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三.閱讀理解題:

PassageOne

Researchisoneofthemostimportantaspectsofscientificandengineeringpractice.A

researcherusuallyworksasamemberofateamwithotherscientistsandengineers.Heor

sheisoftenemployedinalaboratorythatisfinancedbygovernmentorindustry.Areasof

researchconnectedwithcivilengineeringincludesoilmechanicsandsoilstabilization

techniques,andalsothedevelopmentandthetestingofnewstructuralmaterials.

研究是科學(xué)和工程實(shí)踐的重要方面之一。研究人員通常與其他科學(xué)家和工程師一起作為

團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員工作。他或她經(jīng)常受雇于由政府或行業(yè)資助的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。與土木工程有關(guān)的研

究領(lǐng)域包括土壤力學(xué)和土壤穩(wěn)定技術(shù),以及新結(jié)構(gòu)材料的開發(fā)和測試

176.Researchisoneof__B_aspectsofscientificandengineeringpractice.

研究室是科學(xué)和工程實(shí)踐最重要的內(nèi)容之一

A.themostuseless

B.themostimportant

C.themostunnecessary

177.AresearcherisoftenemployedC.

A.onafarm

B.inalibrary

C.inalaboratory

178.AresearcherusuallyworksasamemberofateamwithC.

一名研究人員常常作為梯隊(duì)中的一員與科學(xué)家和工程師共同工作。

A.farmersandscientists

B.engineersandfarmers

C.scientistsandengineers

179.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A

A.Civilengineeringresearchdoesn'tincludeonlysoilmechanicsandsoilstabilization,

butalsothedevelopmentofnewstructuralmaterials

土木工程師研究的內(nèi)容不僅有土力學(xué)和土壤穩(wěn)定,而且還有結(jié)構(gòu)材料的研發(fā)。

B.Civilengineeringresearchdoesn'tincludesoilmechanicsandsoilstabilization

C.Civilengineeringresearchdoesn'tincludethedevelopmentofnewstructuralmaterials

PassageTwo

Thecurrenttendencyistodeveloplightermaterials.Aluminum,forexample,weighs

muchlessthansteelbuthasmanyofthesameproperties.Aluminumbeamshavealready

beenusedforbridgeconstructionandfortheframeworkofafewbuildings.

Attemptsarealsobeingmadetoproduceconcretewithmorestrengthanddurability,and

withalighterweight.Onesystemthathelpscutconcreteweighttosomeextentuses

polymers,whicharelongchainlikecompoundsusedinplastics,aspartofthemixture.

目前的趨勢是開發(fā)更輕的材料。例如,鋁的重量比鋼輕得多,但具有許多相同的特性。

鋁梁已經(jīng)用于橋梁建設(shè)和一些建筑物的框架。

還嘗試生產(chǎn)強(qiáng)度和耐用性更重、重量更輕的混凝土。能在一定程度上降低混凝土重量

的新型體系,采用了聚合材料,這種聚合體是用作塑料的長鏈狀化合物,并作為混合材

料的成份之一(一部分)。

180.ThecurrenttrendofstructuralmaterialsisB.

目前建筑材料的趨勢是開發(fā)更輕的材料。

A.todevelopheaviermaterials

B.todeveloplightermaterials

C.todeveloplessmaterials

181.AluminumweighsA.

鋁的重量比鋼輕得多

A.muchlessthansteel

B.thesameassteel

C.muchheavierthansteel

182.AluminumhasC.鋁有許多鋼的特性

A.nopropertiesofsteel

B.fewpropertiesofsteel

C.manyofthesamepropertiesofsteel

183.Whichofthefollowingistrue?B

A.Aluminumbeamscan'tbeusedforbridgeconstruction

B.Aluminumbeamscanbeusedfornotonlybridgeconstructionbutalsotheframework

ofafewbuildings鋁梁不僅用于橋梁建設(shè)而且還用于一些建筑物的框架。

C.Aluminumbeamscan'tbeusedfortheframeworkofafewbuildings

PassageThree

Steelandconcretealsocomplementeachotherinanotherway:theyhavealmostthesame

rateofcontractionandexpansion.Theythereforecanworktogetherinsituationswhereboth

compressionandtensionarefactors.Steelrodsareembeddedinconcretetomakereinforced

concreteinconcretebeamsorstructureswheretensionwilldevelop.Concreteandsteelalso

formsuchastrongbonds——theforcethatunitesthem—thatthesteelcannotslipwithinthe

concrete.Stillanotheradvantageisthatsteeldoesnotrustinconcrete.Acidcorrodessteel,

whereasconcretehasanalkalinechemicalreaction,theoppositeofacid.

