RCSolutionsPassage1

ApocalypseNowReduxandApocalypseNowwerediscussedinthefinaltwoparagraphs.Inthethirdparagraph,ApocalypseNowisdescribedasafilmthatwasreleasedyearsaftertheconflictitportrayedandhadamorecomplexviewofthewar.Inthelastparagraph,ApocalypseNowReduxispresentedasfurtherevidencethatthepatterndiscussedinthispassagecontinues.Thatpatternisthatwarmoviespresentedlessglorifiedandmorelayeredportrayalswhentheconflictwasfurtherinthepast.Thus,thecorrectanswerwillnotethatitsperspectivewasmorecomplexandmorallyambiguous.

Thischoicedistortsthemeaningofthepassage.Whilethelastparagraphnotesthatfilmaudiencesaremorediverse,thisisnotconnectedtotheinformationprovidedaboutApocalypseNowRedux.

CORRECT.Thelastparagraphnotesthattheextrafootagewasnotorginallyincludedbecauseitmightrepelaudiences.Thus,theupdatedfilm'sportrayalofwarmustbelessappealingandmoreambiguousthanthatoftheoriginal.

Thischoiceindicatesachangeintheoppositedirection;thelastparagraphindicatesthattheadditionalfootagemadethefilm'sperspectiveonwarharsherasopposedtomoreglorified.

Thepassageindicatesthatnotallwarmovieshadthesametone,andtheanswerchoicedoesnotspecifywhich"othermovies"arereferredto;therefore,thischoiceisincorrect.

Thereisnomentionofanyremovedfootageinthepassage.Asitisnotpossibletoknowifanyfootagewasremoved,thischoiceisincorrect.

Thethemeofthepassageisthatthegloriesofwarwereemphasizedinfilmsmadeduringtheconflictbutquestionedinthosemadeyearsafterward.Inthesecondparagraph,AllQuietontheWesternFrontiscitedasanexamplefromthelattercategory.Therefore,itsportrayalofcombatwouldhavetheleastincommonwithafilmmadeduringaconflict.

Inthelastparagraph,Jarheadislistedasafilmthatwasmadeyearsaftertheconflictitportrayedandhadanambivalentattitudetoitstopic.Thus,itcanbeinferredthatitwouldresembleAllQuietontheWesternFront.Rememberthatanyinformationgleanedfromseeingthefilmisoutsideknowledge.Ifthisinformationcannotbededucedfromthepassage,itcannotbeusedtoansweraquestion.

Inthethirdparagraph,ApocalypseNowislistedasafilmthatwasmadeyearsaftertheconflictitportrayedandhadanambivalentattitudetoitstopic.Thus,itcanbeinferredthatitwouldresembleAllQuietontheWesternFront.

Inthesecondparagraph,TheBridgeontheRiverKwaiisdescribedasafilmthatwasmadeyearsaftertheconflictitportrayedandshowedthemoralconfusionofwar.Thus,itcanbeinferredthatitwouldresembleAllQuietontheWesternFront.

Inthethirdparagraph,Platoonisdescribedasafilmthatwasmadeyearsaftertheconflictitportrayedandhadanambivalentattitudetoitstopic.Thus,itcanbeinferredthatitwouldresembleAllQuietontheWesternFront.

版權歸原始所有者，僅供公益分享使用。

干貨資料|課程咨詢|備考規(guī)劃

CORRECT.Inboththesecondandthirdparagraphs,GuadalcanalDiaryismentionedasafilmmadeinwartime.Inthesecondparagraph,itislistedasanexampleofafilmthatportrayedthe“’theultimatesacrifice’asanobleandundoubtedgood.”Incontrast,thefirstparagraphstatesthat“AllQuietontheWesternFrontputforthananti-warmessagebydisplayingthehorrorsofcombat.”Thus,GuadalcanalDiarymustbetheportrayalofcombatthatleastresemblesthatinAllQuietontheWesternFront.

Thesecondsentenceofthesecondparagraphreads“AfterAmericadeclaredwaragainstGermanyduringWorldWarI,thestillinfantfilmindustryglorifiedthefightagainst“theHun.”Thus,itmustfollowthattheGermansarereferredtobythatname.GMATinferencesgenerallyfollowdirectlyfromthetextofthepassage.

