“Theliteraturethatiswritteninsomekindofverseform.-----areader’sdefinition“thebestwordsinthebestorder.”-----SamuelTaylorColeridge“nottheassertionthatsomethingistrue,butthemakingofthattruthmorefullyrealtous.”-----T.S.Eliot“Theliteraturethatiswritte1Literaturethatisnotprose

1.amusicaleffectcreatedbyrhythmandsounds2.apreciseandfreshimagery3.multiplelevelsofinterpretationbytheconnotationofcloserwordsandbyallusionsLiteraturethatisnotprose12Ⅰ.TheMusicalEffectofPoetryPoetryhasitsrootsinsong.epics,ballads,travelingbards,minstrelsMusicaleffectsaremainlycreatedbyrhythm.Foot----agroupofsyllablesformingametricalunit,aunitofrhythm.Meter---thepatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesusedinpoem.Ⅰ.TheMusicalEffectofPoetry3伐木丁丁，鳥鳴嚶嚶?！难栽娪F千里目，更上一層樓。

——五言詩

春風(fēng)又綠江南岸?！哐栽姺ツ径《?，鳥鳴嚶嚶。欲窮千里目，更上一層樓。春風(fēng)又綠江南岸。4monometer（單音步)pentameter（五音步）dimeter（雙音步）hexameter（六音步）trimeter（三音步）heptameter（七音步）tetrameter（四音步）octameter（八音步）monometer（單音步)pen5︱雪壓︱冬云︱白絮︱飛︱1234——tetrameterTwinkletwinklelittlestar——tetrameter︱雪壓︱冬云︱白絮︱飛︱Twinkletwinkle6

陰平、陽平、

上聲、去聲—／

∨

＼↘↙

↘↙平仄老夫喜作黃昏頌，滿目青山夕照明。仄平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。

陰平、陽平、上聲、去聲老夫喜作黃昏頌7平仄互協(xié)“音樂的和有趣的思想結(jié)合”——愛倫·坡

“欲調(diào)曼聲，必諧三聲“（平、上、去）

高低疾徐抑揚(yáng)頓挫——漢語四聲調(diào)的特色平仄互協(xié)“欲調(diào)曼聲，必諧三聲“（平、上、去）高低疾徐抑揚(yáng)頓8陰平聲輕，陽平聲重，上聲后而舉，去聲清而遠(yuǎn)

stressed---accent重音—揚(yáng)unstressed---unaccented輕音—抑fivemetricpatterns（音律）

陰平聲輕，陽平聲重，上聲后而舉，去聲清而遠(yuǎn)stressed91．Iambic抑揚(yáng)格→∨

∕:control2．Trochaic揚(yáng)抑格→

∕

∨:tiger3．Anapestic抑抑揚(yáng)格→

∨

∨

∕:contradict4．Dactylic揚(yáng)抑抑格→∕∨∨:foolishness5．Spondaic揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格→

∕

∕:moonstone1．Iambic抑揚(yáng)格→∨∕:contro10

∨∕∨∕∨∕∨∕l

Theskyishigh,thecloudsarepale.-----iambictetrameter四步抑揚(yáng)格

∕∨∕∨∕∨∕∨l

Doubledoubletoilandtrouble

∕∨∕∨∕∨∕∨Fireburnandcauldronbubble-----ShakespeareIt’strochaictetrameter.(四步揚(yáng)抑格)∨∕∨∕∨∕11l

LikeachildfromthewombLikeaghostfromthetombIariseandinbuiltitagain.-----Shelley----Anapestictetrameterandtrimeter

∨∨∕∨∕l

I’dadreamto-night,

∨∨∕∨∕AsIfeelasleep-----anapesticandiambicdimeterl

Likeachildfromthewo12ElegywritteninaCountryChurchyard

-----ThomasGrayThecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,Thelowingherdwindslowingo’erthelea,Theplowmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandme.ElegywritteninaCountryChu13∨∕∨∕∨∕∨∕∨∕Thecur︱fewtolls︱theknell︱ofpar︱tingday,︱

