MadameCurie,theFirstWinnerofTvvoNobelPrizes

MadamCurie（1867-1934）,whosenamewasMarieCurie,wasaPolish

chemistandphysicist.ShewasborninWarsaw（華沙），andherinterestinscience

wascomingfromherfather,aphysicist.In1891,shewenttoFrancetocontinue

herstudiesinParis,whereshelivedaverysimplelifealone.

In1896,aFrenchscientistnamedBecquereldiscoveredradioactivity.Marie

thendecidedtofindoutthesecretsofuranium（鈾）rays,andin1898shereported

thatsomenewradioactiveelementsmightexistinpitchblende（瀝青鈾礦）.Inthe

sameyear,withherhusband'shelp,shefoundtwonewelements—radium（鐳）

andpolonium（車卜）.BothoftheCuriesworkedveryhardunderbadconditions,and

intheendsuccessfullyseparated1gramofradiumsaltsfrom8tonsofpitchblende.

TheCuriessharedwithBecquerelthe1903NobelPrizeforPhysics.Afterher

husband23*5sdeathinantrafficaccident,Mariesucceededhimasaprofessorof

physics.In1910sheseparatedmetallicradiumwithanotherscientist.Forthisshe

receivedthe1911NobelPrizeforPhysics.

1.WhichofthestatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?D

A.MadameCuriewasachemistandphysicist.

B.WarsawisthecapitalofPoland.

C.ItwasMarie'sfatherwhohadherinterestedinscience.

D.MarieandPierreCuriestudiedtogetherwhenshearrivedatParis.

2.AccordingtoMaricCurie'sreportin1898,C

A.anewpowerfulradioactiveelementexistinginsomemetal.

B.thetwoelementspoloniumandradiumexistedinpitchblende.

C.somenewpowerfulradioactiveelementsmightexistinpitchblende.

D.shehadfoundoutthenatureofuranium.

3.The1903NobelPrizeforPhysicswasgiventoD

A.MadamsCurie.B.PierreCurie.

C.theCuries.D.theCuriesandBecquerel.

4.Afterherhusband'sdeath,MadameCurieB

A.succeededinbecomingaprofessorofphysics.

B.tookhisplaceandbecameaprofessorofphysics

C.wasasuccessfulprofessorofphysics.

D.wassuccessfulasaprofessorofchemistry.

5.MadameCuriewasthefirsttoC

A.getasecondNobelPrizeforChemistry.

B.wintheNobelPrizeasawoman.

C.winasecondNobelPrize.

D.discoverradioactivity.

ImprovetheEnvironmentinHospitals

Themedicalworldisgraduallyrealizingthatthequalityoftheenvironmentin

hospitalsmayplayasignificantroleintheprocessofrecoveryfromillness.

AspartofanationwideeffortinBritaintobringartoutofthegalleriesandinto

publicplaces,someofthecountry'smosttalentedartistshavebeencalledinto

transformolderhospitalsandtosoftenthehardedgesofmodernbuildings.Ofthe

2,500NationalHealthServicehospitalsinBritain,almost100nowhave

significantcollectionsofcontemporaryartincorridors,waitingareasandtreatment

rooms.

Theserecentinitiativesoweagreatdealtooneartist,PeterSenior,whosetup

hisstudioataManchesterhospitalinnortheasternEnglandduringtheearly1970s.

Hefelttheartisthadlosthisplaceinmodernsociety,andthatartshouldbe

enjoyedbyawideraudience.

Atypicalhospitalwaitingroommighthaveasmanyas500visitorseachweek.

Whatbetterplacetoholdregularexhibitionsofart?Seniorheldthefirstexhibition

ofhisownpaintingsintheout-patientswaitingareaoftheManchesterRoyal

Hospitalinl975.BelievedtobeBritain*sfirsthospitalartist,Seniorwassomuchin

demandthathewassoonjoinedbyateamofsixyoungartschoolgraduates.

Theeffectisstriking.Nowinthecorridorsandwaitingroomsthevisitor

experiencesafullviewoffreshcolors,playfulimagesandrestfulcourtyards.

Thequalityoftheenvironmentmayreducetheneedforexpensivedrugs

whenapatientisrecoveringfromanillness.Astudyhasshownthatpatientswho

hadaviewontoagardenneededhalfthenumberofstrongpainkillerscompared

withpatientswhohadnoviewatalloronlyabrickwalltolookat.

