英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)提綱PartI概念題（glossary）alistofthedifficultwordsusedinapieceofwritingorsubject,withexplanationsoftheirmeanings(phrase)agroupofwordsthatformaunitwithinaclause(expression)unclassifiedlinguisticunitofanylength:words,phrases,sentences,paragraphs,etc.(diction)thechoiceofwordsusedinaspeechorpieceofwriting(vocabulary)wordsingeneralknown,learnt,used,etc.oralistofwords,usuallyinalphabeticalorderandwithexplanationsoftheirmeanings(lexicon)allthewordsandphrasesinalanguageoradictionary(lexis)allthewordsinalanguage(word)thesmallestunitofspokenorwrittenlanguagewhichhasmeaningandcanstandalone(Etymology)thestudyoforiginsanddevelopmentofwords(Lexicography)thewritingandmakingofdictionaries(Lexicalsemantics)thestudyofwordsandtheirmeanings(lexicology)thestudyofmeaningsandusesofwords(morphology)thestudyofhowwordsareformedinalanguage(phraseology)thewordsandphrasesusedinaparticularprofessionoractivity,oraparticularwayofputtingwordstogethertoexpresssomething(collocation)agroupofwordswhich"naturally"gotogetherthroughcommonusageMorpheme:thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerformsRoot:arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.Affix:acollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Itcanfurtherbedividedinflectionalandderivationaltypes.Prefix:aderivationaloraninflectionalaffixthatcanbeaddedtothebeginningofamorpheme.Suffix:aderivationalorinflectionalaffixthatcanbeaddedtotheendofamorpheme.Compounding/composition:awordformationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Derivation/affixation:aword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffixorbothtothebase.Conversion:aword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicaltermoraphrase;itispronounceletterbyletter.Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc;theyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.Blending/hybrid:aword-formationprocessinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.Back-formation:atermusedtorefertoaword-formationprocessbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbydeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.Clipping:aword-formationprocessbywhichawordisshortenedbydeletingoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.Motivation:referstotheconnectionbetweenwordsymbolanditssense.MostEnglishwordsarenon-motivated.Motivationcanariseinthreemajorways:phoneticmotivation,morphologicalmotivationandsemanticmotivation.Polysemy:atermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.Homonyms:wordsidenticalinsoundorspellingorbothbutdifferentinmeaning.Synonyms:wordsdifferinginsoundbutidenticalorsimilarinmeaning.Antonyms:wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningHyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.Contextinitsnarrowestsenseconsistsofthelexicalitemsthatcomeimmediatelybeforeandafteranywordinanactofcommunication.Euphemism:anactofusingagreeablelanguagewhenspeakingofanunpleasantorembarrassingfact(suchasdeath,disease,etc)andoftaboosubjects(suchassexandtheexcretiveprocessesofthebody).Metaphor:isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparisonbasedonassociationofsimilarity,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyusedforonethingisappliedtoanother,aprocesswhichoftenresultsinsemanticchangeorfigurativeextensionofmeaning.Metonymy:afigureofspeechbywhichanobjectorideaisdescribedbythenameofsomethingcloselyrelatedtoit.PartII常用英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)Acronym首字母拼音詞Acronymy首字母拼音法Affix詞綴Affixation詞綴法Antonym反義詞Antonymy反義關(guān)系Back-formation逆構(gòu)詞，反成法Blend拼綴詞Blending拼綴法Collocation搭配，組合Complementaries互補(bǔ)反義詞Completeantonym完全反義詞Composition復(fù)合法Compounding復(fù)合構(gòu)詞法Compoundword復(fù)合詞、Concept概念Conceptualmeaning概念意義Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Context語(yǔ)境Conversion詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法Denotativemeaning外延意義Degradationofmeaning詞義的降格Derivation派生法Elevationofmeaning詞義的升格Etymology詞源學(xué)Euphemism委婉語(yǔ)Homonymy同音（形）異義Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Idiom成語(yǔ)Inflectionalaffix屈折詞綴Initialism：首字母縮略詞Metaphor：隱喻Metonymy：換喻，轉(zhuǎn)喻，借代Morpheme詞素Morphology詞形學(xué)，形態(tài)學(xué)Motivationofword詞的理?yè)?jù)Neologism新詞語(yǔ)Onomatopoeicword擬聲詞Phonetics語(yǔ)音學(xué)Polysemy一詞多義Register語(yǔ)域Root詞根Semanticfield語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)Semantics語(yǔ)義學(xué)Synonym同義詞Synonymy同義關(guān)系Word-formation/building構(gòu)詞法PartIIITrueorFalseStatementsItisusualthatsomeaffixeshavefarmorefrequentproductiveusesthanothers.Therearesomesignificantrelationsbetweenaffixes,especiallyantonymy,aswithpre-andpost-,-fulland–less.