2024年高考英語(yǔ)第一次模擬考試（全國(guó)乙卷）01

英語(yǔ)

（考試時(shí)間：120分鐘試卷滿分：150分）

注意事項(xiàng)：

1.答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、考生號(hào)等填寫在答題卡和試卷指定位置上。

2.回答選擇題時(shí)，選出每小題答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng),

用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號(hào)?；卮鸱沁x擇題時(shí)，將答案寫在答題卡上。寫在本試卷上無(wú)效。

3.考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。

第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）

第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）

聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。

1.Whendoesthelecturefinish?

A.Atabout5p.m.B.Atabout4p.m.C.Atabout3p.m.

【答案】A

【原文】M:Whendoesthelecturebegin?

W:Ithinkitstartsatthreeintheafternoon.

M:Itfinishesatfour,right?Ihaveameetingthen.

W:No,thisonelastsfortwohours.You'llhavetorescheduleyourfouro'clockappointment.

2.Whatdoesthewomanasktheboytotake?

A.Acoat.B.Boots.C.AT-shirt.

【答案】A

【原文】W:Now,lefsgetsomeclothestogetherforyourtrip.

M:OK,Mum.Well,Tilneedmywalkingbootsforastart.Oh,andmyredT-shirt.

W:ForgettheT-shirt.Youneedathickcoat.Theforecastsaysifsgoingtosnow.

3.WhathappenedtoLarrylastnight?

A.Hecouldn'tfindhishotel.

B.Hewascaughtintherain.

C.Hefellintowater.

【答案】C

【原文】M:IsawLarrylastnight.Hewaslookingverywet.

W:Butitwasn'traininglastnight.

M:Well,hehadn'tseenthehotelswimmingpoolandhadfalleninwithhisclotheson.

4.Wherewillthewomangotomorrownight?

A.Totheman'shouse.B.Toacinema.C.Toarestaurant.

【答案】A

【原文】M:Hi,Beth.MyfamilyandIarehavingafewpeopleoverfordinnertomorrownight.Wemight

watchamovie.Canyoucome?

W:Sure,rdlovetocome.That7dbemorefunthaneatingrestaurantalone.

5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?

A.Ahouse.B.Anoffice.C.Ashoppingcenter.

【答案】A

【原文】W:Howaboutthisone?Ithastwobedroomswithabiggarden.

M:Well,itdoesn'tmatter.Ijustcareaboutwhereitis.

W:Ifsnotfarfromyouroffice.Andtherearemanyrestaurants,andabigshoppingcenternearby.

第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）

聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中

選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題

將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。

聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。

6.Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?

A.Typeoutherreport.B.Repairherkeyboard.C.Lookforherkeys.

7.Whatwillthewomandonext?

A.Havesomejuice.B.Pickupherfriend.C.Goshopping.

【答案】6.B7.C

【原文】M:Goodmorning!IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?

W:ImademykeyboardwetwhenIhadsomejuicetoday,andnowthekeysarestuck.Ican'ttypeupmy

report.

M:Isee.

W:Sohowsoonwouldyoubeabletofixit?

M:Well,we'renottoobusyrightnow.Whydon'tyoujustwaitandwecanprobablyrepairitforyou

within30minutes.

W:Actually,Ihavetodosomeshoppingwithmyfriend.riljustcomebackandpickupthekeyboard

whenFmdone.

M:ThafsOK.

聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。

8.Wherearethespeakers?

A.Athome.B.Atabusstop.C.IntheBookBuilding.

9.Whatdidthemandoyesterdayevening?

A.HewatchedTV.B.Hehadamatch.C.Heboughtaguide.

10.Whichbuswillthespeakerstake?

A.No.29.B.No.37.C.No.52.

【答案】8.B9.A10.C

【原文】W:Dad,doyouknowwhichbusweshouldtake?

M:Er,letmecheckthebusguidefirst.

W:Bequick,please.

M:Whycan'tIfindthebusyourmothertoldmeyesterdayevening?

