiceducationalnecessities;theneedtoproducethoughtful,engaged,andcompassionatehumanbeings.OnetinyAmericancollegesituatedonacattlefarmisdevotedtoeducatingstudentstoservemankindthroughouttheirlives.Muchtotheauthor'sdisappointment,thethreeinstitutionsofhigherlearningwhereshetaughtlargelyignorestudents'growthassocialbeings.Tinycollegesmustbemadeaffordableinordertoplayaroleinhighereducation.Accordingtoarecentgraduatefromatinycollege,livingtogetherwithfacultyandfellowstudentsisconducivetoastudent'sgrowthasaperson.Ratherthangoingsmall,mostAmericanuniversitiesaretryingtogobig.Inacertaintinycollege,rigorousacademicworkandtraditionalmanuallaborareintegrated.Tinycollegesfocusoneducatingstudentstobecomewell-roundedcitizensinsteadofseekingtheirownexpansion.Theessenceofeducationliesintheinteractionbetweenpeople.Afterherretirement,theauthorhasdecidedtosetupatinycollegeinherhometown.Tinycollegesarejustifiedasitisbelievedthatourgrowthintofullhumanitycomesthroughinteractionwithpeoplenearanddeartous.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyou'resomeonewhohasturnedtosnackingonjunkfoodmoreinthepandemic大流行病),you'renotalone.InvestigativereporterMichaelMosssaysprocessedfoodisengineeredtohookyou,notunlikealcohol,cigarettes,orotherharmfulsubstances.His2013book,SaltSugarFat,exploredfoodcompanies'aggressivemarketingofthoseproductsandtheirimpactonourhealth.Inhisnewbook,Hooked,Mossupdatesthefoodgiants'effortstokeepuseatingwhattheyserve,andhowthey'rerespondingtocomplaintsfromconsumersandhealthadvocates.Processedfoodisinexpensive,it'slegal,andit'severywhere.Companies'advertisingiscueingustorememberthoseproductsandwewantthoseproductsconstantly.Sothefoodenvironmentisoneofthosekeythingsthatmakesfoodevenmoreproblematicforsomanypeople.Memory,nostalgia(懷舊)inparticular,playsabigroleinthefoodswecrave.Sodacompaniesdiscoveredthatiftheyputasodainthehandsofachildwhenthey'reataballgamewiththeirparents,thatsodawillforeverbeassociatedwiththatjoyousmoment.Laterinlife,whenthatchildwantstoexperienceajoyousmoment,they'regoingtothinkofsoda.Manypeopleseekcomfortinthesnackstheyrememberfromchildhood.Mossexaminesthewaycompaniescapitalizeonourmemories,cravingsandbrainchemistrytokeepussnacking.OneofthereasonsIcametothinkthatsomeofthesefoodproductsareevenmorepowerful,moretroublesomethandrugscanbeismemory.Whatweeatisallaboutmemory.Andwebeginformingmemoriesforfoodatareallyearlyage.Andwekeepthosememoriesforalifetime.Knowingthis,thefoodindustryspendslotsoftimetryingtoshapethememoriesthatwehavefortheirproducts.Oneofthefeaturesofaddictionthatscientistsstudyingdrugaddictiondiscoveredbackinthe1990swasthatthefasterasubstancehitsthebrain,themoreaptweareasaresulttoactimpulsively.There'snothingfasterthanfoodinitsabilitytohitthebrain.ForMoss,thisputsthenotionof"fastfood"inanentirelynewlightasthisisn'tlimitedtofastfoodchains-almost90%offoodproductsingrocerystoresareprocessedfoods.Everythingintheindustryisaboutspeed,frommanufacturingtopackaging.Overall,Mossoutlinestheindustry'sdependenceonmakingtheirproductsinexpensive,superdelicious,andincrediblyconvenientforconsumers.Nowthatmoreandmorepeoplecareaboutwhattheyputintheirbodiesandarewantingtoeathealthier,thesecompaniesarefindingitreallydifficulttomeetthatnewdemandbecauseoftheirownaddictiontomakingtheseconveniencefoods.InwhatwaydoesMichaelMossthinkprocessedfoodiscomparabletoalcoholandcigarettes?Theyarealladdictive. C