(T)Thoughmostprefixescanoccurasindependentwords,theycanonoccasionbedetachedtopermitcoordination,asinpre-andpost-hysterectomy.(F)Compoundingcanoccuronlyinthreemainwordclasses,nounsandtoalesserextent,adjectivesand,toleastextent,verbs.(F)Semantically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedashavingamainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.(F)Englishcompoundscanbeanalyzedaccordingtodifferentcriteria,suchasorthographiccriteria,semanticcriteria,andphonologicalcriteria.(T)Compoundscanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtowordclasses:nouncompounds,adjectivecompoundsandverbcompounds.(T)Compoundsindicatetherelationsofthecompoundingelementsbysyntacticparaphrases.(T)Conversionisthederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.(T)Conversionsfromverbtonounandfromverbtoadjectivearethemostproductivecategories.(F)Therearetwotypesofconversion:fullconversionandpartialconversion.(T)Themostimportantkindsofalterationinconversionarethevoicingoffinalconsonants,andtheshiftofstress.(T)Wordsformedthroughacronymyarecalledacronymsorinitialisms,dependingonthespellingofthenewwords.(F)Back-formationisthemethodofcreatingnewwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.(T)Motivationhasnothingtodowiththeexplanationforthereasonthataparticularformhasaparticularmeaning.(F)Theconceptualmeaningofawordisoftenunstableandhardtodetermine.(F)Byetymologicalmotivation,wemeanthatthemeaningofaparticularwordisrelatedtoitsorigin.(T)Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.(F)Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.(T)Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.(T)Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitswordsandphrasesputtogether.(F)Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowthespeakersofalanguagechoosetheirwordstoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.(F)Themeaningofanisolatedwordfromadictionaryisusuallyabstractandcontext-independent.(T)Indo-EuropeanreferstothefamilylanguagesspokenoriginallyinEurope.(F)LatinandFrenchbelongtothedifferentlanguagegroups.(F)EnglishbelongstotheWest-GermaniclanguagegroupofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.(T)ThefirstpeopleinEnglandaboutwhoselanguagewehavedefiniteknowledgearetheCelts.(T)CertainGermanictribes,Angles,Saxons,FrisiansandJuteswerethefoundersoftheEnglishnation.(T)OldEnglishhasmuchlessloanwordscomparedwithmodernEnglish.(T)TheNormanConquestvirtuallyintroducedFrench-EnglishbilingualismintoEngland.(T)Collocationistherelationshipbetweentwowordsorgroupsofwordsthatoftengotogetherandformacommonexpression.(T)Collocationsarenottransparentinmeaning;thatis,themeaningofthewholecannotbeworkedoutfromthemeaningofeachofthewordsinit.(F)Lexicalcollocationsnormallyconsistofnouns,adjectives,verbsandprepositions.(F)Afixedlexicalcollocationisacollocationoftwoormoreco-occurringlexemesinanunchangingsyntacticandsemanticrelationship.(T)ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagebyDr.SamuelJohnsonin1755isasymbolformodernEnglishDictionary.(F)Webster’stwo-volume1828dictionary,TheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,publishedwhenhewas70yearsold,wasbyfarthelargestandthemostimpressivedictionaryproducedinAmericauptothattime.(T)Frompronunciation,BritishdictionariesaswellasAmericanonesgenerallyuseInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.(IPA).(F)Bilingualdictionariesusuallydonothaveetymologicallabelsduetothelimitationofthelength.