W:Mumtoldyouthedirectionsthreetimes.

M:ButIwaswatchinganNBAmatchonTVatthattime.Anditwasareallyexcitingone.

W:Weneedtoasksomeone.HerecomeBusNo.29andBusNo.37.

M:Oh,Igotitontheguide.WeneedtotakeBusNo.52togototheBookBuilding.Hereitis

coming.Linda,comeon.Lefsgo.

聽第8段材料，回答第11至13題。

11.Whatisthepurposeofthecall?

A.Toarrangeatour.B.Tobookaroom.C.Toconfirmareservation.

12.Whatdoesthewomanrequest?

A.Awake-upcall.B.Aspecialmenu.C.Aroomwithaview.

13.Howcanguestsreceiveafreemeal?

A.Byreservingaccommodationsonline.

B.Bystayingaminimumofthreenights.

C.Bymakingabookingduringtheoffseason.

【答案】ILB12.C13.B

【原文】M:Hi,youhavereachedthefrontdeskofCozyHotel.HowmayIhelpyou?

W:FminterestedinbookingaroomfornextFriday.Arethereanywithanoceanviewavailable?

M:Iwillcheckforyou.Yes,itlookslikethere9soneavailableontheninthfloor.Howmanynightsdoyou

plantostay?Youknow,itisoffseasonnow,andweareofferingapromotionrightnow.Ifyoustayatleast

threenightsyou'llreceiveafreebreakfastorlunch.Andthereisaspecialmenuatourrestaurant.Youjust

needtoorderitonline.

W:Thatsoundslikeagreatdeal,butmymeetingwilllastonlytwodays.SoTilonlyneedtwonights.

M:Doyouneedanywake-upcall?

W:No.Thanks,anyway.

聽第9段材料，回答第14至16題。

14.Whenwastheyouthclubformed?

A.In2015.B.In2008.In2006.

15.WhatisMatthew?

A.Anengineer.B?Ateacher.Astudent.

16.ForwhatdidMatthew9sclubraisemoney?

A.Aschool.B?Apark.Ahospital.

【答案】14.B15.C16.C

【原文】W:TodayinthestudiowehaveMatthewwhorecentlywontheprizeforrunningayouthclub.So

Matthew,howdiditallstart?

M:IusedtobeamemberoftheyouthclubwhenIwasastudentattheschoolthere.

W:Whendidyoufirstjointheclub?

Mln2015.Buttheclubhasbeenrunningformoreman10years.Itwasstartedin2008.

W:You'vebecomealeaderattheclub.Butyonarealsostudyingatcollege.

M:Yes.Iamstudyingengineering.Aftergraduation,Iwanttobuildbridgesactually.Inowteachthe

guitarattheclubonSaturdayafternoons.

W:Great.Youwontheprizebecauseyouhelpedalocalhospital,right?

M:Yes.Wedidlotsofdifferentthingstoraisemoney,likewebakedcakestosellattheschool.The

greatestthingwedidwasacarwashatthepark.Wewashedover500cars.

聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。

17.WhereisKakaduNationalPark?

A.InAustralia.B.InAustria.C.InBelgium.

18.HowdidthespeakerfeelaftertheYellowWaterCruise?

A.Pleased.B.Disappointed.C.Worried.

19.WhydidthespeakerbuytheSunrise&Sunsetticketonline?

A.Itwaseasy.B.Itwascheap.C.Itwaspopular.

20.WhatimpressedthespeakermostduringtheYellowWaterCruise?

A.KakaduCultureCamp.B.Sunrise&Sunset.C.AzureKingfisher.

【答案】17.A18.A19.B20.C

【原文】W:ThereisnowhereelseonEarthlikeKakaduNationalParkinthenorthernareaof

Australia.Themomentyoudrivethroughitsgateyouareenteringanancientareafullofwildlife一a

placeforthe500speciesofbirdsandanimalstolive.Here,inthisvastareaofland,thesizeofBelgium,or

halfofthesizeofAustria,youwillseesightsthatwilltakeyourbreathaway.