鋼鐵和混凝土也以另一種方式相互補(bǔ)充:它們幾乎具有相同的收縮和膨脹速度。因此,

在壓縮和張力都是因素的情況下,它們可以協(xié)同工作。鋼筋嵌入混凝土中,使鋼筋混凝

土在混凝土梁或結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生拉力?;炷梁弯撹F也形成了一種牢固的紐帶一一將它們結(jié)

合在一起的力一一以至于鋼不能在混凝土中滑動。還有一個(gè)優(yōu)勢是鋼不會在混凝土中生

銹。酸腐蝕鋼筋,但混凝土有堿性化學(xué)反應(yīng),與酸相反,不會銹蝕。

184.SteelandconcretehaveC.

鋼鐵和混凝土幾乎具有相同的收縮和膨脹速度

A.differentrateofcontraction

B.differentrateofexpansion

C.almostthesamerateofcontractionandexpansion

185.ReinforcedconcreteisA.

鋼筋混凝土是將鋼筋嵌入混凝土梁中

A.steelrodswhichareembeddedinconcretebeams

B.concretewhichisembeddedinsteelrods

C.steelrodswhichreactwithconcrete

186.Whichofthefollowingistrue?C

A.steelcanrustinconcrete

B.concretecancorrodesteel

C.steeldoesnotrustinconcrete鋼筋在混凝土中不會生銹。

187.ConcretehasB混凝土有堿性化學(xué)反應(yīng),與酸相反。

A.somekindofchemicalthatcorrodessteel

B.analkalinechemicalreaction,theoppositeofacid

C.somekindofacid

PassageFour

Theemployerorpromoterofcivilengineeringworksnormallydeterminestheconditionsof

contract,whichdefinetheobligationsandperformancesbysomeformofcompetitivetendering

andanycontractorwhosubmitsasuccessfultenderandsubsequentlyentersintoacontractis

deemedinlawtohavevoluntarilyacceptedtheconditionsofcontractadoptedbythepromoter.

Theobligationsthatacontractoracceptswhenhesubmitsatenderaredeterminedbythe

formoftheinvitationtotender.Inmostcasesthetendermaybewithdrawnatanytimeuntilit

hasbeenacceptedandmay,eventhen,bewithdrawniftheacceptanceisstatedbythepromoter

tobe"subjecttoformalcontract,asisoftenthecase.

土木工程的雇主或發(fā)包人通常確定合同條款,合同條款通過某種形式的競爭性投標(biāo)確定責(zé)

任和履行義務(wù),任何承包商提交中標(biāo)并隨后進(jìn)入合同在法律上認(rèn)為,合同是自愿接受發(fā)包人

采用的合同條件的

承包商在提交投標(biāo)書時(shí)接受的義務(wù)由招標(biāo)書的形式確定。在大多數(shù)情況下,投標(biāo)書可能

隨時(shí)撤回,直到它被接受,即使如此,如果發(fā)包人表示接受是”受正式合同約束”,則也可以

撤回投標(biāo)

188.TheconditionsofcontractarenormallydeterminedbyC.

合同條款時(shí)由發(fā)包人確定的

A.thegovernmentofficial

B.thecontractor

C.thepromoter(發(fā)包人)

189.Thisconditionsdefinetheobligationsandperformancestowhich_C___willbesubject.

這些條款明確了合同將要履行的各項(xiàng)責(zé)任和義務(wù)

A.theemployer

B.theofficial

C.thecontractor

190.Theobligationsthat__C___acceptswhenhesubmitsatenderaredeterminedbythe

formoftheinvitationtothetender.