(T)PartIV.PracticesforWord-formationProcesses.SectionA:ExplainthemeaningsofthefollowingcompoundsinEnglishPickpocketHousebreakingOff-whiteSleepwalkerBrainstormingSelf-styledTenderfootGood-lookingQuick-freezeDragonflyKeys:Apersonwhostealsthingsfrompeople’spocketsEnteringabuildingwithoutrightorpermissioninordertocommitacrimeAcolorthatisnorpurewhitebuthassomegreyoryellowinitApersonwhowalksaroundwhileasleepMethodofsolvingproblemsinwhichallthemembersofagroupsuggestideaswhicharethendiscussedUsinganame,titleetc.whichonehasgivenoneself,esp.withouthavinganyrighttodosoApersonwhohasrecentlyarrivedinaroughplaceHavingapleasantappearanceFreezeveryquicklyforstoringsothatitkeepsitsnaturalqualitiesInsectwithalongthinbodyandtwopairsofwingsSectionB根據(jù)例詞，寫出另外同類型轉(zhuǎn)換的例子Garagetogarage____________________Watertowater_______________________Coretocore______________________Nursetonurse______________________Handtohand_______-______________Toreleaserelease______________________Tocatchcatch______________________Toshowoffshow-off____________________Tothrowthrow____________________Tocookcook_____________________Drytodry______________________Bravetobrave_______________________SectionC寫出下列截短詞的原詞ad 2.Memo 3.Auto4.mike 5.Bike 6.Bus7.phone 8.Champ 9.Photo10.con 11.Co-op 12.Plane13.copter 14.Dorm 15.Rhino16.flu 17.Fridge 18.Gas19.sub 20.Taxi 21.Gym22.hippo 23.Lab 24.Limo25.lunch 26.Math 27.Vet28.zoo 29.Pub 30.PopKeys:memorandum6.Omnibus 10.Convict11.Co-operative 15.Rhinoceros 16.Influenza18.gasoline 19.Submarine 20.Taxicab22.hippopotamus24.Limousine 25.Luncheon27.veteran,veterinarian,veterinary28.zoologicalgarden29publichouse30.PopularmusicSectionD寫出下列首字母縮略詞、拼音詞的完整寫法及漢語(yǔ)意思WHOASEANWTOISPITWWWCPUWPSGMVIPCEOGMTIOCCIABBCTBVOANBAFBIROMDOSBIOSUNESCONATOOPECTOEFLAIDSGPSRadarSIMCDMAPartVMeaningandSenseRelationSectionA把方框內(nèi)詞語(yǔ)編入三個(gè)不同的語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)ShoulderShoulderpencilbookrosedictionaryheadpenlotusnotebooknecklegchrysanthemumtuliphanddaisyFlowers_____________________________________________Bodyparts__________________________________________Stationary___________________________________________SectionB從下列七組詞語(yǔ)中各找出一個(gè)不屬于該組語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)的詞：Penpencilinkwallpaperpencil-boxrulerpadsSoaptowelbathtubovenbasinsinkperfumeDriverprofessorclerkstudentnurseguardporterWalkstridepaceplungerunstrollroamparadeCartruckbustrainbicycleairplanesteamboatRedgreenpurplepinkbluesandybrownorangeCupmugglassspoonbowlpotplatesaucerSectionC將適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填入下列比喻詞組中，使其意思完整：PPancakeeggscucumberarmbeanspotatoesflourbutterskeletonearsblackberrysausageporridgebeeftoastonionsAsleanas_____Aslongas______Aswhiteas_____Asflatas_________Aswarmas_______Asyellowas______Asplainas________Asroundas_______Asnakedas_______10.Assweetas_______11.asstrongas_______12.astastelessas______13.asredas_______14.asplumas______15.asthickas______16.ascoolas_______Keys:1.skeleton 2.arm 3.flour 4.pancake5.toast6.butter 7.ears 8.sausage9.eggs10.beans11.onions 12.potatoes 13.beef 14.blackberry 15.porridge16.acucumberPartVI用分類關(guān)系畫出以下各組詞的樹形圖（不多于5層）Trackevents,hurdles,jump,highjump,discusthrow,fieldevents,throw,events,walk,run,shotput,longjump,hammerthrow,relaysCow,reptile,organism,plant,porcine,ox,bird,human,mammal,buffalo,bovine,animal,ovineArmy,tank,rifle,armedforces,airforce,warships,minehunter,navy,transportaircraft,fighter-bomberProse,novel,fictionepic,literature,drama,shortstory,poetry,lyric,novelette,pastoralPlanegeometry,square,trapezium,planetriangle,quadrilaterals,rectangle,irregularquadrilateral,rhombus,parallelogramsKeys:1.EventsTrackeventsfieldeventsWalkrunhurdlesrelaysshotputjumpthrowHighjumplongjumphammerthrowdiscusthrow2.OrganismHumananimalplantBirdmammalreptileOvinebovineporcineOxcowbuffalo3.ArmedforcesArmynavyairforceTankriflewarshipsminehuntertransportaircraftfighter-bomberLiteratureProsefictiondramapoetryNovelnoveletteshortstoryepiclyricpastoral5.PlanegeometryPlanetrianglesquadrilateralsIrregularquadrilateralsparallelogramstrapeziumSquarerectanglerhombusPartVII完成下列明喻成語(yǔ)1.as_______asink2.as_______asbrass3.as________assilver4.as_________ascrystal5.as________asice 6.as________aspitch7.as________asbone8.as________asapig9