∨∕∨∕∨∕∨∕∨∕Thelow︱ingherd︱windslow︱ingo’er︱thelea,︱

∨∕∨∕∨∕∨∕∨∕Theplow︱manhome︱wardplods︱hiswea︱ryway,︱

∨∕∨∕∨∕∨∨∕Andleaves︱theworld︱todark︱nessandme.︱∨∕∨∕∨14

∨∕∨∨∕∨∨∕∨Therewas︱ayoungla︱dyofNi︱ger

∨∕∨∨∕∨∨∕∨Whosmiled︱assherode︱onati︱ger

∨∨∕∨∨∕Theyreturned︱fromtheride︱∨∕∨∨∕∨15∨∨∕∨∨∕Withthela︱dyinside︱

∨∨∕∨∨∕∨∨∕∨Andthesmile︱ontheface︱oftheti︱gerApoemforappreciation-----goodandharmoniouscombinationofrhythmandrhyme.∨∨∕∨∨∕Apoemfor16MyHeart’sintheHighlands.

------RobertBurnsMyheart’sintheHighlands,myheartisnothere,Myheart’sintheHighlandsa-chasingthedear,A-chasingthewilddeerandfollowingtheroe-Myheart’sintheHighlands,whereverIgo?MyHeart’sintheHighlands.My17

ⅠFarewelltotheHighlands,farewelltotheNorth,Thebirthplaceofvalor,thecountryofworth,WhereverIwonder,whereverIrove,ThehillsofHighlandsforeverIlove.

18

ⅡFarewelltothemountainshighcoveredwithsnow,Farewelltothestrathsandgreenvalleysbelow,Farewelltotheforestsandwild-hangingwoods,Farewelltothetorrentsandloud-pouringfloods.Ⅱ19*Rhyme(rime)大江歌罷掉頭東dong→a↘邃密群科濟(jì)世窮qiong→a→rimetogether面壁十年圖破壁,bi→b難酬滔海亦英雄.xiong→a↗*Rhyme(rime)大江歌罷掉頭東dong20Abookofverseunderneaththebough,Ajugofwine,aloafofbread---andthou,Besidemesinginginthewilderness,O,wildnesswereparadiseenow.Thefirst,secondandfourthlinerimetogether.FromOmarKheyyan---byEdwardFitzgerald《魯拜集》

Abookofverseunderneaththe21美酒佐干糧，樹蔭誦詩章，君喉歌宛轉(zhuǎn)，荒漠即天堂?！簦ㄗg）

美酒佐干糧，22TypesofRhyme1.1.Endrhyme（尾韻）-----rhymeestablishedattheendofverseline.2.Internalrhyme（中間韻）-----rhymecontainedwithinalineofverse.TypesofRhyme1.1.Endrhyme（尾23

Spring

----ThomasNashSpring,thesweetspring,istheyearspleasantkingThenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinringColddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing.Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Spr24ThepalmandmaymakecountryhousesgayLambsfriskandplay,theshepherdspipeallday,AndwehearaybirdstunethismerrylayCuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Thepalmandmaymakecountry25Thefieldsbreathesweet,Thedaisieskissourfeet;Youngloversmeet,Oldwivesa-sunningsit;IneverystreetthesetunesourearsdogreetCuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Spring!thesweetspring:Thefieldsbreathesweet,26Thefirststanza:spring----thing----stingking----ring----singThesecondstanza:may-----play----aygay----day----layThefirststanza:Thesecondst27Thethirdstanza:Sweet----meet----streetFeet----sit----greatCuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Thethirdstanza:Cuckoo,jug-j283.Slantrhyme----aninexactrhymewherethefinalconsonantsoundsarethesamebutthevowelsoundsaredifferent.nearrhyme,half-rhyme,partialrhyme.Andbyhissmile,Iknowthatsullenhall,Byhisdeadsmile,Iknowwestoodinhell.3.Slantrhyme----aninexact291.4.Eyerhyme----therhymingoftwowordswhichlookasifthey’drhyme,butdonot.e.g.move----love1.4.Eyerhyme----therhymin301)Onesyllablerhyme（押單韻）orsinglerhyme----usuallycalledasmasculinerime,malerime.2)Doublerhyme（押雙韻）----rhymeinwhichtwoconsecutivesyllablesoftherhymewordsmatch.Thefirstsyllablecarriesthestress.Lightness,elegancefeminine,femalerhymee.g:motion---oceanwaken---forsakenaudition---rendition1)Onesyllablerhyme（押單韻）or313)Triplerhyme（三重韻）e.g:glorious---victorious3)Triplerhyme（三重韻）32*Othermusicaldevices----theuseofsounds

1.Alliteration首字韻----repetitionoftwoormoreinitialconsonantssoundsinwordswithinaverseline.e.g:Whenfortitudehaslostitsfire,Andfreezesintofear.*Othermusicaldevices----t33

Itylus

---SwinburneSwallow,mysister,o,sister,swallow,Whywiltthouflyafterspringtothe

South,Thesoftsouthwitherthineheartisset.