There9sloadstodoandifsnoteasytochoose.KakaduCultureCampwasagoodchoice,butwe

finallydecidedontheYellowwaterCruise,whichismorepopular.Itwasawonderfulexperienceand

probablythebestattractioninKakaduNationalPark.Wewerehighlyimpressedwehadjustreturnedfrom

KrugerNationalParkinSouthAfricaandwereworriedtheexperiencewouldn'tbesogood.Happily,the

YellowwaterCruisewassurelythehighlightofKakadu.WeboughttheSunrise&Sunsetticketfromthe

website,astheywereofferingalowprice.DuringthetouroftheYellowWaterCruise,therewereonly6

peopleontheboat,sowecouldeasilywalkaroundandtakepicturesofvariousfishandactivebirdlife

whichexistsinthewetseason.Wesawloadsoffreshandsaltwaterfishandanendlesslistofbirdlife.And

theprettiestistheAzureKingfisher,abrightly-coloredbirdhuntingfish,whichisthemostimpressivepart

ofthetour.

第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）

第一節(jié)（共15小題:每小題2分,滿分30分）

閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

A

Ourhistoryisrichwithremarkablescientistswhohelpedadvancethedevelopmentofour

society.Herearesomeofthem.

IsaacNewton(1643-1727)

IsaacNewtonisconsideredbymanytobethegreatestscientistofalltime.Thereweren,tmany

subjectsthatNewtondidn'thaveasignificantimpacton-hewasoneoftheinventorsofcalculus(微積

分),builtthefirstreflectingtelescope,andhelpedestablishthefieldofclassicalmechanics(力學(xué)).Hewas

thefirsttodividewhitelightintoitscomponentcolorsandhegaveusthethreelawsofmotion,now

knownasNewton'slaws.

EmmyNoether(1882-1935)

EmmyNoetherwasaGermanmathematicianparticularlyknownforNoether9stheorem,which

establishesafundamentalconnectioninsymmetries(對(duì)稱)inphysics.Itisconsideredamilestoneof

modemtheoreticalphysics.Hercontributionsarefoundationalinvariousbranchesofmathematicsaswell,

suchasabstractalgebra,algebraicgeometryandtopology.

CarlFriedrichGauss(1777-1855)

CarlFriedrichGausswasbominapoorfamilyinGermanyandquicklyshowedhimselftobea

brilliantmathematician.HepublishedDisquisitionesArithmeticae,afoundationaltextbookthatlaidoutthe

principlesofnumbertheory.Manyoftheadvancementsthatwe'vemadeinusingcomputerstosolve

problemsaresolvedusingnumbertheory.Gausswasproductive,andhisworkonnumbertheorywasjust

asmallpartofhiscontributiontomath.

JohnvonNeumann(1903-1957)

Before1940,JohnvonNeumannfocusedprimarilyonmathematics.Thenheturnedtoitspractical

use,designingthestructureofnearlyeverysinglecomputertoday.Rightnow,whateverdevicethatyouare

readingthison,whetheraphoneorcomputer,iscyclingthroughaseriesofbasicstepsbillionsoftimes

overeachsecond,stepsthatwerefirstthoughtupbyJohnvonNeumann.Remarkably,Heproposeda

theoryofglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactivity.

21.Whoputforwardatheoryaboutanenvironmentalissue?

A.IsaacNewton.B.EmmyNoether.

C.CarlFriedrichGauss.D.JohnvonNeumann.

22.Whatdothefourscientistshaveincommon?

A.Theyshowedagiftforphysicssinceyoung.

B.Theycontributedalottothecomputerfield.

C.Theywerehighlyestablishedinmathematics.

D.Theywerefromasimilarfamilybackground.

23.Inwhichpartofanewspapermaythetextappear?

A.Environment.B.Figure.C.Culture.D.News.