承包人在提交標(biāo)書時(shí),他所應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任是要邀標(biāo)書中所規(guī)定的

A.theemployer

B.theauditor

C.thecontractor

191.InmostcasesthetendermaybewithdrawnatanytimeuntilB.

在大多數(shù)情況下,投標(biāo)書可能隨時(shí)撤回,直到它被接受

A.thepromoterhasenoughmoney

B.ithasbeenaccepted

C.thetenderapprovedbythegovernment

PassageFive

Materialsareusuallydescribedas'rock','looserock\or'common'(土壤、公地),with

'common'signifyingallmaterialnototherwiseclassified.Rock,sometimescalled4solidrock\

nearlyalwaysmustbedrilledandblasted,thenloadedwithafront-endloaderorpowershovel

intotrucksorotherhaulingunits.Blastedrockmaybemovedordriftedforshortdistancesby

meansofabulldozer,whichis,ineffect,ahugetractor-mountedblade.Looserockoftenisdug

withloadersorshovelswithoutanypreviousblasting.

材料通常被描述為”巖石","松散巖石"或“土壤",用“土壤”之所有無法分類的材料。

巖石,有時(shí)被稱為“固體巖石”,幾乎總是必須鉆孔和爆破,然后再用前卸式挖掘裝載機(jī)或

電動挖掘機(jī)將其裝載到卡車或其他運(yùn)輸工具上。爆破的巖石可以通過推土機(jī)移動或短距離

移動,推土機(jī)實(shí)際上是一個(gè)大型拖拉機(jī)安裝了大型推板。松散的巖石通常用裝載機(jī)或電鏟

挖掘,無需任何以前的爆破

192.Accordingtothepassage,whichmaterialsignifyingallmaterialnototherwiseclassified.

B根據(jù)文章,哪種材料屬于無法進(jìn)行另外的分類的單一類型材料?

A.looserock

B.common

C.rock

193.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?B下面描述哪個(gè)屬于不真實(shí)的?

A.rock,issometimescalled4solidrock'

B.rock,issometimescalled'looserock'巖石,有時(shí)稱作疏松巖

C.rock,isusuallycalled'hardrock

194.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?B

下列哪個(gè)是真實(shí)的?

A.looserocknearlyalwaysmustbedrilledandblasted

B.looserockisoftendugwithoutanypreviousblasting疏松巖通常無需爆破而直接挖掘

C.blastedrockmaybemovedforlongdistancesbybikes

195.Looserockoftenisdugwith__B___withoutanypreviousblasting.

疏松巖常采用裝載機(jī)或電鏟挖掘。

A.trackorripper

B.loadersorshovels

C.rollerorbulldozer

PassageSix

Intheuniversity,mathematics,physics,andchemistryareheavilyemphasizedthroughout

theengineeringcumculum,butparticularlyinthefirsttwoorthreeyears.Mathematicsis

veryimportantinallbranchesofengineering,soitisgreatlystressed.Today,mathematics

includescoursesinstatistics,whichdealswithgathering,classifying,andusingnumerical

data,orpiecesofinformation.Animportantaspectofstatisticalmathematicsisprobability,

whichdealswithwhatmayhappenwhentherearedifferentfactors,orvariables,thatcan

changetheresultsofaproblem.Beforetheconstructionofabridgeisundertaken,for

example,astatisticalstudyismadeoftheamountoftrafficthebridgewillbeexpectedto

handle.Inthedesignofthebridge,variablessuchaswaterpressureonthefoundations,

impact,theeffectsofdifferentwindforces,andmanyotherfactorsmustbeconsidered.

在綜合性大學(xué)里,數(shù)學(xué)、物理和化學(xué)在整個(gè)工程課程中受到重視,特別是在前兩三年。

數(shù)學(xué)在工程的所有分支中都非常重要,因此受到很大的壓力(重視)。今天,數(shù)學(xué)包括

統(tǒng)計(jì)課程,這些課程涉及收集、分類和使用數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)或信息片段。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)的一個(gè)重要

方面是概率,它處理當(dāng)存在可能改變問題結(jié)果的不同因素或變量時(shí)可能發(fā)生的情況。例

如,在建造橋梁之前,對橋梁的流量進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)研究。在橋梁設(shè)計(jì)中,必須考慮水壓對地

基的影響、不同風(fēng)力的影響等變量以及許多其他因素。

196.MathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineeringsoA.