34bagandbaggageMightandmainhaleandheartyTimeandtidewaitfornomanthickandthinfitasafiddleapiginapokebagandbaggage3512.Onomatopoeia擬聲詞----theuseofawordwhosesoundsuggestsitsmeaningorwhichimitatesthesoundmadebyanobjectorcreature.e.g:cuckoo,jug-jug….12.Onomatopoeia擬聲詞----theu363.Assonance半諧詞----therepetitionoftwoormorevowelsoundswithinalinee.g:lake---fatefeed---needsmate---shape

4.Consonants押輔音----therepetitionoftwoormoreconsonantssoundswithinaline.e.g:Thesplendorfallsoncastlewalls.3.Assonance半諧詞----therepe37Homework:

TheTyger

---WilliamBlakeTyger!Tyger!burningbrightIntheforestsoftheNightWhatimmortalhandoreyeCouldframethyfearfulsymmetry?Homework:Tyger!Tyger!burnin38InwhatdistantdeepsorskiesBurntthefireofthineeyes?Onwhatwingsdareheaspire?Whatthehanddareseizethefire?Andwhatshoulder,andwhatart,Couldtwistthesinewsofthyheart?Andwhenthyheartbegantobeat,Whatdreadhand?andwhatdreadfeet?Inwhatdistantdeepsorskies39Whatthehammer?Whatthechain?Inwhatfurnacewasthybrain?Whattheanvil?WhatdreadgraspDareitsdeadlyterrorsclasp?WhenthestarsthrewdowntheirspearsAndwateredheavenwiththeirtears.Didhewhomadethelambmakethee?Whatthehammer?Whatthechai40Tyger!Tyger!burningbrightIntheforestsofthenight.WhatimmortalhandoreyeDareframethyfearfulsymmetry?What’stheTygerstandingfor?Whatdoesitsymbolizefor?

GodB.thenature’spowerC.thepeopleD.revolutionTyger!Tyger!burningbrightWh41▲Rhythm●Footormeter:mostly3feetinoneline--trimeter●Metricpattern:mostlytrochaic▲Rhythm●Footormeter:mostl42∕∨∕∨∕∨∕Tyger︱!Tyger!︱burning︱bright,

∕∨∕∨∕∨∕Inthe︱forests︱ofthe︱night,︱

∕∨∕∨∕∨∕Whatim︱mortal︱handor︱eye︱

∕∕∨∕∨∕∨∕Could︱framethy︱fearful︱symme︱try?∕∨∕∨∕∨43Trochaictrimeterendingwithanextraaccentedsyllable▲RhymeEverytwolineshavethesamerime,thisiscalledrhymeincouple.Trochaictrimeterendingwith44●AnaccentedonesyllableSinglerhyme---masculinerhymeStrongandpowerful●Trochaicpattern----astrongrhyme●ShortsentencesLessfeet---addthestrengthtothepoem●Anaccentedonesyllable●Troc45So,Blakepurposelyusesthedevicesofrhythmandrhyme:malerhyme,lessfeet,andshortmetricpattern.Alladdmoreeffecttothepoemandgivethereadersastrongimpression.So,Blakepurposelyusesthed46▲Othermusicdevices

1.1.Alliteration----creatingthepowerfulnessofthe“Tyger”.