【答案】21.D22.C23.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。主要介紹了四位推動(dòng)社會(huì)發(fā)展的偉大科學(xué)家。

21.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)JohnvonNeumann(1903-1957)中“Remarkably,Heproposedatheoryofglobal

warmingcausedbyhumanactivity."(值得一提的是，他提出了人類活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致全球變暖的理論。)可知，

是JohnvonNeumann提出了關(guān)于環(huán)境問題的理論。故選D項(xiàng)。

22.推理判斷題。根據(jù)IsaacNewton中“Thereweren'tmanysubjectsthatNewtondidn'thavea

significantimpacton-hewasoneoftheinventorsofcalculus（微積分）,builtthefirstreflectingtelescope,

andhelpedestablishthefieldofclassicalmechanics（力學(xué)）.”（牛頓是微積分的發(fā)明者之一，制造了第一

架反射望遠(yuǎn)鏡，并幫助建立了經(jīng)典力學(xué)領(lǐng)域。）、EmmyNoether中“EmmyNoetherwasaGerman

mathematicianparticularlyknownforNoether'stheorem,whichestablishesafundamentalconnectionin

symmetries（對(duì)稱）inphysics.”（埃米?諾特是德國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家，尤其以諾特定理而聞名，該定理建立了物

理學(xué)中對(duì)稱的基本聯(lián)系。）、CarlFriedrichGauss中“CarlFriedrichGausswasbominapoorfamilyin

Germanyandquicklyshowedhimselftobeabrilliantmathematician.”（卡爾弗里德里希高斯出生于德國(guó)

的一個(gè)貧困家庭，很快就顯示出他是一位杰出的數(shù)學(xué)家。）以及JohnvonNeumann中“Before1940,

JohnvonNeumannfocusedprimarilyonmathematics.^^（約翰馮諾依曼主要從事數(shù)學(xué)研究。）可知，這

四位科學(xué)家的共同點(diǎn)是：他們?cè)跀?shù)學(xué)方面有很高的造詣。故選C項(xiàng)。

23.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中"Ourhistoryisrichwithremarkablescientistswhohelpedadvancethe

developmentofoursociety.Herearesomeofthem.^^（我國(guó)歷史上有許多杰出的科學(xué)家，他們幫助推

動(dòng)了社會(huì)的發(fā)展。以下是其中的幾位。）并結(jié)合全文理解可知，這篇文章主要介紹了四位杰出的科學(xué)

家，因此可能出自關(guān)于人物介紹的文章。故選B項(xiàng)。

B

Invitedbyanauthor-friend,IrecentlyattendedaprogramofreadingsbylocalAfrican-American

writers.Astheaudienceinthelibraryexpanded,InoticedthatIwasamongaminorityofwhiteandelderly

supporters.Afteryearsofuniversityteaching,volunteeringinmanyorganizations,andworkingasa

psychologistininner-citysettings,IwascomfortableamidmanysortsandcuriousaboutwhatImight

learnfromtheseauthors.

Isettledintomyseatasthechairmanintroducedahandsomeandpassionateman-Kendall

Glaspie.Hegreetedusandthenbegantoreadfromhisfive-chapterbookofpoems-Loved-Unloved:A

BlackMansPuzzle.Isatmesmerized,asthesoundsandmeaningsofhiswordswashedoverme.Suddenly

Ireachedback60yearstoapartofme,acollegestudentofthesecondyear,whofirstdiscovered

LawrenceFerlinghettiandAConeyIslandoftheMind.LikeFerlinghetti,hisworkwasmeanttovoice

something.Themomentfeltmagical.

Aftertheprogram,Istoodinhisauthor-linetospeakwithhim,purchaseacopy,andaskifIcould

writeaboutmyexperiencewhilelisteningtohim.Hegenerouslygranted（準(zhǔn)予）permission.Backhome,

Idevotedmyselftoreadingthepoems,givingthemtheattentiontheydeserved.