數(shù)學(xué)在工程的所有分支中都非常重要,因此受到很大的壓力(重視)

A.itisgreatlystressed

B.itisnearlystressed

C.itisnotstressed

197.StatisticsdealswithB.

統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)涉及收集、分類和使用數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)或信息片段。

A.listeningandspeaking

B.gathering,classifyingandusingpiecesofinformation

C.readingandwriting

198.AnimportantaspectofstatisticalmathematicsisA.

統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)的一個(gè)重要方面是概率

A.probability

B.differentfactors

C.variables

199.Whichisthemainmeaningofthepassage?B

A.physicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering

B.mathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering

數(shù)學(xué)在工程的所有分支中都非常重要

C.chemistryisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering

PassageSeven

Civilengineeringprojectsarealmostunique;thatis,eachhasitsownproblemsanddesign

features.Therefore,carefulstudyisgiventoeachprojectevenbeforedesignworkbegins.The

studyincludesasurveybothoftopographyandsubsoilfeaturesoftheproposedsite.Italso

includesaconsiderationofpossiblealternatives,suchasaconcretegravitydamoranearth-fill

embankmentdam.Theeconomicfactorsinvolvedineachofthepossiblealternativesmust

alsobeweighed.Today,astudyusuallyincludesaconsiderationoftheenvironmental

impactoftheproject.Manyengineers,usuallyworkingasateamthatincludessurveyors,

specialistsinsoilmechanics,andexpertsindesignandconstruction,areinvolvedinmaking

thesefeasibilitystudies.

土木工程項(xiàng)目幾乎獨(dú)一無二;也就是說,每個(gè)工程都有自己的問題和設(shè)計(jì)功能。因此,

甚至在設(shè)計(jì)工作開始之前,就對每個(gè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行仔細(xì)研究。這項(xiàng)研究包括對擬議地點(diǎn)的地

形和底土特征的調(diào)查。它還包括考慮可能的替代方案,如混凝土重力壩或填土堤壩。每

種可能備選方案的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素應(yīng)包括重量。今天,一項(xiàng)研究通常包括考慮項(xiàng)目的環(huán)境影響。

許多工程師通常作為一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)工作,包括測量師、土壤力學(xué)專家以及設(shè)計(jì)和施工專家,

參與進(jìn)行這些可行性研究。

200.CivilengineeringprojectsareA

A.almostalwaysdistinctive(獨(dú)特的)土木工程項(xiàng)目幾乎獨(dú)一無二

B.thesimilar

C.alike

201.Eachproject_Cbeforedesignworkbegins

A.maynotbeconsidered

B.can'tbestudied

C.mustbestudiedcarefully在設(shè)計(jì)工作開始之前,就對每個(gè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行仔細(xì)研究。

202.Thestudy,whichmustconsidernotonlystructuralfeaturesbutalsoeconomicfactorsand

possiblealternativesorotherchoices,iscalledB.

該研究不僅要考慮結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),而且還應(yīng)考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)因素以及可能的替代方案或選擇,

這就稱作可行性研究

A.systemengineering

B.feasibilitystudy(可行性研究)

C.structuraldesign

203.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A

A.todaycivilengineeringprojectneedconsidertheenvironmentalimpactoftheproject

今天土木工程項(xiàng)目需要考慮工程(項(xiàng)目)對環(huán)境的影響

B.todaythestudyaboutcivilengineeringprojectneedn'tconsidertheenvironmental

impactoftheproject

C.todaythestudyaboutcivilengineeringprojectneedn'tconsidertheresourceimpactof

theproject

PassageEight

Clearingthesiteprecedesallgradingandmostotherconstructionoperations.Siteclearing

inruralareasmaysometimesmerelyrequirethatglass(grass),shrubs,andotherplantsorcrops

beremoved.However,itsometimescaninvolveremovingtreesandtreestumpsanddisposing

ofthedebris.Theacceptedprocedureistoremovepracticallyallvegetablematterfromthe

originalgroundandfromfillmaterial,since,ifallowedtoremain;itmaydecayandleavevoids

thatresultinsettlement(沉降).Selectiveclearinginadjoiningareasmayattimesberequired.