Thereisnodirectevidenceinthepassagethatindicatesthismeaningfor"theHun."Furthermore,theuseofquotationmarksindicatesthatthereferenceisnotliteral.

Thereisnodirectevidenceinthepassagethatindicatesthismeaningfor"theHun."

Thereisnodirectevidenceinthepassagethatindicatesthismeaningfor"theHun."ThefactthattheHungarianswerethenpartofAustro-Hungaryisoutsideknowledgewhichcannotbededucedfromthepassage.

CORRECT.SincethepassagestatesthatAmericadeclaredwaronGermany,itmustfollowthattheGermanswere“theHun”againstwhomAmericawasfighting.

Thereisnodirectevidenceinthepassagethatindicatesthismeaningfor"theHun."GMATinferencesmustfollowfromthetextofthepassage.

ThepassageclearlyenunciatesinthefirstparagraphthatitplanstoillustratethecyclicalpatternofthetoneofHollywoodwarmovies.Thesecondandthirdparagraphstracethepattern'shistorythroughthelastcentury,andthenthepassageendsbyreturningtotheresilienceofthatcycle.Thus,themainpointofthepassagemustreferenceestablishinganddescribingtherecurringpatternovertime.

Thischoicedoesnotaddressthecyclicalpattern;instead,itsuggestsapointnotmadeinthepassage.

Thisisaminordetailmentionedinthelastparagraph,notthemainpoint.Furthermore,thischoiceignorestheissueofacyclicalpattern.

CORRECT.Thischoicereiteratesthethemethatapatternisdurable,despitethedoubtsofsomeduring"thosedaysofsocialchange"--i.e.,thelate1960's.Thischoiceexactlymirrorsthestructureofthepassage,whichmakesthispoint,provideshistoricalevidence,andthenreiteratesthatthepatterncontinuestoendure.

Besidesitsextremequality,thischoiceisincorrectbecauseitdistortsthemeaning.Thepassage'sassertionthatamorenuancedviewofAmerica’sconflictsemergesinmoviesmadeyearslatercannotautomaticallybeequatedwithalackofsupport.

Thischoicepresentsanirrelevantcomparison.Thepassageisonlyconcernedwiththeexistenceofthispatternanddoesnotaddresstherelativeinfluenceofvariousindividuals.

Thelastparagraphbeginsbynotingthatthechangesintheindustryandaudiencehavenotchangedthepatterndiscussed.Theparagraphendsbystatingthatthisaspectofthefilmindustry,thatis,thepatterndiscussed,remainsintact.Thecorrectanswershouldreflectthispoint.

CORRECT.Thischoicecorrectlysummarizesthepointmadeinthefirstandlastsentencesofthelastparagraph:thatthispatterncontinuesdespitechangesintheindustryandaudience.

Thischoiceistooextreme.Thepassagemerelysaysthatonepatternofthefilmindustryhasnotchanged.Thelastparagraphacknowledgesthatchangesintheindustryhaveoccurred.

Thischoiceisincorrectasthelastparagraphexplicitlystatesthatthepatterndiscussedlargelycontinues.

Inthelastparagraph,JarheadandApocalypseNowReduxarementionedasexamplesprovingthatthediscussedpatterncontinues.Thus,theycannotbefundamentallydifferentfromotherwarmovies.

Thepointofthelastparagraphisthatthepatternofthelastcenturycontinues.Thus,itcannotmakethepointthatwarmovieshavechangedinresponsetochangesintheaudience.

Inthesecondparagraph,TheBridgeontheRiverKwaiismentionedasapost-WWIIexampleofthecontinuingpatternofwarmoviesbecomingmoreambivalentyearsaftertheconflict.Thephrases“onceagain”and“forexample”highlightthis.Inthethirdparagraph,themovieisagainmentionedasanexampleofamorecomplexviewofwar.Thus,thecorrectanswermustfollowfromthesepoints.

Thisisincorrect;theauthordoesnotdiscussthequalityofthemovieorthemeritofanyawards.