)Theyareallengineeredtobeenjoyed.Theyareallnecessaryevils. D)Theyareallinincreasinglygreatdemand.Whatdoestheauthorsayplaysakeyroleinthefoodswecrave?Thefoodenvironment. C)Convenience.Aggressivemarketing. D)Memory.Whatdofoodcompaniesdotocapitalizeonconsumers'associationwiththeirfoodproducts?Theystrivetoinfluencehowconsumersremembertheirproducts.Theyattempttouseconsumers'long-termmemoriestopromoteaddiction.Theytrytoexploitconsumers'memoriesfortheirproductsasearlyaspossible.Theyendeavortofindwhatconsumersrememberabouttheirproducts.Howdoesthefoodindustryoperatefrommanufacturingtopackaging,accordingtoMoss?Placingtheideaoffastfoodinanentirelynewlight.Settingnolimittothenumberoffastfoodchains.Focusingonhowquicklytheworkisdone.Prioritizingthequalityoftheirproducts.Whyarecompaniesfindingitdifficulttosatisfyconsumers'demandforhealthierfoodproducts?Theythinkspeedofproductionoutweighsconsumers'health.Theybelievetheirindustrywouldperishwithoutfastfoods.Theyhavetostrikeabalancebetweentasteandnutrition.Theyarehookedonmanufacturingconveniencefoods.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Chimpanzees(黑猩猩),humanbeings'closestanimalrelatives,shareupto98%ofourgenes.Yethumansandchimpanzeesleadverydifferentlives.Fewerthan300,000wildchimpanzeesliveinafewforestedcornersofAfricatoday,whilehumanshavecolonizedeverycorneroftheglobe.Atmorethan7billion,humanpopulationdwarfsthatofnearlyallothermammals—despiteourphysicalweaknesses.Whatcouldaccountforourspecies'incredibleevolutionarysuccesses?Oneobviousanswerisourbigbrains.Itcouldbethatourrawintelligencegaveusanunprecedentedabilitytothinkoutsidethebox,innovatingsolutionstothornyproblemsaspeoplemigratedacrosstheglobe.Butagrowingnumberofcognitivescientistsandanthropologists(人類學(xué)家)arerejectingthatexplanation.Theythinkthat,ratherthanmakingourlivingasinnovators,wesurviveandthrivepreciselybecausewedon'tthinkforourselves.Instead,peoplecopewithchallengingclimatesandecologicalcontextsbycarefullycopyingothers.Inafamousstudy,psychologistsVictoriaHornerandAndrewWhitenshowedtwogroupsoftestsubjects-childrenandchimpanzees-amechanicalboxwithatreatinside.Inonecondition,theboxwasopaque,whileintheotheritwastransparent.Theexperimentersdemonstratedhowtoopentheboxtoretrievethetreat,buttheyalsoincludedtheirrelevantstepoftappingontheboxwithastick.Oddly,thechildrencarefullycopiedallthestepstoopenthebox,evenwhentheycouldseethatthestickhadnopracticaleffect.Thatis,theycopiedirrationally:Insteadofdoingonlywhatwasnecessarytogettheirreward,childrenslavishlyimitatedeveryactionthey'dwitnessed.Ofcourse,thatstudyonlyincludedthree-andfour-year-olds.Butadditionalresearchhasshownthatolderchildrenandadultsareevenmorelikelytomindlesslycopyothers'actions,andinfantsarelesslikelytoover-imitate—thatis,topreciselycopyevenimpracticalactions.Bycontrast,chimpanzeesinthestudyonlyover-imitatedintheopaquecondition.Inthetransparentcondition-wheretheysawthatthestickwasmechanicallyuseless-theyignoredthatstepentirely.Otherresearchhassincesupportedthesefindings.Whenitcomestocopying,chimpanzeesaremorerationalthanhumanchildrenoradults.Wheredoestheseeminglyirrationalhumanpreferenceforover-imitationcomefrom?AnthropologistJosephHenrichpointsoutthatpeoplearoundtheworldrelyontechnologiesthatareoftensocomplexthatnoonecanlearnthemrationally.Instead,peoplemustlearnthemstepbystep,trustinginthewisdomofmoreexperiencedeldersandpeers.Sothe