清除現(xiàn)場優(yōu)先于所有分級和大多數(shù)其他施工操作之前。農(nóng)村地區(qū)的場地清理有時(shí)可能

只是要求清除玻璃、灌木和其他植物或作物。然而,它有時(shí)可能涉及清除樹木和樹樁和處

置碎片。接受的程序(常規(guī)作業(yè))是將所有的植物從原位土或填充土中全部移除,因?yàn)槿绻?/p>

允許保留;它可能腐爛并留下空洞導(dǎo)致沉陷。在鄰近地區(qū)進(jìn)行選擇性清理,有時(shí)也是必要

的。

204.Accordingtothepassage,whichisthemaintopic?B

根據(jù)該段的敘述,什么是該文的主題?

A.excavation(挖掘)

B.siteclearing(場地清理)

C.embankment(路堤)

205.Accordingtothepassage,C_isNOTberemovedinruralareas.

根據(jù)該段文章,城郊(農(nóng)村)什么不被移除

A.shrubs

B.crops

C.earth(土壤)

206.Ifallvegetableremained,C.如果所有的植物被保留,可能腐爛并留下空洞

A.itmaycauseshortageofvegetableinthemarket

B.thevegetablegrowfast

C.itmaydecayandleavevoids

207.SometimesitisrequiredclearingA.有時(shí)相鄰區(qū)域制備也需要清理

A.adjacentareas(相鄰區(qū))

B.farareas(遠(yuǎn))

C.ruralareas(郊區(qū))

PassageNine

Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersonprotectingthedriverandhispassengersincase

anaccidentoccursduetosomeotherfailureinthehighwaysystem.Examplesofthistypeof

designaresafetybeltsandshoulderharnesses,saferdoorlatches,non-shatteringwindshields,

andenergyabsorbingsteeringcolumns.Improvementsaremadeconstantlyinthepartsofa

vehiclewhichareobvioustothedriver.Thesepartsincludewindshieldwipers,headlamps,

brakes,steeringsuspension,andtheexhaustsystem.Theintroductionoffrontandrear

directionalsignalscontributesgreatlytomotorvehiclesafety.Stoplights,backuplights,and

four-wayemergencyflashersalsoaidinvehiclesafety.Four-wayemergencyflashershave

becomestandardequipmentforvehicles.

車輛安全設(shè)計(jì)通常側(cè)重于保護(hù)駕駛員及其乘客,以防因高速公路系統(tǒng)的其他故障而發(fā)生

事故。此類設(shè)計(jì)的示例包括安全帶和肩帶、更安全的門閂、防碎擋風(fēng)玻璃和吸能轉(zhuǎn)向柱。

對車輛各個(gè)部件的不斷改進(jìn),對司機(jī)而言效果是顯而易見的。這些部件包括擋風(fēng)玻璃雨

刷器、前照燈、制動器、轉(zhuǎn)向懸架和排氣系統(tǒng)。前向和后向信號的引入極大地促進(jìn)了機(jī)

動車的安全。停車燈、倒車燈和四向緊急閃光燈也有助于車輛安全。四向應(yīng)急閃光燈已

成為車輛的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備

208.Accordingtothepassage,whichisNOTmentioned?C

根據(jù)文章,下面未提到的是什么?

A.safetybelts

B.saferdoorlatches

C.brakepedal(剎車踏板)

209.Accordingtothepassage,whichbecomesstandardequipmentforvehicles?A

根據(jù)文章,什么稱謂車輛的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)附件?

A.four-wayemergencyflashers(四向閃光燈)

B.guardrail

C.ventilatingsystem

210.Whichofthefollowingistrue?B

下列哪句是真實(shí)的?