Thepassagedoesnotcomparetheintelligenceorcraftingofthese,orany,films;itmerelydiscussestheirtoneandapproachtothedepictionofwar.Amoviecouldpresentaglorifieddepictionofwarandalsobeveryintelligentandwell-crafted.

Thisisincorrect.Thepassageindicatesthatthereweremovieswithambivalentperspectivesproducedafterthefirstwar,citingAllQuietontheWesternFrontasanexample.Furthermore,thephrase“onceagain”indicatesthatitwasnotthefirsttohavesuchatone.

CORRECT.ThethirdparagraphstatesthatGuadalcanalDiarywasmuchcloserintonetoTheGreenBeretsandcontraststhosetwotoTheBridgeontheRiver

Kwai.ThiscontrastisintermsofthegreaterambivalenceandmoralconfusionshowninTheBridgeontheRiverKwai.

Thepassagedoesnotmentionthefinancialsuccess,orlackthereof,ofanyofthemoviesitdiscusses.

Passage2

Thecorrectanswertothisquestionwillbeaclaimthatmustfollowfromtextcontainedinthepassage.Thisquestiondoesnotprovideanycluesastowherethejustifyingtextwillbefound.

ThefirstparagraphmentionsthatthetheJavanrhinoisthemostendangeredspeciesoflargemammal.However,itdoesnothavetobetruethatitisoneofthemostendangeredanimals,acategorythatisfarbroaderthanmammals.

CORRECT.ThefirstparagraphstatesthatverylittleisknownaboutthelifeoftheJavanrhino.Thepassagedoesindicate,however,thatscientistshavebeenabletoextractinformationonthespecies’DNAfromgathereddung.TheparagraphalsosuggeststhatverylittleinformationaboutfemaleJavanrhinoshasbeengained,giventhatscientistsonlyrecentlydiscoveredwhetherornotfemalesofthespeciesevenhavehorns.Thus,onecaninferthatmoreisknownaboutthegeneticsoftheJavanrhinothanitsmatingpatterns.

Thesecondparagraphindicatesthathuntersslaughteredmanyrhinos,butitdoesnotmentionwhere.Furthermore,itdoesnothavetobetruethatmorerhinoswerekilledinVietnamsimplybecausefewerrhinosremainthere.

ThepassageonlydiscussestheJavanrhino;therefore,ageneralizationabouttheextinctionof"mostanimals"isnotsupportedbythepassage.

Thepassagedoesnotmentionothersurvivalfactorsforaspeciesorrankthem;therefore,thisinferenceisnotsupportedbythepassage.

Inthesecondparagraph,aftercitinghumanactionsasthecauseoftheJavanrhino’splight,theauthorgoesontomentionthatthepopulationinVietnamisprobablynotviableandthathumaneffortsinIndonesia,suchastheprotectionoftherhinoontheUjungKulunpeninsula,havehadmixedresults.Thepassageendswiththethoughtthathumanbenevolenceisnothelpingtherhinosmuchmorethanpastmaltreatment.Thus,thecorrectanswerwillnotetheproblemswithcurrenthumanefforts.

Theauthoriscertainlynotoptimistic,asthepassagementionsthatinVietnamtheoutlookisdoubtfulandinIndonesia,problemsplaguetheeffort.Itispossible,althoughnotcertain,thattheauthorconsiderstheeffortworthwhile.

Theauthorgivesnoindicationthatheorshebelievestheeffortispointless.Furthermore,especiallyinIndonesia,thepassagedoesnotindicateacertaintythatitwillfail.

Thepassagedoesnotatalldiscusstheprofitabilityoftheeffort.Itispossible,althoughnotcertain,thattheauthorconsiderstheeffortidealistic.

CORRECT.ThediscussionofthemixedresultsandpoorprognosisforthepopulationinVietnamjustifies“problematic.”Thelastsentenceofthepassage,observingthatbenevolencehasprovedlittlebetterthanmaltreatmentjustifies“ironic.”Also,theauthorreferencestheironicqualityofhumanprotectionoftheJavanrhinointhe8thsentenceinthe2ndparagraph,“Ironically,however,thelackofhumandisturbanceallowsmatureforeststoreplacetheshrubbyvegetationtheanimalsprefer.”