Burningbright,distantdeeps,begantobeat,dareitsdeadlyterrorclasp▲Othermusicdevices1.1.Alli472.Repetitionl

Perfectrepetitionofthefirststanzaattheendofthepoem.lThefrequentuseoftheword“dread”repeatedlyremindsthereaderthattheTygeristobefeared.●Thepatternofthequestionsareinsistentlyrepeated.2.Repetitionl

Perfectrepeti48Whatdreadhand?Andwhatdreadfeet?Whatthehammer?Whatthechain?Whattheanvil?Whatdreadgrasp?TostrengthenthemusiceffectofthepoemandpowerfulnessoftheTyger.Whatdreadhand?Andwhatdrea49▲ConclusionAllthedevicesmentionedaboveinthispoemstronglysupportthesuggestionthatBlakeintendedinit.(thepoem)Blake,infact,isponderingthenatureoftheGod.IsthisGodcruelorgentle?Hedoesnotansweritdirectly,heraisedsomanyquestionsforreaderstothinkabout.Butbyreadingandanalyzethepoem,wecometoknowaboutthatwhatevertheTygeris,itisapowerfulandfearlesscreator.▲ConclusionAllthedevice50Ⅱ.FormsofPoetry英詩的形式

SimplicitytovarietyTheformsofEnglishpoetryaredecidedbytheverselinesineachstanza,oronestanza.Ⅱ.FormsofPoetry英詩的形式Simpl511.Couplet雙行詩Twolines,thesamerhymeOneprospectlostanotherstillwegain,Andnotavanityisgiv’ninvain.1.Couplet雙行詩Oneprospectlos523.三行體

A.tripletThePoetryofDress---R.Herrick3.三行體A.tripletThePoetryof53WhereissilkmyJuliagoesThen,thenhowsweetlyflowsa︱ou︱ThatliquefactionofherclothesNext,whenIcastmineeyesandseeThatbravevibrationeachwayfreeb︱i:︱OhowthatglitteringtakethmeWhereissilkmyJuliagoes54B.terzarima（意大利三韻句）

Therimeschemeofthiskind:ababcb,cdc,ded,…There’sapalaceinFlorence,theworldknowswell…..aAndastatuewatchesitfromthesquare…..bAndthisstoryofbothdoourtownmentell…..aB.terzarima（意大利三韻句）Therim55Agesago,aladythere…….bAtthefartherwindowfacingtheeast……cAsked,whoridesbywiththeroyalair?……bAgesago,aladythere…….b563.Quatrain（四行體詩）

A.Onestanzaquatrain3.Quatrain（四行體詩）A.Onestan57

TheRain---R.L.StevensonTherainisrainingallround,…..aItfallsonfieldsandtree,…..bItrainsontheumbrellashere,…..cAndontheshipsatsea……b

58B.Morestanzaquatrain

FreedomandLove---T.CampbellB.Morestanzaquatrain59HowdeliciousisthewinningofakissatlovesbeginningwhentwomutualheartsaresighingFortheknotthere’snountyingYetremember,midstyourwooinglovehasbliss,butlovehasruiningOthersmilesmaymakeyoufickleTearsforothercharmmaytrickleHowdeliciousisthewinningY60MyLoveIsLikeaRed,RedRose-----RobertBurnsO,myLuve’slikeared.redrose,That’snewlysprunginJune;O,myLuve’slikethemelodieThat’ssweetlyplay’dintune.MyLoveIsLikeaRed,RedRos61Asfairartthou,mybonnielass,SodeepinluveamI;AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Tilla’theseasgangdry.Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwi’thesun:AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun.Asfairartthou,mybonniela62Andfaretheeweel,myonlylove,Andfaretheeweelawhile!AndIwillcomeagain,myluve,Thoughitweretenthousandmile.Andfaretheeweel,myonlylo63C.BalladStanza（民謠四行詩）

SirPatrickSpens---anoldScotlandballadC.BalladStanza（民謠四行詩）SirP64ThefirstlinethatsirPatrickreadAloudlaughlaughedhe;TheheistlinethatsirPatrickreadThetearblindedhise’eTheyhadn’tsail’daleague,aleagueAleaguebutbarelythreewhentheliftgrewdark,andthewindblewlandagurlygrewtheseaThefirstlinethatsirPatrick654.Fivelinestanza（五行詩體）

ToASkylark---P.B.Shelley4.Fivelinestanza（五行詩體）66hailtothee,blitheSpirit!Birdthouneverwert,Thatfromheaver,ornearit,BouresttheyfullheartInprofusestrainsofunpremeditatedart.hailtothee,blitheSpirit!67Higherstillandhigher,FromtheearththouspringestlikeacloudofFire;Thebluedeepthouwingest,Andsingingstilldostsoar,andsoaringeversingest.Higherstillandhigher,685.Sixlinestanza（六行詩體）