A.Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersonprotectingthepassengersandthevehicles

B.Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersonprotectingthepassengersandthepersonswho

drivesthevehicles

車輛安全設(shè)計(jì)通常是以保護(hù)乘客和司機(jī)駕駛員為中心。

C.Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersonprotectingthepassengersandthepedestrians

211.Accordingtothepassage,whichdesignisdescribed?A

按照文章,下面哪種設(shè)計(jì)被描述?

A.vehicularsafety車輛安全

B.vehicularstructure

C.vehicularpower

PassageTen

Inthe1930sengineersfoundthatsuperiorembankmentscouldbeconstructedby

spreadingthematerialinrelativelythinlayersandcompactingitatmoisturecontentcloseto

optimum.Theimprovementresultedlargelybecausegreaterdensitywasobtained,which

resultedinhigher"strength“inthesoilmassandindecreasedsettlementandrutting.Layered

constructionalsoproducedgreateruniformityinthematerialitselfandinitsdensityand

moisturecontent.Thiswasbeneficialsinceanysubsequentconsolidationorswellingwouldbe

relativelyuniform.

在20世紀(jì)30年代,工程師發(fā)現(xiàn),通過將材料分散在相對薄的層中,并將其壓縮到接

近最佳狀態(tài)的水分含量,可以建造卓越的堤壩。改善的主要原因是獲得了更大的密度,導(dǎo)

致土壤質(zhì)量的“強(qiáng)度”更高,沉降和車轍減少。分層結(jié)構(gòu)還提高了材料本身及其密度和水分

含量的均勻性。這是有益的,因?yàn)槿魏魏罄m(xù)的鞏固或腫脹將是相對均勻的

212.Inthe1930sengineersfoundembankmentscouldbeconstructedbyB

在1930年,工程師發(fā)明了路堤通過將材料壓縮到接近最佳狀態(tài)的水分含量,并分散(攤

鋪)在相對薄的層中。

A.compactingitatdensityandspreadingthematerialinrelativelythicklayers

B.compactingitatamoisturecontentandspreadingthematerialinrelativelythinlayers

C.compactingitatborrowarea

213.Accordingtothepassage,whichcausehigher“strength”?A

根據(jù)該段描述,什么原因能形成更高的強(qiáng)度?

A.greaterdensitywasobtained(獲取更高的密度)

B.moisturecontentclosetominimum

C.morematerialwasused

214.Whichofthefollowingistrue?C下列句子哪個(gè)是真實(shí)的?

A.layeredconstructionproducedgreaterdifferenceinthematerialandetc.

B.layeredconstructionproducedgreaterdisagreementinitsdensity

C.layeredconstructionproducedgreaterunanimityinitsdensityandmoisturecontent

分層施工能使其密度和含水量獲得更高的均一性。

215.WhichofthefollowingwordsistheclosestmeaningofUoptimum,?B

下面哪個(gè)詞最接近,optimum'(最佳、最適宜)的意思

A.worst

B.best(最佳)

C.different

PassageEleven

Altogether,threeforcescanactonastructure:vertical-thosethatactupordown;

horizontal—thosethatactsideway;andthosethatactuponitwitharotatingorturningmotion.

Forcesthatactatananglearecombinationofhorizontalandverticalforces.Sincethestructures

designedbycivilengineersareintendedtobestationaiyorstable,theseforcesmustbekeptin

balance.Theverticalforces,forexample,mustbeequaltoeachother.Ifabeamsupportsaload

above,thebeamitselfmusthavesufficientstrengthtocounterbalancethatweight.Thehorizontal

forcesmustalsoequaleachothersothatthereisnottoomuchthrusteithertotherightortothe

left.Andforcesthatmightpullthestructurearoundmustbecounteredwithforcesthatpullinthe

oppositedirection.