Kendalfsbookdidnotdisappoint.Heseesitas"acollectionofpoemsthatexplorecomplex

dynamicsthatinfluencetheidentityandfeelingsofordinarypeopleinNorthAmerica”.Itinvestigates

whattheconstructoflovemeanstousasindividualsandasacollective.AlthoughIamnotthat

remarkable-noramIevenofhisgeneration------Ihavespentmypersonalandprofessionallife

studying,discovering,andwitnessingthehealingpoweroflove.Iidentifiedstronglywithboththe

universalandmuchinthepersonalthathedescribed.Thedepthofhisgraspofthejourneytoward

wholenessembracingallpartsofourselvesbutallowingourchoicesofactiontobebasedonconsciousness,

leftmeimpressed.

24.Whatdoweknowaboutthereadingprogram?

A.Itwasoftenhostedininner-citysettings.

B?Itwasanuneasyattendancefortheauthor.

C.Itinvolvedafewwhiteandelderattendees.

D.Itinviteduniversityteacherstogivelectures.

25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mesmerized“inparagraph2mean?

A.Fascinated.B.Shocked.C.Puzzled.D.Bored.

26.WhichaspectdoesKendall'sbooktalkaboutinthetext?

A.Choicesofaction.

B.Theconstructoflove.

C.Theidentityoftheindividuals.

D.Themeaningoflife.

27.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?

A.Aguidetosolvingpuzzles.

B.Anessayonexplorationsoflove.

C.Anintroductiontoaprogram.

D.Ablogonreadingexperiences.

【答案】24.C25.A26.B27.D

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇記敘文，主要介紹作者參加讀書活動(dòng)時(shí)，傾聽了非裔美籍作家KendallGlaspie

朗讀他所創(chuàng)作的詩(shī)歌Loved-Unloved:ABlackMan,sPuzzleoKendallGlaspie的朗讀和詩(shī)歌主題引

發(fā)了作者的共鳴和對(duì)該作品的贊賞。

24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第——段中的"Astheaudienceinthelibraryexpanded,InoticedthatIwasamong

aminorityofwhiteandelderlysupporters.^（隨著圖書館里的觀眾越來(lái)越多，我注意到我是少數(shù)白人

且年紀(jì)大的支持者之一。）可知，出席讀書會(huì)的聽眾中有白人和老年人。故選C。

25.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段畫線詞后的“asthesoundsandmeaningsofhiswordswashedover

me.SuddenlyIreachedback60yearstoapartofme”（他的話的聲音和含義淹沒了我。突然間，我回

到了60年前的自己）和“Themomentfeltmagical."（那一刻感覺很神奇）可知,KendallGlaspie的

朗讀和詩(shī)歌內(nèi)容引發(fā)了作者的共鳴。作者聽得如癡如醉（mesmerized）,A.Fascinated.入迷的；

B.Shocked.震驚的；C.Puzzled.迷惑的；D.Bored.無(wú)聊的。A項(xiàng)與劃線詞意思一致。故選A。

26.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Heseesitas'acollectionofpoemsthatexplorecomplexdynamics

thatinfluencetheidentityandfeelingsofordinarypeopleinNorthAmerica'.Itinvestigateswhatthe

constructoflovemeanstousasindividualsandasacollective.（他認(rèn)為這是“一本探索影響北美普通

人身份和情感的復(fù)雜動(dòng)態(tài)的詩(shī)集”。它調(diào)查了愛的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)我們個(gè)人和集體意味著什么。）可知，詩(shī)集

主要討論的是愛的構(gòu)建對(duì)個(gè)人和集體的意義。故選B。

27.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第——段“Invitedbyanauthor-friend,Irecentlyattendedaprogramofreadingsby

localAfHcan-Americanwriters."（最近，應(yīng)一位作家朋友的邀請(qǐng)，我參加了一個(gè)由當(dāng)?shù)胤且崦绹?guó)作家

舉辦的讀書會(huì)。）并結(jié)合下文講述作者參加讀書會(huì)的經(jīng)歷和閱讀KendallGlaspie詩(shī)歌的體驗(yàn)推知，

此文可能來(lái)自一篇關(guān)于讀書體驗(yàn)的博客。故選D。

C

AteamofresearchersatETHZurichhastheperfectlong-lastingsolutiontoourfogproblem.They

havedevelopedaverythinandgold-basedtransparentcoating（涂層）thatcanconvertsunlightintoheat,

whichcanbeappliedtoglassandothersurfacestopreventthemfromfogging.

