《英語國家社會與文化入門》

（上冊）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)第1頁TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

Unit4Politics,ClassandRace第2頁GivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:衛(wèi)報保守黨環(huán)境保護自由民主黨京都議定書Quiz第3頁Thegeneralelections--Importanceofthegeneralelections--ProcedureofthegeneralelectionsThepoliticalpartiesandrecentpoliticalproblemsandtrends-TheLaborParty-TheConservativeParty-TheLiberalDemocraticPartyUKpolicyonenvironmentalprotectionSocialClassinBritishsocietyEthnicrelationsinBritain

FocalPoints第4頁TheUnitisDividedintoFiveSectionsI.

TheGeneralElectionsinBritainII.ThePoliticalPartiesandRecentPoliticalproblemsandTrendsIII.UKPolicyonEnvironmentalProtectionIV.SocialClassinBritishSocietyV.EthnicRelationsinBritainTheUnitIsDividedintoFiveSections第5頁ITheGeneralElectionsImportanceofthegeneralelections--Thecitizen’srighttovoteforthecandidateoftheirchoicetorepresenttheminparliament--TheelectionseenasanopportunitytoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicyFormationofthegovernment--650MPsrepresenting650constituencies--Thepartywithmajorityseatsinparliamentformingthegovernment--Thegovernmentstandingfornomorethan5yearsexceptinexceptionalcircumstances第6頁ITheGeneralElectionsRequirementsforbeingacandidate:--AnyonewhoiseligibletovotecanstandasaMPinprinciple.--Candidateswithpoliticalbackgroundstendtogetmorevotesthananindependentcandidate.--Peoplewhowanttomakeanimpactinnationalpoliticsmustusuallyjoinoneofthebigpartiesandapplytobechosenastheircandidateinoneoftheconstituencies.

第7頁ITheGeneralElectionsProcedureofthegeneralelections:

--Everyoneonthe“electoralregister”getsavotingcardinmailwithdetailsofwhenandwheretovote.--Thepoliticalpartiesgettheirelectoralcampaigns,includingadvertisinginnewspapers,onTV,door-do-doorcampaigningandpostaldeliveriesofleaflets.--Peoplegototheirstationsandtakeacardwiththecandidates’nameslistedonit.Thentheyputan“X”besidethenameofthecandidateoftheirchoiceandinsertitintothesealedboxthroughaslitinthetop.第8頁TheGeneralElectionsBritain'sPrimeMinisterGordonBrownisjoinedbyhiswifeSarahafterhegavehisfinalcampaignspeechtoLabourPartysupportersinDumfries,ScotlandMay5,.第9頁

TheGeneralElections

Britain's

Conservative

Party

leader

David

Cameron

addressed

the

final

campaign

rallyin

Bristol,

southwest

England,

onMay

5,

.

第10頁TheGeneralElectionsPeoplequeuedforhourstovoteintheelection第11頁ⅡThePoliticalPartiesandRecentPoliticalProblemsandTrendsTheLaborPartyTheConservativePartyTheLaborPartyTheLiberalDemocraticPartyRecentpoliticalproblemsandtrends--Inthe1970s,badeconomywithhighinflationandlowgrowth--Inthe1980s,theprivatizationofnationalizedindustry--Inthemid-90s,steadyeconomicgrowthandreducingunemploymentfigures第12頁

TheLaborParty

Foundedin1900,theLaborPartyisacentre-leftpoliticalpartyintheUK.It’salsothenewestpartywhichgrewoutofthetradeunionmovementandsocialistpoliticalpartiesofthe19thcentury.It’sasocialistparty,believingthatasocietyshouldberelativelyequalineconomictermsandthatthegovernmentshouldredistributethewealthbetweentherichandthepoor.第13頁TheLeaderoftheLaborPartyBorninLondon,Ed.Milibandgraduatedfrom

CorpusChristiCollege

attheUniversityofOxford,andthe

LondonSchoolofEconomics.Milibandwaspromotedtothepostof

SecretaryofStateforEnergyandClimateChange

fromto.OnSeptember25,,hewas

electedLeaderoftheLaborParty.第14頁TheConservativeParty

TheConservativePartywasfoundedin1834andwasoneoftwodominantpartiesinthe19thcentury.It’sacentre-rightpoliticalpartythatstatesthatitespousesthephilosophiesofconservatismandBritishunionism.It’sbasicallythepartyoftheindividual,protectingtheindividual’srighttogetwealthandspenditastheywant.Itadvocateseconomicpolicieswhicharefavorabletobusinessmen.