Thepassageindicatesthattheeffortshavebeenmuchlessthanentirelysuccessfulbutdoesnotindicateanyconfusionrelatedtothecurrentefforts.Itispossibleforeffortstobelessthanfullysuccessfulwithoutbeingconfused.Furthermore,itdoesnotatalladdresstheideathatanyparticularheroismisinvolved.

TheauthormentionsthenumberofhornsinthefirstparagraphinthecourseofdescribingtheJavanrhino.Thecorrectanswermustfollowfromthistext.

AlthoughtheJavanrhinoisdescribedasrare,thediscussionofextinctionisinthesecondparagraph,.Furthermore,thevitalityoftheAfricanrhinoisnotmentioned.

ThepassagecontraststhenumberofhornsoftheJavanrhinotothatoftheAfricanandSumatranrhinos.However,theauthormakesaparallelcomparisontotheIndianrhinobecausebothspecieshaveonehorn.

ThepassageonlydiscussestheJavanrhino’sevolutionintoaseparatesubspeciesinthesecondparagraphinacompletelydifferentcontext,;nodirectlinkisdrawnbetweenthisevolutionandtheJavanrhino’ssinglehorn.

CORRECT.TheauthormentionstheJavanrhino’ssinglehorninconjunctionwithageneraldescriptionoftheJavanrhino.Thepassagethengoesontodiscussitshabitatandthescientificknowledgetodate.Thus,theauthorincludedthisdetailtoadddepthtohisorherdescription.

Thepassageonlystatesthatuntilrecentlyscientistswereunsureiffemaleshadhorns,andnodefinitiveanswerisgiven.Furthermore,thispointismentionedinadifferentcontext,afterthepassagehasfinisheddescribingtheJavanrhino.

ThefirstparagraphdescribestheJavanrhinoandindicateshowlittleisknownaboutit.Thisshouldbereflectedintheanswer.Itisthesecondparagraphthatrelatestheeffectsofhumanactivityontherhinosandtheirchancesforsurvival.

Thischoiceistoobroad,astheparagraphfocusesontheJavanrhinoandonlymentionsitsdifferencesfromsomeotherrhinostodistinguishthespeciesfromothers.

Thisanswerchoicedescribesthetopicofthesecondparagraph,notthefirst.

CORRECT.ThefirstparagraphprovidestheknownfactsabouttheJavanrhinoandindicatesthatmuchremainsunknown.

ThestepstakentosavetheJavanrhinoareonlymentionedinthesecondparagraph;theydonotappearinthefirstparagraph.

ThefirstparagraphonlyindicatestherespectivenumberofrhinosinIndonesiaandVietnaminpassing,anddoesnotmentionthedifferencesbetweenthetwogroups.Thefactthatthetwohaveevolvedintoseparatesub-speciesismentionedonlyinthesecondparagraph.

ThepassagementionstheUjungKulonpeninsulainthesecondparagraph.Immediatelybeforethat,thepassagestatesthatIndonesianJavanrhinoscannotsupplementthoseinbecausetheyhaveevolvedintoseparatesub-species.Thecorrectanswerchoicewillrelyuponthisfact.

CORRECT.ThischoicerephrasestheinformationinthesecondparagraphwhichstatesthattheIndonesianJavanrhinoshaveevolvedintoaseparatesub-species.

ThepassagedoesnotmentiontheaquaticabilitiesoftheJavanrhinonorcanitbeassumedthattheywouldhavetogettherewithouthumanassistance.

Thepassagedoesnotdiscussthefundsavailableineithercountry;thereforethischoiceisincorrect.

Thepassagedoesnotmentionthedifficultyinvolvedincapturingarhino;thereforethischoiceisincorrect.

Thepassagedoesnotmentionterroristactivityatall;therefore,thischoiceisincorrect.

Inthesecondparagraph,thepassagestatesthatthe“nearextinctionoftheJavanrhinoisthedirectresultofhumanactions.”Thecorrectanswermustbejustifiedbythatstatement.