Thespecialcoatingisdevelopedusingtitaniumoxideandgoldparticles.Itselectivelyabsorbs

infraredradiations（紅夕卜線輻射）fromthesunlightandcreatesaheatingeffectthatispowerfulenoughto

keepfogawayfromthesurfaceofanobject.Thecoatingbasicallyemploysheattostopfogging.The

coatingabsorbsalargepartoftheinfraredradiation,whichcausesittoheatup-byupto8℃.

Previously,productslikeanti-foggingsprays（噴霧）createaverythinfilmofwateronthesurfaceto

removefog.Theproblemwithsuchsurfacesispollution.Alongwithwater,thespraysalsoattractdirt,

dust,oil,andvariousotherdirtysubstances,andjustalittledirtonthesurfacemakesituseless.However,

thenewcoatingrepels（排斥）water.Furthermore,thecoatingissignificantlythinner,whichmakesitmore

transparentaswellasflexible.Itisheatedpassivelyandrequires,duringdaytime,noadditionalenergy

source.

Goldmightbeexpensive,buttheresearchersstressthattheircoatingrequiressolittlethatthematerial

costsremainlow.Theircoatingisproducedwithstandardizedandreadilyscalablemethods,all

cost-effectively.However,althoughthisproductcanworkatverylowlevelsofsolarradiation,itdoesrely

onacertainamountoflight.

Theresearcherswilldevelopthecoatingfurtherforotherapplications.Intheprocess,theywill

examinewhetherothermetalsworkjustaswellasgold.Thereisnoneedtofear.However,thiswould

causeacarorabuildingtoheatupmoreinthesummer.Theresearchershavealreadyfileda

patent.Hopefully,thisgroundbreakingproductwillsoonbeavailableonthemarket.

28.Howdoesthenewcoatingworktoremovefog?

A.Byreflectingpartofsunlightselectively.

B.Bykeepingcoolairawayfromtheobject.

C.Bycreatingathinfilmofwateronthesurface.

D.Byabsorbinginfraredradiationstoheatthecoating.

29.Whydoestheauthormentionpreviousanti-fbggingproducts?

A.Tostresstheadvantagesofthenewcoating.

B.Tointroducetheinspirationbehindthenewcoating.

C.Toprovethedifficultyofcreatinganti-foggingproducts.

D.Toexplainthereasonfortheanti-fbggingcoatingbeingpopular.

30.Whatisthelimitationofthenewcoating?

A.Itisconsiderablyexpensive.

B.Itdependsonsunlighttowork.

C.Ittakestoomuchtimetoproduce.

D.Itisdifficulttocleanandmaintain.

31.Whatdotheresearchersplantodonext?

A.Applyforapatentfortheinvention.

B.Developtheproductformorepracticaluses.

C.Exploretheenvironmentalimpactofthecoating.

D.Seekamoreenvironmentallyfriendlymaterialtoreplacegold.