總之,作用于一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)上的三種力量可以:垂直的(豎向力)一一向上或向下作用的力;水

平力-指側(cè)向作用的力;和作用在物體上使其旋轉(zhuǎn)或旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動的力。以一定角度作用的力是水

平力和垂直力的組合。由于土木工程師設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定或穩(wěn)定的,因此這些力必須保持平

衡。垂直力,例如,必須彼此相等。如果梁支撐高于負(fù)載,則該梁本身必須具有足夠的強(qiáng)度

來平衡該重量。水平力也必須相等,既不存在向右或向左的多余的力。作用在結(jié)構(gòu)四周某一

方向的力一定被反方向的作用力平衡。

216.HorizontalforcesB.作用在側(cè)向的水平力

A.actupordown

B.actsideways

C.actuponitwithrotatingorturningmotion

217.ForcesactingatananglearecombinationofA.

以一定角度作用的力是水平力和垂直力的組合。

A.horizontalandverticalforces

B.horizontalandrotatingforces

C.turningandverticalforces

218.ThehorizontalforcesmustequaleachothersothatC.

水平力也必須相等,因此,不存在向右或向左的多余的力。

A.thereisnottoomuchthrusteithertouportodown

B.thereisnottoomuchthrusteitherrotatingorturning

C.thereisnottoomuchthrusteithertotherightortotheleft

219.Whichofthefollowingistrue?B

A.threeforcesactingonastructureneednotbekeptinbalance

B.threeforcesactingonastructuremustbekeptinbalance

作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的三個(gè)力一定要保持平衡

C.threeforcesactingonastructuremustbeless

PassageTwelve

Weallenterintocontractsalmosteverydayforthesupplyofgoods,transportationandsimilar

service,andinalltheseinstanceswearequitewillingtopayfortheserviceswereceive.Our

needsinthesecasesarecomparativelysimpleandwedonotneedtoenterontolengthyor

complicatednegotiationsandnowrittencontractisnormallyexecuted.Nevertheless,eachpartyto

thecontracthasagreestodosomething,andisliableforbreachofcontractifhefailstoperform

hispartoftheagreement.

Ingeneral,Englishlawrequiresnospecialformalitiesinmakingcontractsbut,forvarious

reasons,somecontractsmustbemadeinaparticularformtobeenforceableand,iftheyarenot

madeinthatspecialway,thentheywillbeineffective.Notableamongthesecontractsare

contractsforthesaleanddisposalofland,and'land',forthispurpose,includesanythingbuilton

theland,as,forexample,roads,bridgesandotherstructures.

我們幾乎每天都簽訂貨物供應(yīng)、運(yùn)輸及類似服務(wù)的合同,在所有這些情況下,我們都愿意為

所接受的服務(wù)付費(fèi)。在這些情況下,我們的需要相對簡單,我們不需要進(jìn)行冗長或復(fù)雜的談

判,通常也沒有書面合同執(zhí)行。然而,合同的雙方都同意做某事,如不履行協(xié)議的一部分,

則承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。

一般來說,英國法律在簽訂合同時(shí)不需要特殊手續(xù),但由于各種原因,有些合同必須以特定

形式制作才能執(zhí)行,如果合同不是以這種特殊方式簽訂的,那么這些合同將無效,在這些合

同中,值得注意的是出售和處置土地的合同,為此目的,"土地”包括任何在土地上建造的建

筑物,例如道路、橋梁和其他結(jié)構(gòu)

220.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A

A.weallenterintocontractsalmosteveryday.我們幾乎每天都要處理合同

B.wedon'tenterintoanycontract.

C.onlyteachersenterintocontracts.

221.Weenterintocontractsforthesupplyofgoodsandtransportation,inthiscase,C.

我們幾乎每天都處理貨物供應(yīng)、運(yùn)輸及類似服務(wù)的合同,在這些情況下,我們不需要進(jìn)行冗

長或復(fù)雜的談判,

A.weneedtoenterintolengthynegotiations.

B.weshouldprepareforlongtime.

C.wedon'tneedtoenterintolengthynegotiations.

222.ThecontractsforthesaleanddisposaloflandB.

對于出讓土地和土地使用權(quán)的合同必須采用特殊的合同形式。

A.requirenospecialformalities.

B.mustbemadeinaparticularform.

C.shouldbewrittenintwotextsofEnglishandChinese.