Rhinodeathsatthehandsoffarmersarementionedasadetailandasjustoneofthehumanactionsresponsible.ItdoesnotsinglefarmersoutastheprimarycauseoftheJavanrhino’snearextinction.

ThepassagementionstheseparationoffromthemainlandtoexplainwhytheJavanrhinopopulationinVietnamcannotbesupplementedbyrhinosfromUjungKulon.ItisnotdiscussedasareasonforthenearextinctionoftheJavanrhino.

Rhinodeathsatthehandsofhuntersarementionedasadetailandasjustoneofthehumanactionsresponsible.ItdoesnotsinglehuntersoutastheprimarycauseoftheJavanrhino’snearextinction.

ThepassagedoesnotsaythatcurrenthumaneffortsareatallresponsibleforthenearextinctionoftheJavanrhino.Instead,itindicatesthatcurrentbenevolenthumaneffortsmaynotprovesufficienttosavethem.

CORRECT.Thebeginningofthesecondparagraphclearlystatesthathumanactions,takenasawhole,havedirectlycausedthenearextinctionoftheJavanrhino.

Passage3

ThebestwaytoansweraquestionthatasksforinformationNOTindicatedinthepassageistoquicklyskimthroughthepassageandeliminateanyanswerchoicethatISindicatedinthepassage.

CORRECT.ThepassagestatesseveraltimesthatMexico’spopulationgrowthisdiminishingduetothecountry’sdecliningbirthrate.However,thepassageneversuggeststhatMexico’spopulationitselfisdiminishing.

Thethirdparagraphstatesthat,onaverage,aMexicanwomanhadjustfewerthansevenchildrenin1968.TodaytheaveragenumberofchildrenborntoaMexicanwomanisslightlymorethantwo,orapproximatelyone-thirdofthe1968figure.

ThefirstparagraphstatesthatU.S.employersarestillcountingonasteadyflowoflaborfromMexico.Toreinforcethiscontention,thefinalsentenceofthefirstparagraphsaysthisflowmight“oneday”diminish,indicatingthatatpresentitiscontinuing.

ThefinalparagraphstatesthatMexico’spopulationisaging.ThisagingofthepopulationnaturallyresultsfromthedecliningnumberofbabiesborninMexico.Asfewerbabiesareborn,theaverageageofthepopulationgraduallyincreases.

ThethirdandfinalparagraphsindicatethatahealthymiddleclassinMexicoisahopeandagoalbutthatitisfarfromaforegoneconclusion.

Thecorrectanswertoaninferencequestionmustbedirectlysupportedbyevidencefromthetext.ThepassagestatesthatU.S.employersofMexicanimmigrantsoftenprovidelow-skilled,low-payingjobstoindividualswho"areoftenmorethanwillingtoworkforwageswellbelowboththeU.S.minimumwageandthepovertyline."

NoinformationisprovidedconcerningtheamountofmoneypaidtoAmericancitizens.ItispossiblethattherearemanyAmericanswhoalsoworkforwageswellbelowboththeU.S.minimumwageandthepovertyline.

CORRECT.Ifsomeoftheseimmigrantworkersareacceptingwages“wellbelowtheU.S.minimumwage,”theirAmericanemployersmustbeviolatingwagelaws(i.e.payingwagesbelowwhattheU.S.minimumwagerequires).

Nothinginthepassagesuggeststheparticularindustryoftheseemployers.Thisanswerisoutsidethescopeoftheargument,andassumesknowledgefromsourcesotherthanthepassage.

Thepassagedoesnotsuggestthat,withoutlaborfromMexico,theseemployerswillbeforcedtoclose.Thisanswerisbothtoopredictiveandoutsidethescopeoftheargument.

Thepassagesuggestsnothingabouthowtheseemployerseitherregardortreattheirworkers.Moreover,indicationthattheseemployersshow“noconcern”istooextremetobeinferredfromthepassage.

Akeenunderstandingofthemainideaofthepassage,incombinationwithawelldevelopedsketchofthepassagetohelpyouquicklyaccessthepertinentinformation,willhelpyoutoaccuratelyeliminateincorrectanswerchoices.