28.D29.A30.B31.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。文章主要報(bào)道了蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院的一組研究人員找到了解決霧

霾問題的完美持久的方法。他們開發(fā)了一種非常薄的金基透明涂層，可以將陽(yáng)光轉(zhuǎn)化為熱量，可以

應(yīng)用于玻璃和其他表面，以防止它們起霧。

28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Thespecialcoatingisdevelopedusingtitaniumoxideandgold

particles.Itselectivelyabsorbsinfraredradiations（紅夕卜線輻射）fh）mthesunlightandcreatesaheating

effectthatispowerfulenoughtokeepfogawayfromthesurfaceofanobject.Thecoatingbasically

employsheattostopfogging.Thecoatingabsorbsalargepartoftheinfraredradiation,whichcausesitto

heatup-byupto8。匚（這種特殊涂層是用氧化鈦和金顆粒制成的。它選擇性地吸收太陽(yáng)光中的紅外輻

射，并產(chǎn)生一種強(qiáng)大的加熱效應(yīng)，足以使霧遠(yuǎn)離物體表面。這種涂層基本匕是利用熱量來(lái)停止起霧。

涂層吸收了很大一部分紅外輻射，這使得它的溫度上升了8。（2。戶可知，這種涂層選擇性地吸收太

陽(yáng)光中的紅外輻射加熱涂層，從而去除霧氣。故選D。

29.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Previously,productslikeanti-foggingsprays（噴霧）createaverythin

filmofwateronthesurfacetoremovefog.Theproblemwithsuchsurfacesispollution.Alongwithwater,

thespraysalsoattractdirt,dust,oil,andvariousotherdirtysubstances,andjustalittledirtonthesurface

makesituseless.However,thenewcoatingrepels（排斥）water.Furthermore,thecoatingissignificantly

thinner,whichmakesitmoretransparentaswellasflexible.Itisheatedpassivelyandrequires,during

daytime,noadditionalenergysource.（以前，像防霧噴霧劑這樣的產(chǎn)品會(huì)在表面形成一層非常薄的水膜

來(lái)去除霧。這種表面的問題是污染。除了水，噴霧劑還會(huì)吸引污垢、灰塵、油和其他各種臟物質(zhì)，

表面上有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)污垢就沒用了。然而，新涂層排斥水。此外，涂層明顯更薄，這使得它更透明，也

更靈活。它是被動(dòng)加熱的，在白天不需要額外的能源。戶可知，作者提到以前的防霧產(chǎn)品是為了突

出新涂層的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。故選A。

30.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“However,althoughthisproductcanworkatverylowlevelsofsolar

radiation,itdoesrelyonacertainamountoflight.（然而，盡管這種產(chǎn)品可以在非常低的太陽(yáng)輻射水平下

工作，但它確實(shí)依賴于一定數(shù)量的光。戶可知，這種涂層確實(shí)依賴于一定數(shù)量的光。故選B。

31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Theresearcherswilldevelopthecoatingfurtherforother

applications.（研究人員將進(jìn)一步開發(fā)用于其他應(yīng)用的涂層。戶可知，研究人員接下來(lái)將會(huì)開發(fā)該產(chǎn)品

的更多實(shí)際用途。故選B。

D

AtitsannualgeneralassemblyinViennalastmonth,theEuropeanGeosciencesUnion（EGU）did

somethingunusual.Thechairofitsawardscommittee,ThomasBlunier,presentedabreakdown,bygender,

ofprizenominees（被提名者）andnominators（提名者）since2014.Thedatawererevealing.Although

womenmakeup37%ofthesociety'smembers,theymadejust20%ofnominationssuggestingthat

womenarelesslikelytonominatethanmen.Thedataalsoshowedthatpeopletendtofavourtheirown

genderwhenmakingnominations-withmenmostlikelytonominateothermen.

Thisisclearlyaproblem,butawarenessofthesituationopensthedoortofixingit.Althoughwomen

arestillunder-representedinEGUnominations,theirshareofawardsisnowapproachingtheir

representationamongEGUmembers,thankstocorrectivemeasurestakenbytheorganization?sawards

committee.TheEGUisdistinctfrommostotherscientificsocietiesthatdonotmakenominationdata

public,thoughitisnecessaryforthefairnessamongprizewinners.

