Chapter2

Phonetics&PhonologyInstructedby

YanShangyuanChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Contents1.Speechsounds2.Phonetics語音學(xué)2.1Whatisphonetics?2.2Speechorgans2.3IPAandBroadandnarrowtranscription2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds3.Phonology音系學(xué)3.1Phone音素,phoneme音位andallophone音位變體3.2Phonemic音素analysis3.3Phonological音系學(xué)的rules3.4Suprasegmental超音段的phonologyChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)1.SpeechsoundsSoundswhicharesystematicallyusedinhumanlanguagesarecalledspeechsounds.Soundsmadebyahumanbeingbutnotusedinlanguagearenotconsideredasspeechsounds(coughing,snoring,sneezing).Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.Phonetics語音學(xué)2.1Whatisphonetics?(p.25)Thestudyofthespeechsoundsthatoccurinallhumanlanguages.Itisthesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansoundmaking,particularlythesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirtranscription,descriptionandclassification.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Threeareasofphonetics:(p.26)Articulatoryphonetics(發(fā)音語音學(xué)):productionofspeechsoundsAuditoryphonetics(聽覺語音學(xué)):perceptionofspeechsoundsAcoustic

[?'ku?st?k]

phonetics(聲學(xué)語音學(xué)):physicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.2Speechorgans(p.27)

1-nasalcavity

2-lips

3-teeth

4-alveolarridge

5-hardpalate

6-velum(softpalate)

7-uvula

8-apex(tip)oftongue

9-blade(front)oftongue

10-dorsum(back)oftongue

11-oralcavity

12-pharynx

13-epiglottis

14-larynx

15-vocalcords

16-trachea

17-esophagus

Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Accordingtothefunctioninthesoundproduction,thevocalorganscanbedividedintothreeparts:initiatoroftheair-stream,theproducerofvoiceandtheresonator['r?z?'net?].Divisionofvocalorgans:Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.2.1Theinitiatoroftheair-stream:(1)Theinitiatorincludesthelungsandthetrachea;(2)Thedirectionoftheairstream:outgoing/pulmonic:inalllanguagesNon-pulmonicsounds:ejectives(擠喉音),clicks(吸氣音),implosives(內(nèi)爆音inSindhi,Igbo)Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.2.2Thevocalcords(theproducerofvoice)(1)Pitchdependsontherateofvibrationofthevocalcords.(2)Vocalcords:Completeblockage(totallyclosed)forproducingglottalstop[?]:[?eni][?idi?t]Vibrating(closetogether)toproducevoicedsounds:[m][b][g][z][e][i]Notvibrating(apart)toproducevoicelesssounds:[p][h][t]Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.2.3Threeresonators(amplifierandmodifier)(1)Pharyngealcavity(咽腔)(2)Nasalcavity(3)Oralcavityactivearticulators:lips,uvular(小舌),thetonguePassivearticulators:teeth,alveolar(齒齦),palate(硬顎)Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.3IPAandbroadandnarrowtranscription2.3.1IPAInternationalPhoneticAlphabetInternationalPhoneticAssociation(1886)2.3.2Phonetictranscription:themethodofwritingdownthespeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.3.3BroadandnarrowtranscriptionBroadtranscription:[]theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription.Narrowtranscription:[]theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetail.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Examples:Narrowtranscription:[]pure[phwju?]bed[be·d]aspiratedlabializedpalatalized

slightlylongfarm[f?:m]apple[`?p?]bacon[`bei?n]

nasalizedvelarizedglottalstopBroadtranscription:[]pure[pju?]Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds(p.31)2.4.1Consonants2.4.1.1Placeofarticulation2.4.1.2Mannerofarticulation2.4.1.3Voicing2.4.1.4Descriptionofconsonants2.4.2Vowels2.4.2.1Monophthongs2.4.2.2Descriptionofvowels2.4.2.3Diphthongs&triphthongsChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4.1Consonants(p.32)Consonantsarethesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionofairstreamatsomepointinthevocaltract.2.4.1.1Placeofarticulation2.4.1.2Mannerofarticulation2.4.1.3Voicing

2.4.1.4DescriptionofconsonantsChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4.1.1Placeofarticulation(p.32)Bilabials:Labiodentals:Dentals:Alveolars:Palatals:Velars:Retroflex:Glottal:Pharyngeal:[p][b][m][w][f][v][θ][e][t][d][s][z][l][n][r][∫][З][t∫][dЗ][j][k][g][?][r][h][?](button[`bΛ?n])[?](latter[`l???])唇齒音齒音齒齦音硬顎音軟顎音卷舌音喉音咽音Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4.1.2Mannerofarticulation(p.33)Stops/plosives:oralstops:nasalstops:Nasals:Fricatives:Affricates:Liquids:Glides:[p][b][t][d][k][g][m][n][?][m][n][?]摩擦音[f][v][s][z][θ][e][∫][З][h]破擦音[t∫][dЗ]流音[l][r]滑音[j][w](semi-vowels)Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)TheIPAconsonantchart:WhiterepresentsstandardBritishEnglishconsonants.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.1.4.3Voicing(P.30)Voiceless:Voiced:

[p][t][k][s][f][∫][θ][t∫][h][b][d][g][z][v][З][e][dЗ][m][n][?][j][w][r][l]Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4.1.4Descriptionofconsonants[p]:voicelessbilabialstop[b]:[s]:[kh]:[n]:voicedbilabialstopvoicelessalveolarfricativevoicelessvelaraspiratedstopvoicedalveolarnasalChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4.2Vowels(p.34)Vowelsarespeechsoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstruction.2.4.2.1Monophthongs

[‘m?n?fθ??]單元音2.4.2.2Descriptionofvowels2.4.2.3Diphthongs&triphthongsChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4.2.1MonophthongsMonophthongs:Thequalityofsoundremainsconstantthroughoutthearticulation.(1)Thetongueheight(2)Thepositionofthehighestpartofthetonguebody(3)Thelip-rounding(4)Thelength(5)Thetension(6)HowopenthemouthisopenedChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Vowelquadrilateral(DanielJones)frontcentralbackhighi:u:(close)iue?:

mid

?

ε

?:?Λ?lowaa:(open)unroundedrounded[long(tense)short(lax)]Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4.2.2Descriptionofvowels[i:]highfronttense(long)unroundedvowel[u][?][?]highbacklax(short)roundedvowellowbacklax(short)roundedvowelcentrallax(short)unroundedvowelChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)2.4.2.3Diphthongs&triphthongs(P.35)Diphthongs—Asinglemovementofthetongue.raisingdiphthongs:[ei][ai][?i][?u][au]centralizingdiphthongs:[u?][i?][ε?]Triphthongs—Adoublemovementofthetongue.Theyareproducedbyaglidefromonevoweltoanotherandthentoa3rdrapidlyandcontinuously.e.g:[ai?,au?],inwireandhour.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Exercise4(Page45):Example:[p][b][m]Feature:bilabial,stop,consonant(1)[g][p][t][d][k][b]:Features:stop,consonant(2)[u][u:][?]:Features:back,rounded,vowelChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Exercise5:(1)[θ]:[e]Voicing:voicelessvoiced(2)[p]:[f]Place:bilabiallabio-dentalManner:stopfricative(3)[i]:[e]Height:highhalf-high(4)[b]:[m]Cavity:oralnasal(5)[s]:[∫]Place:alveolarpalatal(6)[s]:[e]Place:alveolardentalVoicing:voicelessvoicedChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)3.Phonology音系學(xué)(p.36)3.1Phone,phonemeandallophone3.2Phonemicanalysis3.2.1Minimalpairs3.2.2Complementarydistribution3.2.3Phoneticsimilarity3.2.4Distinctivefeatures3.3Phonologicalrules3.4SuprasegmentalphonologyChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Whichofthefollowingwordswouldbetreatedasminimalpairs?pat,pen,more,heat,tape,bun,fat,ban,chain,tale,bell,far,meal,vote,bet,pit,heelpat-fatpat-pitheat-heeltape-talebun-banbell-betmeal-heelExercises:Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)DescribetheEnglishsounds:[θ]__________[d]___________[g]___________[h]___________[l]___________[s]___________[u:]__________[i]___________[?]__________[Λ]__________Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Keys:[θ]voicelessdentalfricative

[d]voicedalveolarstop[g]voicedvelarstop

[h]voicelessglottalfricative

[l]lateral

[s]voicelessalveolarfricative[u:]highbacktenseroundedvowel

[i]highfrontlaxunroundedvowel[?]lowfrontlaxunroundedvowel

[Λ]lowbacklaxunroundedvowelChapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Assignments:Readthetextbookagainandtrytofullyunderstandwhatwehavelearned;Doexercises1and6onp.45;Readthefollowingsectionsofchapter2.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)3.1Phone,phoneme&allophonePhone音素:aphoneticunitofsoundorsegment.Itdoesn'tdistinguishmeaning.Phoneme音位:anabstractphonologicalunitwithdistinctivevalue.(//)Allophones音位變體:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Allophonesarephones.eg:/k/[kh

Λp][khji:p][khw

?

:l][khjwu?][skw

?

:]Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)3.2Phonemicanalysis(音位分析)3.2.1Minimalpairs最小對(duì)立項(xiàng)

(p.38):Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsareminimalpairs.e.g.pill&bill,pin&bin,heard&head&hide

Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Freevariants自由變體:differentsoundsofthesamephonemecausedbydialect,habitorindividualpreference,etc.

e.g:either

(

[ˋi:e?][ˋai:e?])economics([i:k?ˋn?miks][ek?ˋn?miks])Freevariation自由變體現(xiàn)象(p.39)

:thephenomenonoffreevariants.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)3.2.2Complementarydistribution互補(bǔ)分布

Therelationbetweentwospeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.e.g:[ph]and[p=],whicharetheallophonesof/p/,asinwordspeakandspeak,areincomplementarydistribution.