InboththefirstandfourthparagraphstheauthorindicatesthatthesupplyofMexicanlabortotheUnitedStatesmightdiminishovertimeifcertainconditionsinMexicocontinuetochange.Theauthordoesnotbelievethistobeaforegoneconclusion.Moreover,theauthorneverhintsthatthishypotheticallaborvacuumwillhavetobefilledbyotherimmigrantgroups.

TheauthorspeaksonlyofMexicoanditschallenges.Itisbeyondthescopeofthepassagetoassumewhattheauthormightbelieve,ingeneral,aboutcountrieswithlargepopulations.Additionally,thepassageneverquantifiesthedefinitionofa“l(fā)argepopulation.”

Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorsaysMexicanimmigrantsare“morethanwillingtoworkforwageswellbelowboththeU.S.minimumwageandthepovertyline.”Thus,theworkersthemselvesseemnottofeeltakenadvantageof.

SimilartoanswerchoiceB,thisanswerchoiceasksabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardcountriesotherthanMexico.Thepassage,however,discussesonlyMexicoanditspoliciesandchallenges.

CORRECT.Inthefinalparagraph,theauthorindicatesthat"thegrowthofahealthymiddleclassisfarfromaforegoneconclusion.ThecriticalchallengeforMexicoiswhatitdoeswiththenext20years.”Then,theauthorindicatesthestepsthatMexicomusttake.Thus,theauthorobviouslybelievesthatMexicodoesnotcurrentlyhavetheinfrastructuretodevelopahealthymiddleclass.Thekey,fortheauthor,iswhetherMexicoiswillingandabletobuildthisinfrastructure.

Thefinalparagraphprimarilyexplainswhythedevelopmentofahealthymiddleclass,animportantfactorinlimitingthedesireofmanyMexicanstomigratetotheUnitedStates,isnotaforegoneconclusion.

ThefinalparagraphactuallyexplainswhyadramaticreductionofMexicanimmigrationtotheUnitedStatesisstillanuncertainty.

Mexico’sfamilyplanningcampaignwasnotmentionedinthefinalparagraph.

CORRECT.ThefinalparagraphexplainsthatMexicomusttakespecificactionstofosterthedevelopmentofahealthymiddleclass.Withoutahealthymiddleclass,theauthorbelievesthatlargenumbersofMexicanswillcontinuetoseekworkintheUnitedStates.

ThoughtheauthordoesmentionthatMexicomustinvestininfrastructure,nomentionismadeofthetypesofinfrastructurethisinvestmentshouldbenefit.

ThoughthefinalparagraphreinforcesthatMexicanimmigrationtotheUnitedStatesandthusMexicanlabormightonedaydramaticallydecline,thisanswerchoicegoestoofarbystatingthatthis"will"definitelyhappen.Further,istoogreataleaptoassumethatthepurposeoftheparagraphistoexplicitlyputAmericanemployersonnotice.Nothingintheparagraph,orthepassage,suggeststhisintention.

Passage4

1.

"Except"questionsrequireustotestthefiveanswerchoicestodeterminethe"oddoneout."ItisbeneficialtousetheTrue/Falsetechnique:labeleachanswerchoicewithaToranFandlookfortheoddoneout(which,inthiscase,weshouldexpecttobeanF).

(A)True.Thethirdsentenceofthesecondparagraphcharacterizeschangingweatherpatternsduetoglobalwarmingasasubtleeffectofhumanactivities.

(B)True.Thefirsttwosentencesofthesecondparagraphclassifybothtoadsandfrogsasamphibians.Laterinthesecondparagraph,thepassageexplainsthatamphibianshavepermeableskin.

(C)True.Thethirdsentenceofthesecondparagraphstatesexplicitlythatscientists“hypothesize”thathumanactivityisresponsiblefortheglobaldeclineofamphibiouspopulations.Sinceahypothesisisaneducatedguessratherthanafact,itistruethathumanactivitymaynotberesponsibleforthedecline.

(D)True.ThesecondsentenceofthefirstparagraphstatesthatmoneywasraisedintheUnitedStatestoestablishtheMonteverdeCloudForestPreserve.

