Chapter3Morphology

3.1Introduction3.2Morpheme3.2.1Freemorpheme3.2.2Boundmorpheme3.3MorphsandAllomorphs3.4TypesofWordFormation3.4.1Compounding3.4.2Derivation

3.4.3Otherways(Conversion,Backformation,Clipping,Blending,Acronym,Initialism)outline3.1IntroductionDefinitionofmorphology

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.un-+-ly→unfriendly;unhappily;unkindly;unlonely-fy→purify;simplify;falsify;amplify

3.2Morpheme

Itisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.tourists:tour;-ist;-stalks;talker;talked;talkingTypesofmorpheme:freemorphemeandboundmorpheme3.2.1Freemorpheme

Freemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.friend,happy,kind,simple,false,tour,talk,etc.Root:thebasicelementofawordthatcanstandbyitself:talk,internationalism,work/shop,black/birdStem:theelementinvolvedinawordwithoutthelastaddedboundmorpheme:

friends,friendshipsStemAstemmaybe:asimplestemconsistingofonlyonemorpheme,inwhichcasetherootandthestemarethesame:work,talkarootplusaderivationalaffix:workerstwoormoreroots:work\shopsLexical(open)morphemesvsFunctional(close)morphemes

Lexical(open)morphemesarethesetofordinarynouns,verbsandadjectivesthatcarrythecontentofmessageweconvey.Sincewecancreatenewlexicalmorphemesforthelanguagerathereasily,theyarecalledanopenclassofwords:book,desk,house,love,look,long,happyFunctional(close)morphemes

consistofthefunctionalwordsinthelanguagesuchasconjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.Aswealmostneveraddnewfunctionalmorphemestothelanguage,theyarecalledaclosedclassofwords:and,but,because,if,when,on,above,in,it,the,that

3.2.2Boundmorpheme

Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Theyareactuallyaffixes,includingprefixesandsuffixes:-ly,un-,-ist,-s,-er,-ed,-ing.Insomelanguages,therearealsoinfixes.Prefixesarejoinedtothebeginningoftherootorstem.Theycanchangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.Impossible,unbelievable,enrichSuffixes

arejoinedtotheendoftherootorstem.Theycanalsochangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.hopeless,kindness

Derivationalmorphemesvs

InflectionalmorphemesDerivationalmorphemesareOFTENusedtomakenewwordsofadifferentgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem.–ness,-less,-ful,-ly;re-,pre-,dis-,co-,im-,un-Inflectionalmorphemes

manifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.

InflectionalmorphemesinEnglishEnglishhasonlyeightinflectionalmorphemes:-’s:possessive-s:plural-s:3rdpersonpresentsingular-ing:presentparticiple-ed:pasttenseandpastparticiple-en:pastparticiple-er:comparative-est:superlativeDifferencesbetweenderivationalmorphemeandinflectionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemescanchangethegrammaticalcategoryofaword,creatinganentirelynewword.Inflectionalmorphemesneveralterthegrammaticalcategoryofaword.Summary

morphemeFreemorphemeBoundmorphemeLexicalmorphemeFunctionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemeInflectionalmorpheme3.3

MorphsandAllomorphs

Morphs:thesmallestmeaningfulphoneticsegmentsofanutteranceonthelevelofparole.Theyarethephonological(spoken)ororthographic(written)formswhichrealizemorphemes.Theyareminimalcarriersofmeaning.Allomorph:amemberofasetofmorphswhichrepresentthesamemorpheme.Allomorphsarephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthesamemorpheme.Allomorph

Allomorphsareincomplementarydistribution.

{-ed}pasttense[-t]:talked[-d]:stayed[-id]:created(phonological)-d:changed-ed:worked(orthographic){-s}(plurality)[-z]:meanings

[-s]:maps[-iz]:watches[-ai-]:mice[-i:-]:feet[0]:deer3.4TypesofWordFormation

Wordformationorwordbuildingisthecreationofnewwords,whichisusefultousbecauseitcanenrichourvocabularybylearningsomemajorways.Themostimportantwaysarecompoundingandderivation.

3.4.1Compounding

Definition:puttingtwowordstogether.Thefirstelementreceivesthemainstress,andthesecondonedeterminesthenewword’sclass.typewriter,workshop,tractor-driver,blackboard

Typesofcompoundwordsa.nouncompoundsnoun+noun:armchair,rainbowverb+noun:pickpocket,washclothadjective+noun:bluebird,highchairb.verbcompoundsnoun+verb:vacuum-clean,manhandleverb+verb:sleepwalkadjective+verb:dry-cleanc.adjectivecompoundsnoun+adjective:color-blind,snow-whiteverb+adjective:stir-crazyadjective+adjective:dark-blue,pale-yellow3.4.2Derivation

Definition:addingaffixestootherwordsormorphemesfreemorpheme+boundmorpheme:unhappy;misunderstand;careful;carelessAffixescanbedescribedbyfunctionormeaning:childhood;childlike;childless;childishThederivationalprocessmayalterthegrammaticalormorphologicalform:anti-terrorist;computation;placement;colorful

Computerwords

-ware:software,hardware,shareware,freewarecyber-/e-:cyberspace,cyberchat,e-commerce,e-cashtechno-:technobabble,technostress,technophobiaConversion:zeroderivation

He’spaperingthebedroomwalls.n→v:elbow;milk;skin;hammer;nurse;e-mailv→n:doubt;attempt;must,guess,spyadj→v:dry;free;better;down,dirty,emptyadj→n:native;short,crazy,nastyBackformation

Definition:removethesuffixtogetanewwordedit;opt;enthuse;typewriteTélévision(French)→televise

Clipping

Definition:abbreviationoflongerwordsfridge;bike;ad;copter;bus;gym;telecom;flu,prof,phone,gas,plane,sitcomBlendingDefinition:combiningtwoseparateforms,takingonlythebeginningofonewordandjoiningittotheendofanotherwordbrunch:breakfast+lunchmotel:motor+hotel;smog:smoke+fogAcronymDefinition:formingwordsfromthefirstlettersofaseriesofwords,whicharepronouncedassinglewords.NATO:NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationUNESCO:UnitedNationsEducation,SocialandCulturalOrganizationAIDS:acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeSARS:severeacuterespiratorysyndromeInitialism

Definition:formingwordsfromthefirstlettersofaseriesofwords,whicharepronouncedbysayingeachletter.CD:compactdiskVIP:veryimportantpersonWTO:WorldTradeOrganizationCPU:centralprocessingunitID:identificationcardSummary3.1Defin