Someothereffortsareunderwaytomakeprizesfairer.Inmathematics,forexample,theInternational

MathematicalUnionhasintroducedguidelinestomakenominatorsandaward-committeemembersaware

ofunconsciousbias.Manyprizenominationformsnowincludestatementsencouragingnominatorsto

considerdiversity.ThecommitteesthatawardNobelprizeshavetoldNaturethattheyareattemptingto

increasediversityinnomineesandthattheproportionofwomennominatedisrising.

Prize-giversneedtowidentheirnominationpools.In2019,Naturesuggestedthatawardorganizers

mightcasttheirnetswiderwhenseekingnominationsbyapproachingnetworksthatincludeacademiesof

scienceinlowandmiddle-incomecountries.Thisisstillnothappeningonthescalethatitneedsto.

Sadly,thesemeasureswillnotmakescienceprizesmatchglobaldiversity,atleastnotstraight

away.Manyprizesarebasedonworkcarriedoutdecadesago,whenthebarrierstoenteringsciencewere

evenhigherthantheyaretodayforpeoplefromunder-representedgroupsandcountries.Attheveryleast,

professionalsocietiesmustensurethattheirnominationpoolsarerepresentativesoftheir

communities.Greatertransparencyandawider,morediversepoolofnomineesincreasethechanceof

awardsrewardingexcellence,ratherthanenlargingexistingnetworksoffame.

32.WhatisthepurposeofshowingthedatafromtheEGU?

A.Toshowthegenderbalanceamongitsmembers.

B.Toencouragefemalestonominateotherfemales.

C.Toreflectthatwomenhavebeenignoredinawards.

D.Torevealthesignificantimpactfromgenderawareness.

33.Whateffortshavebeenmadetopromotethefairnessamongtheprizewinners?

A.Publicizingthenominationdata.

B?Wideningtheapplicationpoolsbynominees.

C.Introducingguidelinesonincreasingdiversity.

D.Castingthenetswiderwhenseekingnominations.

34.Whatdoestheauthorholdinthelastparagraph?

A.Existingnominationpoolsarenottransparent.

B.Professionalsocietiesmustmakeadifference.

C.Thebarrierstoenteringsciencewillnotbehigher.

D.Sciencehaskeptupwiththeglobaltrendofdiversity.

35.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?

A.EuropeanGeosciencesUnion:AnNontraditionalModel

B.DiversityinSciencePrizes:WhyisProgressSoSlow?

C.ProgressinScience:NominationShowsJusticeforAll

D.TheWaytoGenderDiversity:Difficult,DelicatebutDestined

【答案】32.C33.A34.B35.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。我們真的足夠了解科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的公平性和合理性嗎?在科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的遴選過

程中，不公布提名細(xì)節(jié)，這使得女性和弱勢(shì)群體在獲獎(jiǎng)中未得到充分代表。

32.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞EGU定位到第一段中的“Althoughwomenmakeup37%ofthesociety飛

members,theymadejust20%ofnominationssuggestingthatwomenarelesslikelytonominatethan

men.Thedataalsoshowedthatpeopletendtofavourtheirowngenderwhenmakingnominations-with

menmostlikelytonominateothermen.（盡管女性在協(xié)會(huì)成員中占37%,但她們只獲得了20%的提

名，這表明女性獲得提名的可能性低于男性。數(shù)據(jù)還顯示，人們?cè)谔崦麜r(shí)往往偏愛自己的性別，而

男性最有可能提名其他男性）”可知，女性比男性更不可能被提名，即女性在獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)中被忽略了。故選

Co

33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“TheEGUisdistinctfrommostotherscientificsocietiesthatdonotmake

nominationdatapublic,thoughitisnecessaryforthefairnessamongprizewinners.（EGU不同于其他大

多數(shù)科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)，這些科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)都不公開提名數(shù)據(jù)。盡管它對(duì)于獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)咧g的公平是必要的）”可知，

EGU會(huì)把獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)叩奶崦麛?shù)據(jù)公開，這樣做對(duì)于獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)咧g的公平是必要的。故選A。

34.推理判斷題