(E)CORRECT.False.ThepassageoffersnoinformationaboutthenumberofsalamanderspeciesinCostaRicathathavedisappearedsincethelate1980s.Wecannotassumethatthisomissionindicatesalessernumberthaneithertoadorfrogspecies.

2.

ThecorrectanswertoaninferencequestionontheGMATmustbesupportedbyevidencefromthetextwithoutneedforexternalinformation.

Thepassagestatesthattwentyofthefiftyspeciesoffrogsandtoadsknowntoonceinhabita30-square-kilometerareanearMonteverdehavedisappeared.NothingisimpliedabouttheareasofCostaRicafartherfromMonteverde.

CORRECT.Thepassagesuggeststhatamphibiansareabletoofferhumansearlynotificationofthedeteriorationoftheenvironmentbecauseoftheamphibians’permeableskin.Thus,permeableskinmustbeacharacteristicthathumansdonotpossess.

Nocausalrelationshipbetweenthebuild-upofpollutantsintheatmosphereandadecreaseinatmosphericozoneissuggestedinthepassage.

Theauthorstatesthathumanswouldbewisetoheedthewarningofferedbythedeclineofamphibiouspopulations,butnothingsuggeststhathumansnormallydonottakesignalsofenvironmentaldeteriorationseriously.

ThepassagedoesnotcompareCostaRica’senvironmentalproblemstothoseofothercountries.

3.

Inthesecondparagraph,theauthormentions“themoresubtleeffectsofhumanactivityontheworld'secosystems,”andthenliststhreeoftheseeffects:thebuild-upofpollutants,thedecreaseinatmosphericozone,andchangingweatherpatternsduetoglobalwarming,allofwhich,scientistshypothesize,“arebeginningtotaketheirtoll.”Thekeytoansweringthisquestioncorrectlyistorecognize,incontext,whattheseeffectshaveincommon.

Nowheredoesthepassagesuggestorimplythatthesechangesarenoteasilyrecognizedbysophisticatedtestingequipment.

CORRECT.Alloftheseeffectshappenonaglobalscale,sotheirimmediateconsequencesonspecificecosystemsaredifficulttorecognize.Furthermore,thepassagestatestheseeffectsare“beginningtotaketheirtoll,”indicatingthattheeffectshappenovertime.

Scientistshypothesizethattheseeffectsdoaffectamphibians,butnothinginthepassageindicatesthatonlysmallanimalspeciessuchasamphibiansareaffected.Infact,thefinalsentenceofthepassageindicatesthathumanstoomightbeaffectedbytheseenvironmentalchanges.

Thepassagestatesthatscientistshypothesizeabouttheconsequencesofthesesubtleeffects;thisindicatesthatscientistsdoinfactdiscusstheseeffects.

Thepassageindicatesthattheconsequencesoftheseeffectsareglobal,causingdisruptionsinamphibiouspopulations“theworldover.”

4.

Thisquestionisreallyjustadisguisedinferencequestion.Thecorrectanswertoaninferencequestionmustbedirectlysupportedbyevidencefromthetext.

CORRECT.ThefirstsentenceofthepassagestatesthatthebeautyofCostaRica’sgoldentoadwasonefactorthatgeneratedinterestfromapublicnormallyunconcernedwithamphibians.Thus,manyamphibiansmustnotbeconsideredbeautiful.

Thepassageindicatesthathabitatpreservationinisolation-nomatterthesizeofthehabitat-wasnotenoughtosavethegoldentoad.Instead,scientiststheorizethatbroaderecologicalissuesareharmingtheworld’samphibiouspopulations.

Thesecondparagraphtellsusthatamphibianpopulationshavebeendecliningaroundtheworld.

Thisisamisinterpretationoftheanalogyusedinthesecondparagraph.Theauthorisimplyingthatamphibiansmayprovidehumansanearlywarningfordetrimentalchangestotheenvironment,justascanariesprovidehumansanindicationofdetrimentalconditionsincoalmines.

Thefinalsentenceofthepassageindicatesthathumanswouldbewisetorec