第15頁TheLeaderoftheConservativeParty

DavidWilliamDonaldCameron

(born9October1966)isthe

PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomand

LeaderoftheConservativeParty.Cameronstudied

Philosophy,Politicsandeconomics,atBrasenoseCollege,Oxfordin1988.Hewonthe

Conservativeleadershipelectionin.Inthe

UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,Cameronformeda

coalitionwiththeLiberalDemocrats.第16頁TheFormerLeaderoftheConservativeParty

MargaretThatcher(1925—):ShewasthePrimeMinisterfrom1979-1990andtheLeaderoftheConservativePartyfrom1975-1990.Shewasthelongest-servingBritishPMofthe20thcenturyandistheonlywomantohaveheldtheoffice.第17頁

TheLiberalDemocrats

TheLiberalDemocratsarethethirdbiggestpartyandmaybeseenasapartyofthe“middle”,occupyingtheideologicalgroundbetweenthetwomainparties.Theyarecomparativelyflexibleandpragmaticintheirbalanceoftheindividualandthesocial.TheyemphasizetheneedforchangeinBritain’sconstitu-tionalarrangementstomakethegovernmentmoredemocraticandaccountable.

第18頁TheLeaderoftheLiberalDemocratsNicholasWilliamPeter

"Nick"

Clegg

(1967--)isa

BritishpoliticianwhosincehasbeenDeputyPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomatthegeneralelection.Clegghasbeenthe

leaderofthe

LiberalDemocratssince.第19頁IIIUKPolicyonEnvironmentalProtectionKyotoProtocolin1997ClimateChangePrograminTheClimateChangeActinUKLowCarbonTransitionPlaninAHighLevelAdvisoryGrouponClimateChangeFinancinginHouseholdEnergyManagementStrategyin第20頁

HouseholdEnergyManagementStrategy

By,everyhouseholdwillhaveinstalledloftandcavitywallinsulationtosaveenergy.By,morethan7millionhomeswillhavereceivedmoresubstantialeco-upgrades.

第21頁EnvironmentalProtection

ToughactiontoprotectEngland’sbeachesand￡3.6bnseasideeconomy.第22頁EnvironmentalProtectionEnvironmentAgencyforcesDudleycompanytostopoperating.SeatroutreturntotheRiverLevenafteracenturyofabsence.第23頁CommonAgriculturalPolicyGreeningCriteriaHaveBeenAnnounced.

UndernewEUregulations,knownasgreening,farmersmustensurethat5percentoftheirlandissetasideasanEcologicalFocusArea(EFA),insteadofbeingusedforfarming.第24頁IVSocialClassinBritishSocietyClassdivisionsinBritain:--Middleclass:officeorwhitecollarworkers--Workingclass:manualorbluecollarworkers--Lower-middleclass:unskilledofficeworkersandwell-paidmanualworkers--Upper-middleclass:doctors,lawyersandsoonThehereditaryaristocracyLifepeers

第25頁SocialClassinBritishSocietyTheHereditaryAristocracy:AdistinctivecharacteristicsoftheBritishclass-systemisthatithasretainedahereditaryaristocracy.Childrenfromthesefamiliesareentitledtoinherititstitleaswellasfortune.TheseniortierofthearistocracyalsoinherittherighttositandvoteintheHouseofLords.Lifepeers:Thosewho’remadeofrecognitionforachievementinUKsocietyarelordsfortheirlifetimebuttheirchildrencan’tinheritthetitle.

.

第26頁SocialClassinBritishSocietyHighereducationisoneofthemostdistinguishingfeaturesofthemiddleclasses.第27頁SocialClassinBritishSocietyOilworkersaredrillingintheNorthSea.第28頁VEthnicRelationsinBritainAbout5%ofBritishcitizensfromnon-Europeanethnicgroups;MajorityofrecentimmigrantsfromSouthAsiaandCaribbeancountries;Britishculturesuchasfood,music,writingandreligionenrichedbyimmigrants;Immigrantsfacinghigherunemploymentthanthewhite;Tenseethnicrelations.

第29頁MixedUnitedKingdomEthnicityCategory

Totalpopulation

England-1,192,879()

WhiteandBlackCaribbean-426,715

WhiteandBlackAfrican-165,974

WhiteandAsian