TheMoon---Shelley5.Sixlinestanza（六行詩體）The69Andlikeadyingladyleanandpalewhotottersforth,wrapp’dinagauzyveilOutofherchamber,ledbytheinsaneAndfeeblewandeingsofherfadingbrainThemoonaroseupinthemurkyeastAwhiteandshapelessmassAndlikeadyingladyleanand706.Sevenlinestanza（七行詩體）

PentameterIambic,ababbcc

RapeofLucrece---Shakespeare6.Sevenlinestanza（七行詩體）Pe71WhentheyhadsworntothisadviseddoomTheydidconcludetobeardeadlucrecethenceToshowherbleedingbodythroughRomeAndsotopublishTarquin’sfonoffencewhichbeingdonewithspeedydiligenceTheRomansplansiblydidgiveconsentToTarquin’severlastingbanishmentWhentheyhadsworntothisad727.Eightlinestanza（八行詩體）

A.OttavaRimaPentameteriambic,abababcc

DonJuan---Byron7.Eightlinestanza（八行詩體）A.73Juanandhaideegazeduponeachotherwithswimminglooksofspeechlesstendernesswhichmixedallfeeling,friends,child,lover,brotherAllthatthebestcanmingleandexpressAndlovetoomuch,andyetcannotlovelessButalmostsantifythesweetexcessBytheimmortalwishandpowertoblessJuanandhaideegazeduponeac74B.Triolet（法國體八行詩）Onlytworime:ABaAabaA

AKiss---AustinDobsonB.Triolet（法國體八行詩）75Rosekissedmetoday,Willshekissmetomorrow,letitbeasitmay,Rosekissedmetoday.Rosekissedmetoday,Willshekissmetomorrow,letitbeasitmay,Rosekissedmetoday.Rosekissedmetoday,Rosekiss768.

Ninelinestanza（九行詩體）Spenser----SpenserianStanzaababbcbccFaerieQueene---Spenser(略)8.Ninelinestanza（九行詩體）F779.Tenlinestanza（十行詩體）

OdetotheNightingale---J.Keats9.Tenlinestanza（十行詩體）78Myheartaches,andadrowsynumbnesspainsMysense,asthoughofhemlockIhaddrunk,OremptiedsomedullopiatetothedrainsOneminutepast,andILethe-wardshadsunk:‘Tisnotthroughenvyofthyhappylot,Butbeingtoohappyinthinehappiness,---Thatthou,light-wingedDryadofthetrees,InsomemelodiousplotOfbeechengreen,andshadowsnumberless,Singestofsummerinfull-throatedease.Myheartaches,andadrowsyn7910.Sonnet（十四行詩）

A.lovesonnet

theoctave---thefirst8lines:abba,abbathesestet---thelast6lines:cde,cde,cdc,dcd

OnHisBlindness---JohnMilton10.Sonnet（十四行詩）A.lovesonn80WhenIconsiderhowmylightisspentErehalfmydays,inthisdarkworldandwide,AndthatonetalentwhichisdeathtohideLodgedwithmeuseless,thoughmysoulmorebentToservetherewithmyMaker,andpresentMytrueaccount,lestHereturningchide,---DothGodexactday-labour,lightdenied?Ifondlyask:---ButPatience,topreventWhenIconsiderhowmylighti81Thatmurmur,soonreplies;goddothnotneedEitherman’swork,orHisowngifts:whobestBearHismildyoke,theyserveHimbest:hisstateIskingly;thousandsathisbiddingspeedAndposto’erlandoceanwithoutrest;---Theyalsoservewhoonlystandwait.Thatmurmur,soonreplies;god82B.ShakespeareanSonnetRhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,ggASonnetbyShakespeareB.ShakespeareanSonnetASonne83ThattimeofyearthoumaystinmebeholdWhenyellowleaves,ornone,orfew,dohangUponthoseboughswhichshakeagainstthecoldBareruinedchoirswherelatethesweetbirdssangInmethousee’stthetwilightofsuchdayAsaftersunsetfadethinthewest,Whichby-and-byblacknightdothtakeawayDeath’ssecondselfthatsealsupallinrestThattimeofyearthoumaysti84Inmethousee’sttheglowingofsuchfireThatontheashesofhisyouthdorthlieAsthedeathbedwhereonitmustexpireConsumedwiththatwhichitwasnourishedbyThisthouperceiv’st,whichmakesthylovemorestrongTolovethatwellwhichthoumustleaveerelong.Inmethousee’sttheglowing85Wordsworth（華茲華斯）Shakespeareunlockedhisheart…aglow-wormlampItcheeredmildSpenser,calledfromfairy-landTostrugglethroughdarkwaysandwhenadampFellroundthepathofMilton,inhishandTheThingbecomeatrumpet,whenceheblewSoul-animatingstrains-alas,toofew!Wordsworth（華茲華斯）86Ⅲ.ImageryImagery---istheuseofdescriptivelanguagetorecreatesensoryexperiences.Animageisaverbalpictureofanobject,action,abstractidea,orsensation.Imagesoftenarecreatedbyusingfiguresofspeech.