223.Twopartiesofthecontracthaveagreedtodosomethingifonepartyfailstoperformhispart

oftheagreement,thenC.合同的雙方都應(yīng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)責(zé)任,如果某一方未能履行自己

的責(zé)任,他就應(yīng)對違約承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

A.itisnothingtodowithhim.

B.hecandeclarethecontractinvalidhimself.

C.heisliableforbreachofcontract.

PassageThirteen

Thatworkmustbecompletedtothesatisfactionoftheemployer,orhisrepresentatives,does

notgivetheemployertherighttodemandanunusuallyhighstandardofqualitythroughoutthe

works,intheabsenceofapriorexpressagreement.Otherwisetheemployermightbeableto

postponeindefinitelyhisliabilitytopayfortheworks.Theemployerisnormallyonlyentitledto

expectastandardofworkthatwouldberegardedasreasonablebythecompetentpersonswith

considerableexperienceintheclassofworkcoveredbytheparticularcontract.Thedetailed

requirementsofthespecificationwillhaveaconsiderablebearingonthesematters.

完成的工程必須讓雇主或其代表滿意,如果沒有事先的明確協(xié)議,則雇主無權(quán)在整個(gè)工程中

要求達(dá)到異常高的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。否則,雇主可以無限期地推遲支付工程費(fèi)的責(zé)任。雇主通常只

有權(quán)期望在特定合同所涉工作類別方面有相當(dāng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的合格人員認(rèn)為合理的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。規(guī)范的

詳細(xì)要求將對這些問題產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)大的影響。

224.TheworkmustbecompletedtothesatisfactionofB.

完成的工程完成的工程必須讓發(fā)起人或其代表滿意

A.thecontractor.

B.thepromoter(發(fā)起人即雇主)orhisrepresentative.

C.theauditor.

225.ItdoesnotgivetheemployertherighttodemandB.

雇主無權(quán)在整個(gè)工程中要求達(dá)到異常高的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

A.anusuallyhighstandardofqualitythroughouttheworks.

B.anunusuallyhighstandardofqualitythroughouttheworks.

C.theMinistrystandardofqualitythroughouttheworks.

226.TheemployermightbeabletoC_hisliabilitytopayfortheworks.

雇主可以無限期地推遲支付工程費(fèi)的責(zé)任。

A.terminateimmediately

B.postponedefinitely

C.postponeindefinitely

227.AstandardofworkwouldberegardedasreasonablebyC.

工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被權(quán)威人士認(rèn)為是合理的。

A.employers.

B.toppersons.

C.competent(有能力的、有決定權(quán)的)persons.

PassageFourteen

Theimportanceofsafetyinallmodesoftransportation,especiallyhighwaysafetyiswell

recognized.Trafficaccidentstakeatremendoustollofhumanlives,personalproperty,andcause

untoldgriefandmisery.In1978,therewereatotalof18,300,000highwaytrafficaccidents.These

accidentsresultedin49,400deaths,1,400,000personalinjuries,propertydamageof$16,900,000,

andtotalcostsof$34.3billion.Ofthe154,100,000registeredvehiclesand142,200,000licensed

driversin1978,31,500,000wereinvolvedinaccidents;theaccidentsoccurredduring1,520

billionmiles(2,446billionkm).

在所有運(yùn)輸方式中,安全的重要性,特別是公路安全,都得到了很好的承認(rèn)。交通事故給人

的生命、個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)造成了巨大的損失,并造成了難以言狀的悲痛和痛苦。1978年,共發(fā)生

18,300,000起公路交通事故。這些事故導(dǎo)致49,400人死亡,,1,400,000人人受傷,

財(cái)產(chǎn)損失16,900,000美元,總費(fèi)用為343億美元。在1978年登記的154,100,000輛車

輛和142,200,000名有執(zhí)照的司機(jī)中,有31,500,000人發(fā)生事故;事故發(fā)生在15200億

英里(24460億公里)期間。

228.Accordingtothepassage,thesafetyiswellrecognized,especiallyA

根據(jù)該段文章介紹,安全問題是眾所周知的,尤其是公路安全問題。

A.thehighwaysafety.

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