Clear[l]inleadanddark[\]indeal,whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/,areincomplementarydistribution.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Aconditionfortwoormoresegmentsincomplementarydistributiontobeassignedtothesamephoneme音位.e.g:[ph]&[p=]:[l]&[\]:+bilabial+bilabial+lateral+lateral+voiceless+voiceless+voiced+voiced+plosive+plosive+alveolar+velarized+aspirated-aspirated3.2.3

Phoneticsimilarity語音相似性Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Thefeaturesthataphonemepossesses,makingitdifferentfromotherphonemes.Theyarelanguage-specific(Whatdistinguishesmeaninginonelanguagedoesnotnecessarilydosoinanotherlanguage).

3.2.4

Distinctivefeatures區(qū)別性特征(p.39)Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Aphonemehasabundleoffeatures:e.g:/m//?//p/+consonantal-consonantal+consonantal+bilabial-rounded+bilabial+voiced+voiced-voiced+nasal+front-nasal-continuant+continuant-continuant.+low.......Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Discussion:[h][?](onsetposition)(codaposition)+glottal+velar+oral+nasal+fricative+stop+voiceless+voicedArethetwosounds[h]&[?]incomplementarydistribution?Dotheybelongtothesamephoneme?Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)3.3Phonologicalrules(p.35)3.3.1Assimilationrule(p.35):aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.regressiveassimilation:thefollowingsoundinfluencestheprecedingsound逆同化progressiveassimilation:theprecedingsoundinfluencesthefollowingsound順同化Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)1.Nasalization[-nasal][+nasal]/___[+nasal]E.g:can,tan2.DentalizationE.g:tenth,ninth3.VelarizationE.g:sink,mink水貂，貂皮衣4.DevoicingE.g:fivepast/faifpa:st/Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)

Liaison:Thephenomenonofthelinkingofwordsinspeech,inparticularwhenthesecondwordbeginswithavowel.Jointhefinalconsonantofonewordwiththeinitialvowelofthefollowingword:postofficeLinkthefinalvowels[?:]and[?]toafollowingvowelbyaddingthe[r]sound:herown,theideaof3.3.2Liaison[l?'e?z(?)n]

連讀(p.35):Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Makesmoothtransitionswhenwordsareseparatedbymorethantwoconsonants:nexttopicMakesmoothtransitionswhentheprecedingwordendswithavowelandthefollowingwordbeginsalsowithavowelsoundbyaddingaslight[j](after[i:]or[i])or[w](after[u:]or[u]):myarm,twoothersChangethepronunciationofsomefinalandinitialconsonants:Didyou…?Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Elision:thelossofasoundorsoundsinspeech.Thislossmaybeaconsonantorvowel.Elisionistypicalofrapid,casualspeech.e.g:suppose[sp?uz]factory[f?ktri]mostly[m?usli]3.3.3Elision[?'l??(?)n]省音(p.35):Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)3.3.4RuleorderingUnderlyingrepresentation:[si:tz][bedz][keisz]1.Epenthesis:[si:tz][bedz][keisiz]2.Devoicing:[si:ts][bedz][keisiz]Surfacerepresentation:[si:ts][bedz][keisiz]Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)3.4Suprasegmentalphonology(p.40)超音段音系學(xué):thoseaspectsofspeechwhichinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments,includingsyllable,stress,toneandintonation.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)3.4.1Thesyllable(p.40)Thesonoritytheory響度說

1.voicelessstops:[p][t][k]2.voicelessfricatives:[f][s][h][θ][∫]3.voicedstops:[b][d][g]4.voicedfricatives:[v][z][e][З]5.nasalsandlaterals:[m][n][?][l]6.trills,flapsandapproximants:[?][r][w][j]7.highvowels:[i:][i][u:][u]8.midvowels:[e][?]9.lowvowels:[?][?:][?][a]Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)Syllableasphonologicalstructuralunit:(p.41)?

onsetrhymepeakcodaMonosyllable—onesyllable.Eg:sit,pig,name,stop,vestPolysyllable—morethanonesyllable.Eg:apple,button,mammal,university,studentAsyllablemusthaveanucleus(核心)orpeak(峰)whichisoftenavowel,sometimesaconsonantplaysthepartofanucleus.Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)

Note:tableconsistsofasyllable[tei]andasyllable[bl],inthefirstsyllable,thenucleusis[ei],whileinthesecondoneitistheconsonant[l]tofunctionasthenucleus(apple,bottle,mammal,etc).Similarly,[n]canalsohavesuchfunctioninEnglish.Eg:button(cotton,mutton,etc).

Chapter2Phonet