Ⅲ.Imagery8711.Metaphor---Acomparisonofunlikeitems,thecomparisonisdirectlystated.e.g.Alltheworldisastage.11.Metaphore.g.Alltheworl881.2.Simile---thedirectcomparisonoftwounlikeitems,usingthewords“l(fā)ike”or“as”tocompleteit.e.g.Helen,thybeautyistomelikethoseNicearbarksofyore---AllanPoe“ToHelen”1.2.Similee.g.Helen,thybe891.3.Personification---thefigureofspeechwhichassignshumanqualitiestoinanimateobjectsorabstractions.e.g.BecauseIcouldnotstopfordeath

Hekindlystoppedforme.---EmilyDickinson1.3.Personificatione.g.Becau90TheMoondothwithdelightlookroundherwhentheheavensarebare.---WilliamWordsworthTheMoondothwithdelight91

4.Metonymy---literally“achangeofname”,afigureofspeechinwhichthenameofsomeobjectorideaissubstitutedforanothernametowhichithassomerelation.e.g.WhenIconsiderhowmylightisspent.---JohnMilton4.Metonymye.g.WhenIco92TheSerpentthatdidstingthefather’slifeNowwearshiscrown.---Shakespeare(SerpentStandsforClaudius)TheSerpentthatdidstingthe931.5.Synecdoche---afigureofspeechinwhichapartofanobjectisusedtorepresentthewholeobjectoridea.

E.g.Notmarble,northegildedmonumentsofprinces,shalloutlinethispowerfulrhyme…---Shakespeare“Sonnet55”1.5.SynecdocheE.g.Notma941.6.Apostrophe---afigureofspeechinwhichaninanimateobject,adeadperson,oranabstractideaisaddresseddirectly.e.g.Hailtothee,blithespirit!Birdthouneverwent—---PercyByssheShelley1.6.Apostrophee.g.Hailto951.7.Hyperbole---anexaggerationusedtogiveemphasise.g.Thebrainiswiderthanthesky---EmilyDickinson1.7.Hyperbolee.g.Thebraini961.8.Litotes---afigureofspeechinwhichanideaisexpressedbyunderstatementorbydenyingitsopposite.e.g.….Feelingstoo,Ofunrememberedpleasure:such,perhaps,AshavenoslightortrivialinfluenceOnthatbestportionofagoodman’slife,---WilliamWordsworth1.8.Litotese.g.….Feelingst971

9.Paradox---astatementwhichisanapparentcontradictioncontainsabasisoftruthwhich,whenconsidered,reconcilestheseemingopposite.e.g.I’mnobody!Whoareyou?---EmilyDickinson19.Paradoxe.g.I’mnobody!W98Myyouthisspent,andyetIamnotold.---C.TichborneOxymoronisapoeticalparadoxSuchas“o,lovinghate!”Myyouthisspent,andyetIa991

10.Pun---aplayontwowordspronouncedsomewhatalikebutdifferinginmeaning.110.Pun100OtherdevicesImagesalsocanbecreatedbyotherdevices.

1)

SymbolismTheuseofanobject,person,reason,animalorotherconcreteitemtorepresentanabstractideaoranemotion.Otherdevices1)Symbolism1012)

AllusionAreferencetoanoutsideevent,person,orfact.Mostallusioninpre-twentiethcenturypoetryreferredtoeventsinpeoplefromclassicalGreekmythologyortheBible.Moreofteninthetwentiethcen