1.Accordingtothepassage,tosoftenthehardedgesofmodernbuildingsmeans

B

A.topulldownhospitalbuildings

B.todecoratehospitalswithartcollections

C.toimprovethequalityoftreatmentinhospitals

D.tomakethecornersofhospitalbuildingsround

2.WhatcanwesayofPeterSenior?A

A.Heisapioneerinintroducingartintohospitals.

B.Heisadoctorinterestedinpainting.

C.Heisanartistwhohasalargecollectionofpaintings.

ColdHasNothingtodowithCold

Thecoimnoiicoldistheworld'smostwidespreadillness,whichisplagues（疫

?。﹖hatfleshreceives.Themostwidespreadfallacy（錯誤觀點）ofallisthatcolds

causedbycold.Theyarenot.Theyarecausedbyviruses（病毒）passingonfrom

persontoperson.

Youcatchacoldbycomingintocontact,directlyorindirectly,withsomeone

whoalreadyhasone.Ifcoldcausescolds,itwouldbereasonabletoexpectthe

Eskimos（愛斯基摩人）tosufferfromthemforever.Buttheydonot.Andin

isolatedarcticregions（北極地區(qū)）explorershavereportedbeingfreefromcolds

untilcomingintocontactagainwithinfected（被感染的）people.

DuringtheFirstWorldWarsoldierswhospentlongperiodsinthetrenches（戰(zhàn)

壕），coldandwet,showednoincreasedtendencytocatchcolds.IntheSecond

WorldWar,prisonersattheAuschwitzconcentrationcamp（奧斯維辛集中營）,

nakedandstarving,buttheyseldomhadcolds.

AttheCommonColdResearchUnitinEngland（英國感冒防治中心）,

volunteerstookpartinexperimentsinwhichtheygavethemselvestothe

discomfortsofbeingcoldandwetforlongstretchesoftime.Aftertakinghotbaths,

theyputonbathingsuits,allowedthemselvestobewithcoldwater,andthenstood

aboutdrippingwetindraftyroom.Someworewetsocksalldaywhileothers

exercisedintherainuntilclosetoexhaustion.Notoneofthevolunteerscame

downwithacoldunlessacoldviruswasactuallydroppedinhisnose.

If,then,coldandwethavenothingtodowithcatchingcolds,whyarethey

morefrequentinthewinter?Despitethemostpains-takingresearch,noonehas

yetfoundtheanswer.Oneexplanationofferedbyscientistsisthatpeopletendto

staytogetherindoorsmoreincoldweatherthanatothertimes,andthismakesit

easierforcoldvirusestobepassedon.Noonehasyetfoundacureforthecold.

Therearedrugsandpainsuppressors（止痛片）suchasaspirin,butalltheydois

relievethesymptoms（癥狀）。

1.Thewriterofferedexamplestosupporthisargument.A

A.4B.5C.6D.3

2.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTagreewiththepassage?C

A.TheEskimosdonotsufferfromcoldsatall.

B.Coldsarenotcausedbycold.

C.Peoplesufferfromcoldsjustbecausetheyliketostayindoors.

D.Apersonmaycatchacoldbytouchingsomeonewhoalreadyhasone.

3.Arcticexplorersmaycatchcoldswhen.D

A.theyareworkingintheisolatedarcticregions

B.theyarewritingreportsinterriblycoldweather

C.theyarefreefromworkintheisolatedarcticregions

D.theyarecomingintotouchagainwiththeoutsideworld

4.VolunteerstakingpartintheexperimentsintheCommonColdResearchUnit

.B

A.sufferedalotB.nevercaughtcolds

C.oftencaughtcold.D.becameverystrong

5.Thepassagemainlydiscusses.C

A.theexperimentsonthecommoncold

B.thefallacyaboutthecommoncold

C.thereasonandthewaypeoplecatchcolds

D.thecontinuedspreadofcommoncol

Translation

AIDSisshortforAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome,akilling

diseaseforhumanbeings.

AIDS是獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征的縮寫，是人類的一種致命疾病。

Almostallradioactiveelementscangiveoffinvisiblerays,whichcould

belethaltoh